Šivizam
Šivizam (Devanagari: शैव संप्रदाय;[1][2][3]) jedna je od glavnih tradicija unutar hinduizma koja poštuje Šivu kao Vrhovno biće.[4][5][note 1] Sledbenici Šivizma se nazivaju „šivistima”. To je jedna od najvećih sekti koja veruje da je Šiva - obožavana kao stvaralac i razarač svetova - vrhovni bog nad svima.[6] Šiva ima mnogo podtradicija, koje se kreću od duhovnog dualističkog teizma, kao što je Šiva Sidanta do monističkog neteizma orijentiranog na jogu, kao što je kašmirski šivizam.[7][8][9] Šivizam smatra Vede i tekstove Agame važnim teološkim izvorima.[10][11][12] Poreklo Šivizma može se pratiti od zamisli Rudre u Rigvedi.[13]
Šivizam ima drevne korene, koji se mogu pratiti u vedskoj literaturi drugog milenijuma pne, mada to je u obliku vedskog božanstva Rudre.[14] Drevni tekst Švetašvatara Upanišad iz kasnog prvog milenijuma pne spominje termine kao što su Rudra, Šiva i Mahešvaram,[15][16] ali se njegova interpretacija kao teistički ili monistički tekst šivizma osporava.[17][18] U ranim vekovima nove ere prvi jasan dokaz dolazi od Paupata Šivisma.[14] Pobožni i monistički šivizam postao je popularan u 1. milenijumu, i ubrzo je postao dominantna religijska tradicija mnogih hinduističkih kraljevstava.[14] U jugoistočnu Aziju dospeo je ubrzo nakon toga, što je dovelo izgradnje hiljada hramova Šive na ostrvima Indonezije, kao i Kambodže i Vijetnama, koji su se uporedo razvijali sa budizmom u ovim regionima.[19][20] U savremenom dobu, šivizam je jedan od glavnih aspekata hinduizma.[14]
Šivistička teologija se kreće od Šive kao kreatora, čuvara, razarača do njegog poistovećivanja sa Atmanom (suštinom, dušom) unutar sebe i svakog živog bića. Ona je blisko povezana sa šaktizmom, a deo šivista vrši bogosluženje u hramovima Šive i Šakte.[9] Hinduistička tradicija najviše prihvata asketski život i naglašava jogu. Kao i druge hinduističke tradicije, ona ohrabruje pojedinca da otkrije i bude jedno sa Šivom unutar sebe.[7][8][21] Šivizam je jedna od najvećih tradicija u hinduizmu.[22][23]
Napomene
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Zajeno sa Višnuizmom, Šaktizmom, i Smartizmom
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ „History of Shaivism”. јул 2014.
- ^ „facts on the Shaivism”.
- ^ Dancing with Siva. USA: Himalayan Academy. section: Glossary—Śabda Kośaḥ N-S.
- ^ S Parmeshwaranand 2004, стр. 19–20, 272–275.
- ^ P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. стр. 10—14, 509—516. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4.
- ^ Flood 2003, стр. 200–201.
- ^ а б Flood 1996, стр. 162–167.
- ^ а б Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7. стр. 16–19.
- ^ а б Flood 2003, стр. 202–204.
- ^ David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9. стр. 116.
- ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press. ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7. стр. 31–34.with footnotes
- ^ Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8. стр. 43–44.
- ^ Textbooks from India, Volume 1. National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2002. стр. 199. „The origin of Saivism may be traced to the conception of Rudra in the RigVeda”
- ^ а б в г Peter Bisschop (2011). Shaivism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195399318.
- ^ [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120814684. стр. 301–304.;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge. ISBN 978-8121509992. стр. 106–111. - ^ Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes
- ^ Kunst, Arnold (јун 1968). „Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 31 (2): 309—314. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531.
- ^ D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill. ISBN 978-9004107588. стр. 96–97.and Chapter 9
- ^ Flood 2003, стр. 208–214.
- ^ Gonda, Jan (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. стр. 3—20, 35—36, 49—51. ISBN 978-90-04-04330-5.
- ^ „Introduction to Hinduism”. Himalayan Academy. 2009. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 01. 2020. г. Приступљено 01. 02. 2014.
- ^ Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 400. ISBN 9781118323038.
- ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. стр. 474. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
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- Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal (1913). Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0122-2. Third AES reprint edition, 1995.
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- Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism. Cambridge University Press.
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- Kramrisch, Stella (1993). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01930-7.
- Lorenzen, David N. (1987). „Śaivism: An Overview”. Ур.: Eliade, Mircea. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 13. Collier Macmillan.
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- A. K. Ramanujan (1973). Speaking of Śiva. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044270-0.
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- Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3.
- Sanderson, Alexis (2009). „The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period” (PDF). Ур.: Einoo, Shingo. Genesis and Development of Tantrism. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 01. 03. 2019. г. Приступљено 20. 07. 2019.
- Sanderson, Alexis (1988). „Saivism and the Tantric Traditions”. Ур.: S Sutherland; et al. The World's Religions. Routledge.
- Sanderson, Alexis (1995). „Meaning of a Tantric Ritual”. Ур.: Blondeau, AM; K Schipper. Essais sur le Rituel. Louvain: Peeters.
- Sanderson, Alexis (2004). „The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I”. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 90/91: 349—462. JSTOR 43732654.
- Sanderson, Alexis (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux, ур. Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner. Institut Français de Pondichéry. ISBN 978-2855396668.
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- Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata (2nd изд.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0544-6.
- Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First Revised изд.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
- Vasugupta; Mark Dyczkowski (Translator) (1992). The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1264-0.
- Winternitz, Maurice (1972). History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaivism"
- Saivism.Net
- Alexis sanderson, Publications, scholarly studies in Shaivism