Poetika
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Poetika je teorija strukture, forme i diskursa[4][5] unutar književnosti,[6] i, posebno, unutar poezije.[7]
Istorija
[уреди | уреди извор]Termin poetika potiče od starogrčkog ποιητικός poietikos' „koji se odnosi na poeziju“; takođe „kreativni“ i „produktivni“.[8] U zapadnom svetu, razvoj i evolucija poetike karakteriše tri umetnička pokreta koja se bave poetskom kompozicijom: (i) formalistički, (2) objektivistički i (iii) aristotelovski. (pogledajte Poetiku).[9] Aristotelova Poetika je prva sačuvana filozofska rasprava koja se fokusira na teoriju književnosti. Arapski prevod Aristotelove poetike od Abu Bišra Mata ibn Junusa
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Delo je dugo bilo izgubljeno za zapadni svet. Bilo je dostupno u srednjem veku i ranoj renesansi samo preko latinskog prevoda arapskog komentara koji je napisao Averoes i preveo Hermanus Aleman 1256. Tačan grčko-latinski prevod koji je napravio Vilijam od Moerbeka 1278. je praktično ignorisan. Arapski prevod je uveliko odstupio u rečniku od originalne Poetike i pokrenuo je pogrešno tumačenje aristotelovske misli koje se nastavilo kroz srednji vek. Moderna poetika se razvila u renesansnoj Italiji. Potreba da se antički književni tekstovi tumače u svetlu hrišćanstva, da se procene i ocene narativi Dantea, Petrarke i Bokača, doprineli su razvoju složenih diskursa o teoriji književnosti. Zahvaljujući pre svega delu Genealogia Deorum Gentilium (1360) Đovanija Bokača, književna elita je stekla bogato razumevanje metaforičkih i figurativnih tropa. Latinski prevod Aristotelovog teksta Đorđa Vala iz 1498. (prvi koji je objavljen) uključen je u aldinsko izdanje grčkog originala iz 1508. kao deo antologije Rhetores graeci. Usledio je sve širi korpus tekstova o poetici u kasnijem petnaestom veku i tokom celog šesnaestog, fenomen koji je započeo u Italiji i proširio se na Španiju, Englesku i Francusku. Među najznačajnijim renesansnim delima o poetici su De arte poetica Marka Đirolama Vide (1527) i La Poetica Đana Đorđa Trisina (1529, prošireno izdanje 1563). U ranim decenijama šesnaestog veka pojavile su se vernakularne verzije Aristotelove Poetike, koje su kulminirale italijanskim izdanjima Lodovika Kastelvetra iz 1570. i 1576.
Luis de Gongora (1561–1627) i Baltasar Grasijan (1601–58) doneli su poetici drugačiju formu sofizma. Emanuel Tesauro je opširno pisao u svom Il Cannocchiale Aristotelico (Aristotelovska špijunski dvogled, 1654), o figure ingeniose i figure metaforiche.[10] Tokom romantičarske ere, poetika je težila ekspresionizmu i naglašavala subjekt koji opaža. Poetika dvadesetog veka se vratila aristotelovskoj paradigmi, praćena trendovima ka metakritičnosti, i uspostavljanjem savremene teorije poetike.[11] Istočna poetika je razvila lirsku poeziju, a ne reprezentativnu mimetičku poeziju zapadnog sveta.[9]
Književna kritika
[уреди | уреди извор]Poetika se od hermeneutike[12][13][14][15] razlikuje po tome što se fokusira ne na značenje teksta, već radije na razumevanju kako se različiti elementi teksta spajaju i proizvode određene efekte na čitaoca.[16] Većina književnih kritika kombinuje poetiku i hermeneutiku u jednoj analizi; međutim, jedno ili drugo može preovladavati s obzirom na tekst i ciljeve onoga koji čita.
Vidi još
[уреди | уреди извор]- Spisak osnovnih pesničkih tema
- Kognitivna poetika
- Deskriptivna poetika
- Istorijska poetika
- Stilska figura
- Analiza poezije
- Stilsko sredstvo
- Retoričko sredstvo
- Metrika (poezija)
- Alegorija
- Aluzija
- Slike
- Muzička forma
- Simbolistička poezija
- Zvučna poezija
- Refren
- Teorija književnosti
- Istorija poezije
- Udruženje za poetiku i lingvistiku
- Teopoetika
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Aristotelis Opera. XI. Превод: Bekker, August Immanuel. 1837.
- ^ Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski. Florence, Ky.: Heinle & Heinle. стр. 31. ISBN 0-03-091152-4.
- ^ Aristotle (1987). Aristotle: Poetics, with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On the Poets. Превод: Janko, Richard. London: Hackett.
- ^ Foucault, Michel (1972) [1969]. Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-415-28752-4.
- ^ Norton, Bonny (1997). „Language, identity, and the ownership of English”. TESOL Quarterly. 31 (3): 409—429. JSTOR 3587831. doi:10.2307/3587831.
- ^ Gérard Genette (2005), Essays In Aesthetics, Volume 4, pp. 14:
My program then was named "Theory of Literary Forms" — a title that I supposed to be less ambiguous for minds a little distant from this specialty, if it is one, than its (for me) synonym Poetics.
- ^ „poetics”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
- ^ "poetic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ а б Brogan, T. (1994). The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03672-4.
- ^ Benassi, A., “Lo scherzevole inganno. Figure ingegnose e argutezza nel Cannocchiale aristotelico di Emanuele Tesauro”, Studi secenteschi 47 (2006) 9–55.
- ^ Preminger, Alex (2016). Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics (на језику: енглески). Macmillan International Higher Education. стр. 952. ISBN 978-1-349-15617-7.
- ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. „The American Heritage Dictionary entry: hermeneutics”. www.ahdictionary.com.
- ^ „Definition of HERMENEUTICS”. www.merriam-webster.com. децембар 2023.
- ^ Audi, Robert (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
(2nd изд.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 377. ISBN 978-0521637220.
- ^ Reese, William L. (1980). Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion. Sussex: Harvester Press. стр. 221. ISBN 978-0855271473.
- ^ Culler, Jonathan (1997). Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction.
Literatura
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- Adams, Stephen J. (1997). Poetic designs: an introduction to meters, verse forms and figures of speech. Broadview. ISBN 978-1-55111-129-2.
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- Finch, Annie (2011). A Poet's Ear: A Handbook of Meter and Form. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-05066-6.
- Fry, Stephen (2007). The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-950934-9.
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- Isobel Armstrong, Joseph Bristow, and Cath Sharrock (1996) Nineteenth-Century Women Poets. An Oxford Anthology
- Ferguson, Margaret; Salter, Mary Jo; Stallworthy, Jon, ур. (1996). The Norton Anthology of Poetry (4th изд.). W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-96820-0.
- Gardner, Helen, ур. (1972). New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812136-7.
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- Mosley, Ivo, ур. (1996). Earth Poems: Poems from Around the World to Honor The Earth. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0062512833.
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- Yeats, WB, ур. (1936). Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935. Oxford University Press.
- Ciardi, John (1959). How Does a Poem Mean?. Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press.
- Drew, Elizabeth (1933). Discovering Poetry. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Hashmi, Alamgir (2011). „Eponymous Écriture and the Poetics of Reading a Transnational Epic”. Dublin Quarterly, 15.
- Bloom, Harold (2006). Bloom's Modern Critical Views: Contemporary Poets. Bloom's Literary Criticism, Infobase Publishing.
- Iturat, Isidro (2010). Poetics. Brazil: Indrisos.com. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 11. 2014. г. Приступљено 16. 11. 2018.
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- Bremer, J.M., Hamartia: Tragic Error in the Poetics of Aristotle and the Greek Tragedy, Amsterdam 1969
- Butcher, Samuel H., Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, New York 41911
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- Fendt, Gene (2019). „Aristotle on Dramatic Musical Composition. By Gregory Scott (Review)”. Ancient Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center. 39 (1): 248—252. ISSN 0740-2007. S2CID 171990673. doi:10.5840/ancientphil201939117.
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Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- librivox.org audio recording
- Project Gutenberg – Poetics (Aristotle)
- Aristotle's Poetics: Perseus Digital Library edition
- Greek text from Hodoi elektronikai
- Critical edition (Oxford Classical Texts) by Ingram Bywater
- Seven parallel translations of Poetics: Russian, English, French
- Aristotle: Poetics entry by Joe Sachs in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Notes of Friedrich Sylburg (1536-1596) in a critical edition (parallel Greek and Latin) available at Google Books
- Analysis and discussion in the BBC's In Our Time series on Radio 4.