This paper aims to help structure the risk landscape associated with large-scale Language
Models (LMs). In order to foster advances in responsible innovation, an in-depth
understanding of the potential risks posed by these models is needed. A wide range of
established and anticipated risks are analysed in detail, drawing on multidisciplinary
expertise and literature from computer science, linguistics, and social sciences. We outline
six specific risk areas: I. Discrimination, Exclusion and Toxicity, II. Information Hazards, III …