Introduction
Japan and its neighboring countries are known to be the most tsunamigenic region in the world and Japan has been attacked by destructive tsunamis since 684. Consequently, the investigation of time and space characteristics of large tsunamigenic earthquakes has been executed based on the available historical data. In addition to these major tsunamis generated from large earthquakes, close attention has been also given to the minor tsunamis to improve our knowledge of smaller earthquekes that generated them. Is order to compile all the data of earthquakes and tsunamis occurring in and near Japan, a through review of the literature was undertaken. All tsunamis which occurred in and near Japan or reported in the literature are given in this catalog which covers the period from 684 (Tenmu 13) to 1983 (Showa 58). The tsunami catalog consists of three parts : Part one is the catalog of tsunamis caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides which occurred or reported in and near Japan. Part two is the catalog of tsunamis which occurred in China and Korea. Part three is the catlog of tsunamis which occurred in the Pacific Ocean and struck Japan and its vicinity.
Key to Tsunami catalog
The contents of the tsunami catalog are as follows : Tsunami event number ; data in the Christian and Japanese Calendar (time in Japanese standard time), C. C. and J. C. ; Location of tsunami source or epicentral region together with longitude (λ), latitude (φ) and depth of hypocenter ; magnitude of earthquake, M ; grade magnitude of tsunami on the Imamura-Iida scale, m ; validity rating of tsunami ; description of earthquake and tsunami ; tsunami height above ordinary tides or double amplitude of maximum wave of tide gauge, indicating a mark *. The probabibity ratings are used for the validity of a tsunami as follows : rating 4 : definite tsunami (probability approximately 1.0), rating 3 : probable tsunami (probability approximately 0.75), rating 2 : questionable tsunami (probability approximately 0.50), rating 1 : very doubtful tsunami (probability approximately 0.25), rating 0 : no tsunami (probability approximately 0.00). Tsunami magnitude, m on the Imamura-Iida scale is used as follows : m tsunami height tsunami energy damage sustained −1 ≦50cm 0.06x10^22erg negligible damage 0 1m 0.25 slight damage 1 2m 1 damage to houses and boats 2 4〜6m 4 loss of human life and houses 3 10m 16 heavy damage along coast for about 400km 4 ≧30m 64 heavy damage along coast for more than 500km This classification is designated as a half grade of the magnitude for some of tsunamis, the heights of which would be well estimated. The number of tsunamis according to their magnitude and region of occurrence is shown in Table 1 which includes the tsunami designated as the validity rating 4 and 3. The number of tsunamis according to their magnitude and whether generated by volcanic eruption or landslide is shown in Table 2. The event number for modified earthquake parameters is marked by an asterisk *. The information on the old earthquakes has been corrected based on literature review, or by investigation, or by judgment. The geographic distribution of tsunamigenic earthquakes occurred in and near Japan is shown in Fig. 1, the epicenters have been plotted with circles whose size is related to earthquake magnitude. The distribution of tsunamis affecting the Japan coast is shown in Fig. 2, the epicenter notation of which is classified according to the earthquake magnitude.
1. Tsunamis occurred or reported in and near Japan
(H):Hatori (K):Kawasumi (R):Rikanenpyo
2. Tsunamis occurred in China and Korea
3. Tsunamis occurred in the Pacific Ocean and affected Japan and its vicinity
Table1. Number of tsunamis according to magnitude and region of occurrence. Normal figure indicates tsunamis from 684 to 1867 (before Meiji Era). Gothic type figure indicates tsunamis from 1868 (Meiji 1) to 1983. (1)W. off Hokkaido (2)SE. off Hokkaido (3)Sanriku (4)Off Miyagi Pref. (5)Off Fukushima Pref. (6)Off Aomori Pref. (7)Off Akita Pref. (8)Off Yamagata Pref. (9)Off Ibaraki Pref. (10)Off Chiba Pref. (11)Tokyo Bay and Sagami Bay (12)Off Hachijo Is. (13)Suruga Bay,Enshunada, and Kumanonada (14)Off Kii Penin. (15)Off Shikoku (16)Osaka Bay and Seto Inlet (17)Off Tango, Tottori and Shimane Pref. (18)Off Fukui (19)Off Kanazawa and Toyama Pref. (20)Off Niigata Pref. (21)Beppu and off Ooita Pref. (22)Hiuganada (23)Kagoshima Bay and off Kago-shima Pref. (24)Ｗ. off Kyushu (25)Off Okinawa Pref. (26)Inland (27)Foreign country Table2. Number of tsunamis according to magnitude, volcanic eruption, and landslide. Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of epicenters of tsunamigenic earthquakes occurred in and near Japan. The epicenters are plotted with circles whose size is related to earthquake magnitude. Fig. 2. Geographic distribution of tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean. The epicenters are plotted with circles whose size is related to earthquake magnitude. Gothic type year shows tsunami which caused some damage in Japan and its vicinity.
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