An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control
of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number
of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean
take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or higher. We used three
complementary approaches:(1) a within-study analysis, in which differences in mean take-
over time were assessed for pairs of experimental conditions,(2) a between-study analysis …