English

The study deals with the different aspects and senses of “visionary poetry.” Besides the themes and issues raised by visionary poets and the devices, tactics, and techniques they use, the study traces the evolution of the term through different literary ages. Beginning with Blake and the other Romantic poets, the study goes on to discuss the modifications the concept of visionary poetry received at the hands of Walt Whitman.
The term ‘visionary poetry’ is one of the controversial terms. Critics offer different definitions of the term and they often confuse it with other terms such as ‘millennial,’ ‘prophetic,’ ‘mystical,’ and ‘apocalyptic.’ However, critics agree that Blake is the prototypical visionary poet and that all visionary poets try to gain insight into transcendent knowledge by non-intellectual methods.
The main problem with the term is critics’ fascination with Blake’s model of a visionary poet. Allured by Blake’s greatness, many critics tend to apply his conception of ‘visionary poetry’ to any poem or poet they believe to be visionary. Having this conception in mind, they rule out Whitman’s early poems as not visionary simply because they rest more on literal seeing than on free imagination, despite the fact that these poems manage to discover or uncover facts and values not easily discovered by us with our usual habits of perception.
The study shows that visionary poets may have different epistemologies and may resort to different strategies to achieve their shared goal. This explains the varied senses of the visionary we may have. By comparing the work of Blake and Whitman the study tries to show the insufficiency of conventional definitions of visionary poetry in discussion of Whitman’s poetry and to reveal the modifications Whitman made to the conception of visionary writing. The comparison between Blake and Whitman also reveals many points of affinity which can be regarded as the common features of visionary poetry in general.
The first chapter deals with the Romantic concept of visionary poetry, especially that of William Blake. In treating Blake’s conception of visionary poetry and his epistemological stance, I point out some of his visionary themes, issues, tactics and techniques. These may serve as a standard to measure Whitman’s advancement of the visionary poetry and the contributions he made.
The second chapter treats Whitman’s epistemology, his conceptions of visionary poetry, ‘seership,’ and the process of perception. This chapter focuses on the methods Whitman used to attain vision. His philosophy and his relation to certain philosophers, poets, and thinkers are taken into consideration only as far as they help illuminate his role as a visionary poet. By analysis of some of Whitman’s long poems I try to abstract the main characteristics of his visionary poetry and to show that the differences between Blake and Whitman are not a matter of period styles but the result of different methods of attaining the vision as well as different views concerning nature, the senses and reality.
Chapter three treats the thematic implications of Whitman’s conception of visionary poetry. Consistent with his conception, Whitman persistently explored the relationship of the perceived and the perceiver, the self and the other, body and soul. He celebrates many values such as eternity, cosmic order and progress. He also considers questions of death, suffering, evil and doubt. All these themes relate to and emanate from Whitman’s conception of visionary poetry.
In chapter four formal and structural aspects in Whitman’s visionary poetry are discussed to reveal how the poet’s mission as a visionary seer influences the structural and technical aspects of his work. The innovations he made in literary form and technique can be seen as the correlatives of his new methods of knowing. This shows Whitman’s contribution to the tradition of visionary poetry on the formal level.

Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997) is one of the most celebrated and popular poets in contemporary America. The title poem of his first published collection, Howl and Other Poems (1956), established him as a major poet of rebellion. From that time and for three decades, Ginsberg went on preaching rebellion both in word and in deed.
This study tries to reveal and assess the full implications of Ginsberg’s rebellion. It tries to show the scope, causes and nature of his rebellion and to place him in the long tradition of rebellion in American literature. However, more than the mere investigation of the political, social, spiritual and literary aspects that Ginsberg rebelled against, the main aim of this study is to find out a link or a unified theory that combines all these aspects of rebellion. The study tries also to find a suitable critical approach to Ginsberg’s poetry.

The study is based on the fact that newspapers’ announcements, like many other examples of different means of communication, use both visual and verbal expressions to work together in an effort to achieve a certain communicative purpose. Announcements are defined as statements made to the public in order to give information about something that has happened or that will happen. The main target of this work is to achieve a semiotic analysis of some Egyptian Arabic and some English congratulation and thank-you announcements published in different newspapers. Congratulation and thank-you messages are delivered through different elements in the announcements such as the size, the picture used, the frame, the colours, the photos, the fonts and so on. Congratulation and thank-you announcements are made to celebrate special occasions; thank someone for carrying out a remarkable action or congratulate someone on a particular achievement or success (Jibril et al., 2015).  The main rationale of choosing this idea is to examine the most commonly-used signifiers in some congratulation and thank-you announcements in newspapers. Additionally, this topic is chosen to determine whether social, religious and cultural backgrounds of the announcers affect their choice of symbols or signifiers in their announcements or not. Besides, another purpose of the study is showing the effect of every single semiotic resource within the announcement in achieving a certain meaning verbally and nonverbally. To analyze the selected announcements, the current study uses two semiotic models suggested by Chandler (2007), Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006). Halliday’s system functional theory (1994) is also used in the analysis of the linguistic elements. The study finds out that there are some similarities and differences between the English and the Egyptian Arabic announcements. Both of the English and the Egyptian announcers were affected by their cultural, religious, and social backgrounds.
Key words:  semiotics, social semiotics, signs, codes, verbal elements, visual elements, and linguistic structure.

Language is a means of communication. People communicate in many different ways. They can communicate by actions, signs, spoken, or written language. To communicate is to exchange thoughts, feelings, or ideas. Most anthropologists think that humans can communicate with signs and gestures before communicating with words. Communication takes place in many modes such as language and image. Semiotics refers to communication as a system of signs.  These signs can be either visual or aural. Social semiotics deals with how people interact and communicate using various channels of communication.
        In many cultures, people want to share their happy or sad news with others. To make an announcement means sharing a particular message in a formal or a public way. Some people announce their obituary events. Others want to celebrate the events of success of their family members and friends. In addition to these, some couples may desire to announce their wedding events to their local communities by publishing newspapers’ wedding announcements. Specifically, an announcement is defined as “a spoken or written statement that informs people about something.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005: 51). Nwoye (1992) mentions that all types of announcements have the function of telling the hearers/ readers about something.
      This study is concerned with congratulation and thank-you announcements in some English and Egyptian Arabic newspapers. It is a comparative study in which we can know the differences between the main features of congratulation and thank-you announcements in both English and Egyptian Arabic ones.  Congratulation and thank-you messages are delivered through different elements in the announcements such as the position in the newspaper, the size, the picture used, the frame, the colours, the photos used and so on. Congratulation and thank-you announcements are made to celebrate special occasions, thank someone for carrying out a remarkable action or congratulate someone on a particular achievement or success (Jibril et al., 2015). It is clear that congratulatory announcements are regarded as “friendly social acts” which aim at establishing good relations between individuals. These announcements are maintaining the relationships between friends and relatives (Al-Khatib, 1997:157).
        Congratulation and thank-you announcements are made by the economically middle and high class Egyptians who share each other’s happiness and sadness. It can be said that people use congratulation and thank-you announcements to show their feelings and emotions. They deal with announcements as gifts to the congratulated or the thanked person.
  Congratulation and thank-you announcements in newspapers are chosen for conducting the present study for several reasons. First, the practice of placing personal messages of congratulations and thanks in newspapers is very common in many countries. These kinds of announcements are made to serve a number of communicative functions. In addition, the purpose of this investigation is to determine the full extent of the communication that is thereby achieved through the verbal and the nonverbal signifiers.  Additionally, this topic is chosen to determine whether the social, religious and cultural backgrounds of the announcers affect their choice of symbols or signifiers in their announcements or not. Another purpose of the study is to know the effect of every single semiotic resource within the announcement in achieving a certain meaning verbally and nonverbally.

The study is based on the fact that literary translation needs good understanding to source and target texts. Translating colloquial Egyptian Arabic expressions is not an easy task to be achieved. Khairy Shalaby is famous for his style of writing that reflects the Egyptian society and the simple Egyptian street. The study conducts the semiotic analysis of Michael Cooperson’s translation of Khairy Shalaby’s "  " رحلات الطرشجى الحلوجى (1991) as “The Time-Travels of The Man Who Sold Pickles and Sweets” and Farouk Abdel Wahab’s translation of            " وكالة عطية"  (1999) as “The Lodging House”. To analyze selected expressions, the current study uses the triadic model of Peirce (1931) and Delebastita’s division of the recoding processes in translation (1993). The main target of this work is to analyze the translation of these expressions semiotically and culturally. The rationale of choosing this idea is to identify the original linguistic sources of these colloquial expressions, define the recoding process/es used in translation, and examine whether semiotic conformity is achieved in the translation process/es or not. Besides, this topic is chosen to determine whether the translators are affected by their cultural backgrounds in their translation or not. The study finds out that semiotic conformity is sometimes lost because of losing the cultural background in the selected signs. Substitution is the most recurrent recoding process by the two translators. Permutation is used only by the Arabic translator because of having the same religious, cultural and political background of the Egyptian speakers.

This research tackles a semiotic analysis of the translation of some colloquial Egyptian Arabic expressions in one of Khairy Shalaby’s famous novels “ نادل الحشيش ” /nadil ʔalḥašīš/ (2000) as “The Hashish Waiter” translated by Adam Talib. The translation of colloquial Egyptian Arabic expressions, that reflects the Egyptian society, are affected by the good understanding of Egyptian culture.