The evolution of Neolithic and Chalcolithic woodworking tools and the intensification of human pr... more The evolution of Neolithic and Chalcolithic woodworking tools and the intensification of human production: axes, adzes and chisels from the Southern Levant Introduction and cultural background The axe, adze and chisel were prominent among the bifacial flint tools of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in the Levant (about 9,600 to 3,500 cal BC). The main purpose of the research reported in this paper, is to show how they provide evidence for social conditions at that time. To achieve this, patterns in the development of technology, in morphologies and in other characteristics of the industry are viewed in the context of broader cultural, economic and social changes. Bifacial tools are shaped by intensive flaking on both principal faces, using a technique known in the Levant since the dawn of prehistoric times (for a detailed terminology see Barkai 2002; 2005:80). An axe is defined as bifacially shaped tool with a lenticular cross section. The working edge was formed by bifacial flaking, polished, and is wider than 2cm. An adze has a plano-convex cross section. The ventral face is mostly flat and the dorsal face is curved; the cross-section is trapezoid or triangular. Its working edge is wider than 2cm. A chisel is long and narrow with a variety of cross sections. Its cutting edge rarely exceeds 2cm in width. Lower Paleolithic Hand-axes were prominent tools in the Levant for more than a million years. About 200,000 years ago, with the appearance of the Mousterian culture, flint knappers ceased to use the bifacial technique to shape their tools. Instead, this technique was used for shaping Levallois cores. Indeed, bifacial tools are hardly found within the flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic, the Upper Paleolithic, or the Epipaleolithic periods, that is, until about 13,000 years ago. At the end of the Pleistocene, bifacial tools were manufactured once again, this time in the framework of the Natufian lithic tool-kit (13,000–9,600 cal BC, [dates for the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) cultures are based on Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2008; dates for the Pottery Neolithic (PN) and the Chalcolithic periods are based on Banning 2007 and Gilead 2007]). This reappearance is just one comparatively small change at a time of major changes in society that occurred during the transition from mobile food collectors and hunters to agricultural sedentary communities (Bar-yosef 1998). Early signs of this transition include orderly architecture, new forms of symbolism, common burial customs and the emergence of social complexity – all of which appear for the first time in the Natufian, and constitute the infrastructure of Neolithic societies. The first sites large enough to be called villages are found during the first phase of the PPN period (hereafter PPNA), 9,600–8,500 cal BC. In these villages were found public buildings, such as the wall and tower of Jericho (Barkai and Liran 2008), items which suggest long-term commerce, possible cereal cultivation, artistic representations and unique burial customs. These permanent settlements, along with the introduction of plant cultivation, underlie the definition of the Neolithization process (Bar-Yosef 1995; Kuijt and GoringMorris 2002), characterised by the introduction of the flaked flint axe, the working edge of which was shaped by transverse blows (Fig. 1). Along with flint axes, flint chisels and polished stone axes (made of basalt, limestone and other materials, Fig. 2) also begin to appear at around this time. During the second phase of the PPN Period (hereafter PPNB, 8,500–6,400 cal BC), axes shaped by bifacial flaking and grinding/polishing (Figs. 3–4) replaced those shaped by trans2 Stone Axe Studies III Fig. 1. PPNA flint axes shaped by transversal blows from
This paper describes the techno-typological affinities of a specific Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic ass... more This paper describes the techno-typological affinities of a specific Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic assemblage dated to over 300 ka years ago from Qesem Cave, a middle Pleistocene site in central Israel. Aspects of blade production, knapping trajectories, and lithic recycling are examined in detail, demonstrating that this assemblage, notwithstanding its initial attribution to the blade-dominated Amudian industry, has some specific characteristics differing from other Amudian assemblages in the cave. The study discusses similarities and differences within the Amudian industry and offers a broader view of the variability within the Amudian industry of Qesem Cave.
The symposium and the volume "Human-elephant interactions: from past to present" were f... more The symposium and the volume "Human-elephant interactions: from past to present" were funded by the Volkswagen Foundation.
Abstract Lower Paleolithic bifaces are one of the most ubiquitous and persistent stone tools in p... more Abstract Lower Paleolithic bifaces are one of the most ubiquitous and persistent stone tools in prehistory, proliferating from Africa through Eurasia from as early as 1.75 Mya and remaining in use for over 1.5 million years. Numerous studies have thus far focused on Acheulean handaxes’ technological characteristics, underlining their relevance in terms of early human technology, behavior and cognition. Moreover, many experimental studies have investigated the use of handaxes, highlighting their exceptional efficiency in carcass processing tasks and in other activities. However, issues of preservation have often prevented a thorough and accurate functional interpretation of Lower Paleolithic bifaces, thus limiting our current knowledge regarding their actual use. This paper presents initial results from the functional analysis of two biface assemblages originating from the Late Lower Paleolithic sites of Revadim and Jaljulia (Israel). Our analysis of use wear traces shows that handaxes at both sites appear to have been employed mainly for carcass processing. We identified differences in biface utilization at the two sites, most probably attributable to the type of animal processing activities for which these tools were employed. We also designed a dedicated experimental framework in which biface replicas were utilized in different tasks on animal, vegetal and mineral materials. This made it possible to test the efficiency of the tools and build a use-wear reference collection to which the traces observed on the archaeological specimens were compared. We thus provide a solid and reliable functional interpretation of the use of bifaces at Revadim and Jaljulia, contributing to our current understanding of the role that these tools played in the adaptation of early human groups in the Levant.
Abstract Hearths are considered a central element in reconstructing activity areas, artifact dist... more Abstract Hearths are considered a central element in reconstructing activity areas, artifact distribution, and spatial organization of human activities in Paleolithic caves and rock shelters. However, research regarding the rationale for hearth locations within the cave is lacking. Smoke is a major negative product of hearths, which has an immediate effect on human health. Smoke dispersal from a hearth may even prevent, in certain circumstances, the presence of humans in the cave after a short period of use. In this study, we investigate the relation between cave dimensions and smoke dispersal following the principals of the air circulation model published recently by us. In order to analyze the influence of different parameters of cave dimensions on smoke dispersal, we simulated these parameters using actual Paleolithic cave dimensions. We show that hearth location, cave mouth height, and season of use are the critical parameters affecting smoke dispersal. As such, these variables should be taken into account when reconstructing human uses of Paleolithic caves with active hearths. Further research and simulations are planned to extend the preliminary results presented in this paper to include a wider range of cave dimensions, and thus this study is universally relevant for better understanding caves in which fire was habitually used.
Stone tools provide a unique window into the mode of adaptation and cognitive abilities of Lower ... more Stone tools provide a unique window into the mode of adaptation and cognitive abilities of Lower Paleolithic early humans. The persistently produced large cutting tools (bifaces/handaxes) have long been an appealing focus of research in the reconstruction of Lower Paleolithic survival strategies, at the expenses of the small flake tools considered by-products of the stone production process rather than desired end products. Here, we use use-wear, residues and technological analyses to show direct and very early evidence of the deliberate production and use of small flakes for targeted stages of the prey butchery process at the late Lower Paleolithic Acheulian site of Revadim, Israel. We highlight the significant role of small flakes in Lower Paleolithic adaptation alongside the canonical large handaxes. Our results demonstrate the technological and cognitive flexibility of early human groups in the Levant and beyond at the threshold of the departure from Lower Paleolithic lifeways.
Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thous... more Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thousands of years. Proboscideans were included in the human diet starting from the Lower Paleolithic period and until the final stages of the Pleistocene. However, the question of how prehistoric people acquired proboscideans remains unresolved. Moreover, the effect of proboscidean hunting on the eventual extinction of these mega-herbivores was never seriously evaluated, probably because of the lack of acquaintance with the plethora of information available regarding proboscidean hunting by humans. The aim of this paper is to bridge this gap and bring to light the data available in order to estimate the extent and procedures of elephant and mammoth hunting by humans during the Quaternary. This study examines the archaeological evidence of proboscidean hunting during Paleolithic times, and provides a review of ethnographic and ethno-historical accounts, demonstrating a wide range of tradition...
American journal of physical anthropology, Jul 12, 2016
Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis that... more Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis that a "bell" shaped thorax and a wide pelvis evolved in Neandertals, at least in part, as an adaptation to a high protein diet. A high protein diet created a need to house an enlarged liver and urinary system in a wider lower trunk. To test the hypothesis, we applied a model developed to identify points of nutritional stress. A ratio of obligatory dietary fat to total animal fat and protein sourced calories is calculated based on various known and estimated parameters. Stress is identified when the obligatory dietary fat ratio is higher than fat content ratios in available prey. The model predicts that during glacial winters, when carbohydrates weren't available, 74%-85% of Neandertals' caloric intake would have had to come from animal fat. Large animals contain around 50% fat calories, and their fat content is diminished during winter, so a significant stressful dietary f...
Abstract Most of the studies related to the function of Paleolithic stone tools carried out so fa... more Abstract Most of the studies related to the function of Paleolithic stone tools carried out so far focused mainly on the analysis of the worked materials and the activities performed. On the other hand, only few works included an analysis of the tool griping area/s, and the wear derived by object manipulation. Here we present the results of an experimental framework dedicated to the interpretation of the griping modes of two types of flint scrapers, Quina and demi-Quina scrapers, which represent a very meaningful component of the lithic assemblages unearthed at the late Lower Paleolithic site of Qesem Cave (Israel). Our study includes the analysis of both a selected sample of archeological scrapers and of experimental replicas. We were able to underline the efficiency of different types of prehension modes while isolating diagnostic wears related to each of the adopted solutions. The experiments allowed defining wears related to several handling solutions, creating a traces collection to be compared to the ones identified on the archeological sample. The results obtained so far suggest a preference towards a free hand manipulation of the scrapers, even though wear related to wrapping and also to a probable insertion of the objects in a haft have been identified as well. This work allows providing preliminary insights related to the handling solutions adopted by the human groups at Qesem Cave, underlining the overall high level of technological knowledge characterizing the Middle Pleistocene inhabitants of the site.
The evolution of Neolithic and Chalcolithic woodworking tools and the intensification of human pr... more The evolution of Neolithic and Chalcolithic woodworking tools and the intensification of human production: axes, adzes and chisels from the Southern Levant Introduction and cultural background The axe, adze and chisel were prominent among the bifacial flint tools of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in the Levant (about 9,600 to 3,500 cal BC). The main purpose of the research reported in this paper, is to show how they provide evidence for social conditions at that time. To achieve this, patterns in the development of technology, in morphologies and in other characteristics of the industry are viewed in the context of broader cultural, economic and social changes. Bifacial tools are shaped by intensive flaking on both principal faces, using a technique known in the Levant since the dawn of prehistoric times (for a detailed terminology see Barkai 2002; 2005:80). An axe is defined as bifacially shaped tool with a lenticular cross section. The working edge was formed by bifacial flaking, polished, and is wider than 2cm. An adze has a plano-convex cross section. The ventral face is mostly flat and the dorsal face is curved; the cross-section is trapezoid or triangular. Its working edge is wider than 2cm. A chisel is long and narrow with a variety of cross sections. Its cutting edge rarely exceeds 2cm in width. Lower Paleolithic Hand-axes were prominent tools in the Levant for more than a million years. About 200,000 years ago, with the appearance of the Mousterian culture, flint knappers ceased to use the bifacial technique to shape their tools. Instead, this technique was used for shaping Levallois cores. Indeed, bifacial tools are hardly found within the flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic, the Upper Paleolithic, or the Epipaleolithic periods, that is, until about 13,000 years ago. At the end of the Pleistocene, bifacial tools were manufactured once again, this time in the framework of the Natufian lithic tool-kit (13,000–9,600 cal BC, [dates for the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) cultures are based on Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2008; dates for the Pottery Neolithic (PN) and the Chalcolithic periods are based on Banning 2007 and Gilead 2007]). This reappearance is just one comparatively small change at a time of major changes in society that occurred during the transition from mobile food collectors and hunters to agricultural sedentary communities (Bar-yosef 1998). Early signs of this transition include orderly architecture, new forms of symbolism, common burial customs and the emergence of social complexity – all of which appear for the first time in the Natufian, and constitute the infrastructure of Neolithic societies. The first sites large enough to be called villages are found during the first phase of the PPN period (hereafter PPNA), 9,600–8,500 cal BC. In these villages were found public buildings, such as the wall and tower of Jericho (Barkai and Liran 2008), items which suggest long-term commerce, possible cereal cultivation, artistic representations and unique burial customs. These permanent settlements, along with the introduction of plant cultivation, underlie the definition of the Neolithization process (Bar-Yosef 1995; Kuijt and GoringMorris 2002), characterised by the introduction of the flaked flint axe, the working edge of which was shaped by transverse blows (Fig. 1). Along with flint axes, flint chisels and polished stone axes (made of basalt, limestone and other materials, Fig. 2) also begin to appear at around this time. During the second phase of the PPN Period (hereafter PPNB, 8,500–6,400 cal BC), axes shaped by bifacial flaking and grinding/polishing (Figs. 3–4) replaced those shaped by trans2 Stone Axe Studies III Fig. 1. PPNA flint axes shaped by transversal blows from
This paper describes the techno-typological affinities of a specific Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic ass... more This paper describes the techno-typological affinities of a specific Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic assemblage dated to over 300 ka years ago from Qesem Cave, a middle Pleistocene site in central Israel. Aspects of blade production, knapping trajectories, and lithic recycling are examined in detail, demonstrating that this assemblage, notwithstanding its initial attribution to the blade-dominated Amudian industry, has some specific characteristics differing from other Amudian assemblages in the cave. The study discusses similarities and differences within the Amudian industry and offers a broader view of the variability within the Amudian industry of Qesem Cave.
The symposium and the volume "Human-elephant interactions: from past to present" were f... more The symposium and the volume "Human-elephant interactions: from past to present" were funded by the Volkswagen Foundation.
Abstract Lower Paleolithic bifaces are one of the most ubiquitous and persistent stone tools in p... more Abstract Lower Paleolithic bifaces are one of the most ubiquitous and persistent stone tools in prehistory, proliferating from Africa through Eurasia from as early as 1.75 Mya and remaining in use for over 1.5 million years. Numerous studies have thus far focused on Acheulean handaxes’ technological characteristics, underlining their relevance in terms of early human technology, behavior and cognition. Moreover, many experimental studies have investigated the use of handaxes, highlighting their exceptional efficiency in carcass processing tasks and in other activities. However, issues of preservation have often prevented a thorough and accurate functional interpretation of Lower Paleolithic bifaces, thus limiting our current knowledge regarding their actual use. This paper presents initial results from the functional analysis of two biface assemblages originating from the Late Lower Paleolithic sites of Revadim and Jaljulia (Israel). Our analysis of use wear traces shows that handaxes at both sites appear to have been employed mainly for carcass processing. We identified differences in biface utilization at the two sites, most probably attributable to the type of animal processing activities for which these tools were employed. We also designed a dedicated experimental framework in which biface replicas were utilized in different tasks on animal, vegetal and mineral materials. This made it possible to test the efficiency of the tools and build a use-wear reference collection to which the traces observed on the archaeological specimens were compared. We thus provide a solid and reliable functional interpretation of the use of bifaces at Revadim and Jaljulia, contributing to our current understanding of the role that these tools played in the adaptation of early human groups in the Levant.
Abstract Hearths are considered a central element in reconstructing activity areas, artifact dist... more Abstract Hearths are considered a central element in reconstructing activity areas, artifact distribution, and spatial organization of human activities in Paleolithic caves and rock shelters. However, research regarding the rationale for hearth locations within the cave is lacking. Smoke is a major negative product of hearths, which has an immediate effect on human health. Smoke dispersal from a hearth may even prevent, in certain circumstances, the presence of humans in the cave after a short period of use. In this study, we investigate the relation between cave dimensions and smoke dispersal following the principals of the air circulation model published recently by us. In order to analyze the influence of different parameters of cave dimensions on smoke dispersal, we simulated these parameters using actual Paleolithic cave dimensions. We show that hearth location, cave mouth height, and season of use are the critical parameters affecting smoke dispersal. As such, these variables should be taken into account when reconstructing human uses of Paleolithic caves with active hearths. Further research and simulations are planned to extend the preliminary results presented in this paper to include a wider range of cave dimensions, and thus this study is universally relevant for better understanding caves in which fire was habitually used.
Stone tools provide a unique window into the mode of adaptation and cognitive abilities of Lower ... more Stone tools provide a unique window into the mode of adaptation and cognitive abilities of Lower Paleolithic early humans. The persistently produced large cutting tools (bifaces/handaxes) have long been an appealing focus of research in the reconstruction of Lower Paleolithic survival strategies, at the expenses of the small flake tools considered by-products of the stone production process rather than desired end products. Here, we use use-wear, residues and technological analyses to show direct and very early evidence of the deliberate production and use of small flakes for targeted stages of the prey butchery process at the late Lower Paleolithic Acheulian site of Revadim, Israel. We highlight the significant role of small flakes in Lower Paleolithic adaptation alongside the canonical large handaxes. Our results demonstrate the technological and cognitive flexibility of early human groups in the Levant and beyond at the threshold of the departure from Lower Paleolithic lifeways.
Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thous... more Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thousands of years. Proboscideans were included in the human diet starting from the Lower Paleolithic period and until the final stages of the Pleistocene. However, the question of how prehistoric people acquired proboscideans remains unresolved. Moreover, the effect of proboscidean hunting on the eventual extinction of these mega-herbivores was never seriously evaluated, probably because of the lack of acquaintance with the plethora of information available regarding proboscidean hunting by humans. The aim of this paper is to bridge this gap and bring to light the data available in order to estimate the extent and procedures of elephant and mammoth hunting by humans during the Quaternary. This study examines the archaeological evidence of proboscidean hunting during Paleolithic times, and provides a review of ethnographic and ethno-historical accounts, demonstrating a wide range of tradition...
American journal of physical anthropology, Jul 12, 2016
Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis that... more Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis that a "bell" shaped thorax and a wide pelvis evolved in Neandertals, at least in part, as an adaptation to a high protein diet. A high protein diet created a need to house an enlarged liver and urinary system in a wider lower trunk. To test the hypothesis, we applied a model developed to identify points of nutritional stress. A ratio of obligatory dietary fat to total animal fat and protein sourced calories is calculated based on various known and estimated parameters. Stress is identified when the obligatory dietary fat ratio is higher than fat content ratios in available prey. The model predicts that during glacial winters, when carbohydrates weren't available, 74%-85% of Neandertals' caloric intake would have had to come from animal fat. Large animals contain around 50% fat calories, and their fat content is diminished during winter, so a significant stressful dietary f...
Abstract Most of the studies related to the function of Paleolithic stone tools carried out so fa... more Abstract Most of the studies related to the function of Paleolithic stone tools carried out so far focused mainly on the analysis of the worked materials and the activities performed. On the other hand, only few works included an analysis of the tool griping area/s, and the wear derived by object manipulation. Here we present the results of an experimental framework dedicated to the interpretation of the griping modes of two types of flint scrapers, Quina and demi-Quina scrapers, which represent a very meaningful component of the lithic assemblages unearthed at the late Lower Paleolithic site of Qesem Cave (Israel). Our study includes the analysis of both a selected sample of archeological scrapers and of experimental replicas. We were able to underline the efficiency of different types of prehension modes while isolating diagnostic wears related to each of the adopted solutions. The experiments allowed defining wears related to several handling solutions, creating a traces collection to be compared to the ones identified on the archeological sample. The results obtained so far suggest a preference towards a free hand manipulation of the scrapers, even though wear related to wrapping and also to a probable insertion of the objects in a haft have been identified as well. This work allows providing preliminary insights related to the handling solutions adopted by the human groups at Qesem Cave, underlining the overall high level of technological knowledge characterizing the Middle Pleistocene inhabitants of the site.
This book offers a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of human-animal interactions i... more This book offers a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of human-animal interactions in Asia throughout history. With twelve thematically-arranged chapters, it examines the diverse roles that beasts, livestock, and fish ― real and metaphorical--have played in Asian history, society, and culture.
Ranging from prehistory to the present day, the authors address a wealth of topics including the domestication of animals, dietary practices and sacrifice, hunting, the use of animals in war, and the representation of animals in literature and art. Providing a unique perspective on human interaction with the environment, this volume is cross-disciplinary in its reach, offering enriching insights to the fields of animal ethics, Asian studies, world history and more.
CONTENT
1. Animals and Human Society in Asia: An Overview and Premises
PART I: HUNTING AND DOMESTICATION
2. When Elephants Roamed Asia: The Significance of Proboscideans in Diet, Culture and Cosmology in Paleolithic Asia (by Ran Barkai)
3. Hunting to Herding to Trading to Warfare: A Chronology of Animal Exploitation in the Negev (by Steven A. Rosen)
4. Domestication of the Donkey (Equus asinus) in the Southern Levant: Archaeozoology, Iconography and Economy (by Ianir Milevski and Liora Kolska Horwitz)
PART II: ANIMALS AS FOOD
5. Spilling Blood: Conflict and Culture over Animal Slaughter in Mongol Eurasia (by Timothy May)
6. China’s Dairy Century: Making, Drinking and Dreaming of Milk (by Thomas David DuBois)
7. Tuna as Economic Resource and Symbolic Capital in Japan’s “Imperialism of the Sea” (by Nadin Heé)
PART III: ANIMALS AT WAR
8. Elephants in Mongol History: From Military Obstacles to Symbols of Buddhist Power (by William G. Clarence-Smith)
9. The Mamluk's Best Friend: The Mounts of the Military Elite of Egypt and Eurasian Steppe in the Late Middle-Ages (by Reuven Amitai and Gila Kahila Bar-Gal)
10. A Million Horses: Raising Government Horses in Early Ming China (by Noa Grass)
PART IV: ANIMALS IN CULTURE AND RELIGION
11. From Lion to Tiger: The Changing Buddhist Images of Apex Predators in Trans-Asian Contexts (by Xing Zhang and Huaiyu Chen)
12. The Chinese Cult of the Horse King, Divine Protector of Equines (by Meir Shahar)
13. Animal Signs: Theriomorphic Intercession between Heaven and Imperial Mongolian History (by Brian Baumann)
Contributors
Bibliography
Index
ENDORSEMENT (BACK COVER)
"Animal studies is a vibrant field that renews humanities by breaking many barriers. This intense and beautiful volume exemplifies such breaking and renewing, as it connects Far-eastern and Near-eastern areas and the steppe world in between, and develops an engaged dialogue between archeology, history, religion, visual studies, economics, law, and more."
―Vincent Goossaert, Professor of Daoism and Chinese religions, EPHE, PSL, Paris
"An ambitious volume, as broad, diverse, and interconnected as Asia. A significant interdisciplinary contribution to the history of human-animal relations."
―Aaron Skabelund, Associate Professor of History, Brigham Young University, USA,
author of Empire of Dogs: Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World
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Papers by ran barkai
Ranging from prehistory to the present day, the authors address a wealth of topics including the domestication of animals, dietary practices and sacrifice, hunting, the use of animals in war, and the representation of animals in literature and art. Providing a unique perspective on human interaction with the environment, this volume is cross-disciplinary in its reach, offering enriching insights to the fields of animal ethics, Asian studies, world history and more.
CONTENT
1. Animals and Human Society in Asia: An Overview and Premises
PART I: HUNTING AND DOMESTICATION
2. When Elephants Roamed Asia: The Significance of Proboscideans in Diet, Culture and Cosmology in Paleolithic Asia (by Ran Barkai)
3. Hunting to Herding to Trading to Warfare: A Chronology of Animal Exploitation in the Negev (by Steven A. Rosen)
4. Domestication of the Donkey (Equus asinus) in the Southern Levant: Archaeozoology, Iconography and Economy (by Ianir Milevski and Liora Kolska Horwitz)
PART II: ANIMALS AS FOOD
5. Spilling Blood: Conflict and Culture over Animal Slaughter in Mongol Eurasia (by Timothy May)
6. China’s Dairy Century: Making, Drinking and Dreaming of Milk (by Thomas David DuBois)
7. Tuna as Economic Resource and Symbolic Capital in Japan’s “Imperialism of the Sea” (by Nadin Heé)
PART III: ANIMALS AT WAR
8. Elephants in Mongol History: From Military Obstacles to Symbols of Buddhist Power (by William G. Clarence-Smith)
9. The Mamluk's Best Friend: The Mounts of the Military Elite of Egypt and Eurasian Steppe in the Late Middle-Ages (by Reuven Amitai and Gila Kahila Bar-Gal)
10. A Million Horses: Raising Government Horses in Early Ming China (by Noa Grass)
PART IV: ANIMALS IN CULTURE AND RELIGION
11. From Lion to Tiger: The Changing Buddhist Images of Apex Predators in Trans-Asian Contexts (by Xing Zhang and Huaiyu Chen)
12. The Chinese Cult of the Horse King, Divine Protector of Equines (by Meir Shahar)
13. Animal Signs: Theriomorphic Intercession between Heaven and Imperial Mongolian History (by Brian Baumann)
Contributors
Bibliography
Index
ENDORSEMENT (BACK COVER)
"Animal studies is a vibrant field that renews humanities by breaking many barriers. This intense and beautiful volume exemplifies such breaking and renewing, as it connects Far-eastern and Near-eastern areas and the steppe world in between, and develops an engaged dialogue between archeology, history, religion, visual studies, economics, law, and more."
―Vincent Goossaert, Professor of Daoism and Chinese religions, EPHE, PSL, Paris
"An ambitious volume, as broad, diverse, and interconnected as Asia. A significant interdisciplinary contribution to the history of human-animal relations."
―Aaron Skabelund, Associate Professor of History, Brigham Young University, USA,
author of Empire of Dogs: Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-24363-0#toc
AMAZON
https://www.amazon.com/Animals-Human-Society-Asia-Perspectives/dp/3030243621/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=animals+and+human+society+in+asia&link_code=qs&qid=1564222263&s=gateway&sourceid=Mozilla-search&sr=8-1