Umoja wa Ulaya

Umoja wa Ulaya

Kibulgaria: Европейски съюз Kicheki: Evropská unie Kidenmark: Den Europæiske Union Kieire: An tAontas Eorpach Kiestonia: Euroopa Liit Kifaransa: Union européenne Kifini: Euroopan unioni Kigiriki: Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση Kihispania: Unión Europea Kiholanzi: Europese Unie Kihungaria: Európai Unió Kiingereza: European Union Kiitalia: Unione Europea Kijerumani: Europäische Union Kikroatia: Europska unija Kilatvia: Eiropas Savienība Kilituanya: Europos Sąjunga Kimalta: Unjoni Ewropea Kipoland: Unia Europejska Kireno: União Europeia Kiromania: Uniunea Europeană Kislovakia: Európska únia Kislovenia: Evropska Unija Kiswidi: Europeiska unionen

www.europa.eu

Umoja wa Ulaya (kifupisho: EU) ni muungano wa kisiasa na wa kiuchumi wa nchi 27 za Ulaya, baada ya Ufalme wa Muungano kujitoa tarehe 31 Januari 2020, tukio la kwanza la namna hiyo.

Ulianzishwa mwaka 1991 juu ya msingi wa Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya.

Shabaha kuu zilikuwa kujenga uchumi wa pamoja, kuboresha maisha ya watu wa Ulaya na kuzuia vita kati ya nchi za Ulaya.

Nchi 19 za Umoja huo hutumia pesa moja ya Euro.

Nchi nyingi za Umoja zimepatana kufungua mipaka yao bila vizuizi kwa wakazi wote.

European Commission (Brussels)

Historia

Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya ilibadilisha jina lake mwaka 1992 kufuatana na mikataba ya Maastricht kuwa Umoja wa Ulaya.

Nchi wanachama zilipatana kujenga siasa ya pamoja ya kiuchumi, kifedha, kisheria na katika mambo ya nje.

Mapatano ya Schengen ilifungua mipaka ili wakazi wa nchi hizo waweze kusafiri bila pasipoti wala vibali.

Nchi 10 tena zilijiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya mwaka 2004. Mbili zaidi ziliingia 2007 na Kroatia mwaka 2013.

• 
  Quai d'Orsay (Paris)
• 
  Euro Tower (Frankfurt)
• 
  Donald Tusk (2017)
• 
  Cecilia Malmström

Wakazi

Jumla ya wakazi ni milioni 447 (mwanzoni mwa 2020), sawa na 5.8% za watu wote duniani. Kuna miji 15 yenye watu zaidi ya milioni moja kila mmojawapo, kuanzia Paris ambayo inazidi milioni 10.

Upande wa lugha, lugha rasmi ni 24, lakini lugha inayotumika zaidi ni Kiingereza, kinachoweza kuzungumzwa na 51% za wakazi wote, ingawa ni lugha ya kwanza ya 1% tu. Lugha nyingine ambazo ni za kwanza kwa wananchi wengi ni: Kijerumani (18%), Kifaransa (13%) na Kiitalia (12%). Pia kuna lugha 150 hivi za kieneo.

Upande wa dini, wakazi wengi ni Wakristo (71.6%), hasa Wakatoliki (45.3%), Waprotestanti 11.1% na Waorthodoksi 9.6%. Waislamu ni 1.8%. Wafuasi wa dini nyingine ni 2.6%. Wengine 24% hawana dini au ni Wakanamungu.

Uhuru wa kuhama

Kila mtu mwenye uraia wa nchi ya Umoja anaruhusiwa kuhamia nchi yoyote nyingine na kufanya kazi au biashara huko bila vibali vya pekee.

Vilevile bidhaa zote zinazotengenezwa kote katika Umoja wa Ulaya zinaweza kuuzwa katika kila nchi. Hii ni sababu ya kuwa na sheria za pamoja zinazotawala masharti ya bidhaa na uzalishaji.

Vyombo vya Umoja

Halmashauri ya Ulaya

Halmashauri hii ni mkutano wa viongozi wa serikali za nchi wanachama. Wanakutana mara mbili kwa mwaka na kutoa maazimo muhimu.

Nafasi ya uraisi hubadilika kila baada ya miezi 6. Ufini ilishika uraisi kati ya Julai 2006 hadi Desemba 2006, ikafuatiliwa na Ujerumani tangu Januari hadi Juni 2007.

Baraza za mawaziri

Katika baraza hizi mawaziri ya Kilimo, Sheria, Mambo ya Nje hukutana na kupanga siasa ya pamoja.

Kamati ya Ulaya

Hii ni kamati ya utawala inayotekeleza maazimio ya Halmashauri na bunge. Kuna makamishna 24 na mwenyekiti. Inaelekea kuwa serikali lakini haina madaraka ya serikali bado.

Bunge la Ulaya

Bunge la Umojwa wa Ulaya huko Brussels.

Picha ya pamoja wakati wa kusaini mkataba wa Lisboa tarehe 13 Desemba 2007.

Bunge la Ulaya lina wabunge 751 wanaochaguliwa na wananchi kila baada ya miaka mitano.

Nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya

Map showing the member states of the European Union (clickable)

Wanachama tangu 1958 (waanzilishi)

• Ubelgiji
• Ufaransa
• Ujerumani
• Italia
• Luxemburg
• Uholanzi

Wanachama tangu 1973

• Denmark
• Ueire
• Ufalme wa Muungano (hadi 2020 [Brexit])

Mwanachama tangu 1981

• Ugiriki

Wanachama tangu 1986

• Ureno
• Hispania

Wanachama tangu 1995

• Austria
• Ufini
• Uswidi

Wanachama tangu 2004

• Kupro
• Ucheki
• Estonia
• Hungaria
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Malta
• Poland
• Slovakia
• Slovenia

Wanachama tangu 2007

• Bulgaria
• Romania

Wanachama tangu 2013

• Kroatia

Nchi zinazoomba uanachama

• Uturuki
• Masedonia Kaskazini
• Montenegro
• Albania
• Serbia

Jeshi la Uropa/Ulaya

Tazama pia

• Mkataba wa Schengen
• Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya

Marejeo

• Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union: Prospects for the Future. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-24419-1.
• Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard, whr. (2012). The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Union) (tol. la 3rd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5.
• Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton, Michael (2011). The European Parliament (tol. la 8th). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9564508-5-2.
• Craig, Paul; de Búrca, Gráinne (2007). EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials (tol. la 4th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8.
• Federiga, Bindi, mhr. (2010). The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World (tol. la 2nd). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2252-6. The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours.
• Gareis, Sven; Hauser, Gunther; Kernic, Franz, whr. (2013). The European Union – A Global Actor?. Leverkusen, Germany: Barbara Budrich Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8474-0040-0.
• Grinin, L.; Korotayev, A.; Tausch, A. (2016). Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-17780-9.
• Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954628-2.
• Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, whr. (2012). Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (tol. la 3rd). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-84971-469-3.
• Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (New Studies in European History). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-49705-6.
• Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Reconfiguring European States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879337-3.
• McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of Luuk van Middelaar, Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on the European Stage, translated from the Dutch by Liz Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette, Thomas Piketty, Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez, How to Democratize Europe, translated from the French by Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp. 46–48. James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment that marked the definitive establishment of the European Union, which... has continued to define itself since World War II. The major turning points have all been quiet steps on the way to further economic integration while preserving national sovereignty. Today there is only an incomplete monetary union without a real political contract to manage it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown remarkably closer... The European Union now has open borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the European Council]. What's more, those member states are now closer to each other than they are to the United States... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and organically... Robust supranational politics are taking root in Europe... Luuk van Middelaar writes: 'What unites us as Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than anything that divides us.'" (pp. 47–48.)
• McCormick, John (2007). The European Union: Politics and Policies (tol. la 5th). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4202-3.
• Mount, Ferdinand, "Why We Go to War", London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp. 11–14. "Historians have tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown themes: the struggle to maintain the balance of power, the struggles against fascism and communism, against the French Revolution or German militarism. In reality, most large wars have contained within them a violent and persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do [the U.K.'s Brexiteers] pause to think how hard-won [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children of seventy years of peace." [p. 14.]
• Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (tol. la 3rd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968169-3. excerpt and text search
• Rifkin, Jeremy (2005). The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream. City of Westminster, London: TarcherPerigee. ISBN 978-1-58542-435-1.
• Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and Globalisation (tol. la 3rd). Stocksfield: Anforme Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905504-10-7.
• Staab, Andreas (2011). The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22303-6. excerpt and text search
• Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2006). EU Law (tol. la 9th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927959-3.
• Tausch, Arno (2012). Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand (tol. la 1st). Anthem Press, London. ISBN 978-0-85728-410-5.
• Yesilada, Birol A.; Wood, David M. (2009). The Emerging European Union (tol. la 5th). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-205-72380-5.

Viungo vya nje

Tovuti rasmi:

• EUROPA – official web portal
• Institutions
• European Council
• European Commission
• Council
• [http://web.archive.org/20080728172056/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm Ilihifadhiwa 28 Julai 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine. European Parliament]
• European Central Bank
• Court of Justice of the European Union
• Court of Auditors
• Agencies
• EUR-Lex – Sheria
• Historical Archives of the European Union

Mandhari na data:

• Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained
• Datasets related to the EU on CKAN
• CIA World Factbook: European Union entry at The World Factbook
• [http://web.archive.org/20120106052118/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list%2F Ilihifadhiwa 6 Januari 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. British Pathé] – Online newsreel archive of the 20th century
• Search EU Financial Sanctions List
• The European Union: Questions and Answers Congressional Research Service
• Works by European Union katika Project Gutenberg

Taarifa:

• Der Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing

Misaada ya kufundishia:

• [http://web.archive.org/20200201074011/http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub Ilihifadhiwa 1 Februari 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine. European Studies Hub] – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics.

Viungo vya nje

• European Union online portal
• [http://web.archive.org/20061227035210/http://www.eu2006.fi/en_GB/ Ilihifadhiwa 27 Desemba 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine. Finland's EU Council Presidency]
• 'Your Europe' information website
• [http://web.archive.org/20181016211903/http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/ Ilihifadhiwa 16 Oktoba 2018 kwenye Wayback Machine. Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation]

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Ulaya bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Umoja wa Ulaya kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.