In India, most urban centres are expanding very rapidly both spatially and demographically. This ... more In India, most urban centres are expanding very rapidly both spatially and demographically. This expansion refuels the process of urbanization and spreads urban characteristics to peripheral regions. As a result, the rapid growth and expansion of urban areas to its surrounding rural hinterlands fosters unplanned and haphazard development and makes the area even more complex. Over time, the distinction between rural and urban gradually disappears, so that a new type of structure would emerge in city outskirts which is characterized by mixed forms of land-use, socioeconomic activities and termed as rural-urban fringe. The paper delineates rural-urban fringe of Uluberia municipality based on selected indicators of demographic structure and economic services. Urbanity Index and Composite Urbanity Index have been used for the delineation of rural-urban fringe. Four fringe zones of Uluberia municipality have been identified and termed by applying the Mean±Standard Deviation technique. Keywords: rural-urban fringe, delineation, urbanity index, composite urbanity index. Rezumat. Delimitarea franjei rururbane: municipalitatea Uluberia, districtul Haora, India ca studiu de caz În India, majoritatea centrelor urbane cresc foarte rapid atât spațial, cât și demografic. Această extindere alimentează procesul de urbanizare și diseminează caracteristicile urbane către regiunile periferice. Ca urmare, creșterea și extinderea rapidă a zonelor urbane către cele rurale înconjurătoare favorizează dezvoltarea neplanificată și întâmplătoare și transformă arealul într-unul cu atât mai complex. De-a lungul timpului, distincția dintre rural și urban se atenuează treptat, astfel că un nou tip de structură apare la marginea orașelor, caracterizată prin forme mixte de utilizare a terenului, activități socio-economice și denumită franja rururbană. Lucrarea delimitează franja rururbană a municipalității Uluberia pe baza unor indicatori selectați de structură demografică și servicii economice. Indicele de urbanitate și Indicele de urbanitate compus au fost utilizați pentru delimitarea franjei rururbane. Au fost identificate și denumite patru componente ale franjei municipalității Uluberia utilizând Media±Deviația Standard. Cuvinte-cheie: franjă rururbană, delimitare, indicele de ur-banitate, indicele de urbanitate compus.
International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), 2023
Regional inequality is a common phenomenon in India. It influences the development process of any... more Regional inequality is a common phenomenon in India. It influences the development process of any area. This regional disparity also takes place in the districts of West Bengal. The study is an attempt to discuss the socio-economic status of the Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal. It also focuses on social and economic development variation and the reason behind the disparities. The present study uses secondary data to fulfil the objectives. To analyse the data of ten Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal, twelve socio-economic indicators have been considered. The composite score method has been applied to analyse the data. The study reveals a remarkable variance among the Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal. The overall analysis of the study shows that the demographic, infrastructural, and economic development status in the study area has a broad range of discrepancies among the variables. There is an inverse relationship between regional variation and socioeconomic development. People in border regions struggle with several socioeconomic problems, including those relating to health, education, and basic infrastructure amenities as well as their source of income. The government must take several steps to address these issues, which could help to reduce regional differences in socioeconomic growth.
In view of the contemporary importance, the geographical characteristics of urban places related ... more In view of the contemporary importance, the geographical characteristics of urban places related to land use activities such as population, housing and industry are the important social and economic process which recognize the urban area as a focus of the study. The urban centre like Haldia of West Bengal is a port cum urban-industrial agglomeration where growth of industries and port activity have change the original settled area through internal shifting of population and households from 1981 to 2011. Local migration and internal shifting of settlements creates urban social problem and decline in the growth rate of population. Both the household and population change may influence the future pattern of urban development.
Market clustering is one of the useful techniques for identifying economic zones of any part of t... more Market clustering is one of the useful techniques for identifying economic zones of any part of the world. Gradual expansion and agglomeration of markets developed economic hubs which function as nodal centres particularly in rural areas. Every market in market clustering is interdependent upon to increase volume of trade and linkage of rural markets to urban development. Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, the study area consist of twenty nine CD blocks within which 76 markets have been identified for the present study where the rural markets maintain a meaningful system of economic process. Different statistical methods have been used for market clustering analysis of Paschim Medinipur such as Centrographic technique, Quadrant Analysis and Standard Distance Analysis. Study reveals six market clusters within seven blocks and distribution of market does not show normal pattern com- pletely due to regional paradox of Paschim Medinipur. 1. Introduction: The existence of 'pa...
In the field of groundwater investigation, integrated remote sensing and geographical information... more In the field of groundwater investigation, integrated remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) has become a significant approach to explored groundwater resources, its assessment, monitoring, and conservation. The present study of Purulia district in West Bengal, India, tries to assess the potential groundwater zones using remote sensing and GIS technique. As groundwater recharge and its availability depend on some geophysical factors, a multi-criterion decision-making approach (MCDA) has been adopted to recognize the potential zones in the studied district. Thus, most significant factors viz. geomorphology, lithology, slope, lineament, drainage, soil, and land-use land-cover have been considered and assigned weights in respect to their relative importance to find out groundwater potential zones. Thematic maps of these selected factors were transformed to raster data using raster converter tool in ArcGIS. The groundwater prospective zones were obtained through weighted overlay analysis technique and categorized into six sub-classes viz., unavailable, very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good zones. The outcome shows that about 7.5, 36.86, and 27% areas have very high, high and moderate potentiality respectively whereas, about 19.54 and 8.56% areas are under poor to very poor condition in terms of groundwater potentiality of the study area. The recharge and availability of groundwater are mainly depending on surface topography, slope, underlying rock composition, and lineaments as these factors determine the porosity, permeability, and rate of infiltration.
Abstract: Public participation in the local level plan formulation is important criterions for ru... more Abstract: Public participation in the local level plan formulation is important criterions for rural development in West Bengal where people are actively participate for implementation of the system of developmental activities. There are enormous drawbacks in both formulation and implementation of the programme. The main problems of plan formulation are information giving system of gram sansad meeting, convenience of date and time of sansad meeting, chaos in the meeting, problem of giving opinion, people’s illiteracy and lack of awareness about planning and gram sansad meeting and absence of meeting resolution books. The ultimate result is the failure of local level participation for plan formulation and implementation.
The concept of market function and specialization reflects the economic status and levels of regi... more The concept of market function and specialization reflects the economic status and levels of regional development. The integration of both the aspects provides a perspective on the spatial concentration of market pattern. The purpose of the present study is both methodological and analytical where rural market employment and pattern of market services are important. The market specialization and spatial functional concentration are to production structures. This has attracted attention of the decision makers to identify the level of concentration of services and facilities rendered by the markets of the region. The author tries to analyze the functional attribute and specialization pattern of identified 58 rural markets of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal.
Abstract: Industrial growth and development are key factors for the development of the economy of... more Abstract: Industrial growth and development are key factors for the development of the economy of a country. The new growing cities are constantly undergoing changes due to urban-industrial development. Haldia, a port cum industrial town is the secondary employment sector which involves large number of people after agricultural sector of the region. It is a port town grows in early 1970s and later converted into an industrial town in West Bengal. Now, it is the fastest growing and self sufficient port cum industrial town of West Bengal as well as the whole Eastern India. Due to the locational advantages, better connectivity and different facilities for rapid industrial changes have been seen within 30 years. This growth has helped the economy of the region and it is also related with the process of urbanization of Haldia town. In present economic situation, this type of study is very much relevant when a debate is occurred whether the economic development follow the agriculture or i...
The spatial distribution of market of an area is a central theme in marketing geography. The mark... more The spatial distribution of market of an area is a central theme in marketing geography. The market pattern denotes the inter-market spacing from one another. In a uniform geographical condition socioeconomic functions have played instrumental role in the development of market within a region. Inter market distance are largely depends on urbanization rate, consumer behavior, connectivity as well as social opportunities. In this respect a widely known analytical tool i.e. nearest neighbour techniques has been applied. The study reveals that the market distribution of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal is random. On the other hand blockwise (25 blocks) scenario reveals a different pattern, i.e., in eleven (11) blocks the pattern of market distribution are cluster where as another twelve (12) blocks and two (2) blocks have random and uniform market pattern respectively.
In India, most urban centres are expanding very rapidly both spatially and demographically. This ... more In India, most urban centres are expanding very rapidly both spatially and demographically. This expansion refuels the process of urbanization and spreads urban characteristics to peripheral regions. As a result, the rapid growth and expansion of urban areas to its surrounding rural hinterlands fosters unplanned and haphazard development and makes the area even more complex. Over time, the distinction between rural and urban gradually disappears, so that a new type of structure would emerge in city outskirts which is characterized by mixed forms of land-use, socioeconomic activities and termed as rural-urban fringe. The paper delineates rural-urban fringe of Uluberia municipality based on selected indicators of demographic structure and economic services. Urbanity Index and Composite Urbanity Index have been used for the delineation of rural-urban fringe. Four fringe zones of Uluberia municipality have been identified and termed by applying the Mean±Standard Deviation technique. Keywords: rural-urban fringe, delineation, urbanity index, composite urbanity index. Rezumat. Delimitarea franjei rururbane: municipalitatea Uluberia, districtul Haora, India ca studiu de caz În India, majoritatea centrelor urbane cresc foarte rapid atât spațial, cât și demografic. Această extindere alimentează procesul de urbanizare și diseminează caracteristicile urbane către regiunile periferice. Ca urmare, creșterea și extinderea rapidă a zonelor urbane către cele rurale înconjurătoare favorizează dezvoltarea neplanificată și întâmplătoare și transformă arealul într-unul cu atât mai complex. De-a lungul timpului, distincția dintre rural și urban se atenuează treptat, astfel că un nou tip de structură apare la marginea orașelor, caracterizată prin forme mixte de utilizare a terenului, activități socio-economice și denumită franja rururbană. Lucrarea delimitează franja rururbană a municipalității Uluberia pe baza unor indicatori selectați de structură demografică și servicii economice. Indicele de urbanitate și Indicele de urbanitate compus au fost utilizați pentru delimitarea franjei rururbane. Au fost identificate și denumite patru componente ale franjei municipalității Uluberia utilizând Media±Deviația Standard. Cuvinte-cheie: franjă rururbană, delimitare, indicele de ur-banitate, indicele de urbanitate compus.
International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), 2023
Regional inequality is a common phenomenon in India. It influences the development process of any... more Regional inequality is a common phenomenon in India. It influences the development process of any area. This regional disparity also takes place in the districts of West Bengal. The study is an attempt to discuss the socio-economic status of the Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal. It also focuses on social and economic development variation and the reason behind the disparities. The present study uses secondary data to fulfil the objectives. To analyse the data of ten Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal, twelve socio-economic indicators have been considered. The composite score method has been applied to analyse the data. The study reveals a remarkable variance among the Indo-Bangladesh border districts of West Bengal. The overall analysis of the study shows that the demographic, infrastructural, and economic development status in the study area has a broad range of discrepancies among the variables. There is an inverse relationship between regional variation and socioeconomic development. People in border regions struggle with several socioeconomic problems, including those relating to health, education, and basic infrastructure amenities as well as their source of income. The government must take several steps to address these issues, which could help to reduce regional differences in socioeconomic growth.
In view of the contemporary importance, the geographical characteristics of urban places related ... more In view of the contemporary importance, the geographical characteristics of urban places related to land use activities such as population, housing and industry are the important social and economic process which recognize the urban area as a focus of the study. The urban centre like Haldia of West Bengal is a port cum urban-industrial agglomeration where growth of industries and port activity have change the original settled area through internal shifting of population and households from 1981 to 2011. Local migration and internal shifting of settlements creates urban social problem and decline in the growth rate of population. Both the household and population change may influence the future pattern of urban development.
Market clustering is one of the useful techniques for identifying economic zones of any part of t... more Market clustering is one of the useful techniques for identifying economic zones of any part of the world. Gradual expansion and agglomeration of markets developed economic hubs which function as nodal centres particularly in rural areas. Every market in market clustering is interdependent upon to increase volume of trade and linkage of rural markets to urban development. Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, the study area consist of twenty nine CD blocks within which 76 markets have been identified for the present study where the rural markets maintain a meaningful system of economic process. Different statistical methods have been used for market clustering analysis of Paschim Medinipur such as Centrographic technique, Quadrant Analysis and Standard Distance Analysis. Study reveals six market clusters within seven blocks and distribution of market does not show normal pattern com- pletely due to regional paradox of Paschim Medinipur. 1. Introduction: The existence of 'pa...
In the field of groundwater investigation, integrated remote sensing and geographical information... more In the field of groundwater investigation, integrated remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) has become a significant approach to explored groundwater resources, its assessment, monitoring, and conservation. The present study of Purulia district in West Bengal, India, tries to assess the potential groundwater zones using remote sensing and GIS technique. As groundwater recharge and its availability depend on some geophysical factors, a multi-criterion decision-making approach (MCDA) has been adopted to recognize the potential zones in the studied district. Thus, most significant factors viz. geomorphology, lithology, slope, lineament, drainage, soil, and land-use land-cover have been considered and assigned weights in respect to their relative importance to find out groundwater potential zones. Thematic maps of these selected factors were transformed to raster data using raster converter tool in ArcGIS. The groundwater prospective zones were obtained through weighted overlay analysis technique and categorized into six sub-classes viz., unavailable, very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good zones. The outcome shows that about 7.5, 36.86, and 27% areas have very high, high and moderate potentiality respectively whereas, about 19.54 and 8.56% areas are under poor to very poor condition in terms of groundwater potentiality of the study area. The recharge and availability of groundwater are mainly depending on surface topography, slope, underlying rock composition, and lineaments as these factors determine the porosity, permeability, and rate of infiltration.
Abstract: Public participation in the local level plan formulation is important criterions for ru... more Abstract: Public participation in the local level plan formulation is important criterions for rural development in West Bengal where people are actively participate for implementation of the system of developmental activities. There are enormous drawbacks in both formulation and implementation of the programme. The main problems of plan formulation are information giving system of gram sansad meeting, convenience of date and time of sansad meeting, chaos in the meeting, problem of giving opinion, people’s illiteracy and lack of awareness about planning and gram sansad meeting and absence of meeting resolution books. The ultimate result is the failure of local level participation for plan formulation and implementation.
The concept of market function and specialization reflects the economic status and levels of regi... more The concept of market function and specialization reflects the economic status and levels of regional development. The integration of both the aspects provides a perspective on the spatial concentration of market pattern. The purpose of the present study is both methodological and analytical where rural market employment and pattern of market services are important. The market specialization and spatial functional concentration are to production structures. This has attracted attention of the decision makers to identify the level of concentration of services and facilities rendered by the markets of the region. The author tries to analyze the functional attribute and specialization pattern of identified 58 rural markets of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal.
Abstract: Industrial growth and development are key factors for the development of the economy of... more Abstract: Industrial growth and development are key factors for the development of the economy of a country. The new growing cities are constantly undergoing changes due to urban-industrial development. Haldia, a port cum industrial town is the secondary employment sector which involves large number of people after agricultural sector of the region. It is a port town grows in early 1970s and later converted into an industrial town in West Bengal. Now, it is the fastest growing and self sufficient port cum industrial town of West Bengal as well as the whole Eastern India. Due to the locational advantages, better connectivity and different facilities for rapid industrial changes have been seen within 30 years. This growth has helped the economy of the region and it is also related with the process of urbanization of Haldia town. In present economic situation, this type of study is very much relevant when a debate is occurred whether the economic development follow the agriculture or i...
The spatial distribution of market of an area is a central theme in marketing geography. The mark... more The spatial distribution of market of an area is a central theme in marketing geography. The market pattern denotes the inter-market spacing from one another. In a uniform geographical condition socioeconomic functions have played instrumental role in the development of market within a region. Inter market distance are largely depends on urbanization rate, consumer behavior, connectivity as well as social opportunities. In this respect a widely known analytical tool i.e. nearest neighbour techniques has been applied. The study reveals that the market distribution of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal is random. On the other hand blockwise (25 blocks) scenario reveals a different pattern, i.e., in eleven (11) blocks the pattern of market distribution are cluster where as another twelve (12) blocks and two (2) blocks have random and uniform market pattern respectively.
The study of development and planning is basically a study of interaction between man, land and a... more The study of development and planning is basically a study of interaction between man, land and activity in the form of spatial organisation of economy. After industrial revolution and rapid growth of urbanisation, development in the field of transport is enormous both in infrastructures, speed as well as in transport technology. Nowadays every country of the world
Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment. Br... more Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment. Broadly speaking, the subject matter includes origin of towns, their growth and development, their functions in and around their surroundings. The subject of urban geography has gradually taken a special place among the various branches of geography in the period after the Second World War in various foreign and Indian universities and colleges. With the increase of population globally, towns and cities have become magnets of economic, social and political processes. The changes brought about by these processes have become instructive as well as interesting too in case of the single phenomenon, i.e., city in a spatial context. Under these circumstances, the studies of towns and cities have formed an essential part of the branch of Human Geography. Meaning of an Urban Place: It is one of the most essential and immediate problems to decide 'what is urban?' How does it differ from its counterpart, i.e., rural? In everyday life we are aware that difference between rural and urban depends upon their nature of workthe former being engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities. But it is a difficult task to transform the above stated meaning between the two different natures of settlements into precise and scholarly terms. This is because of the fact that 'an urban place' has been defined differently by different scholars and agencies. Even the United Nations Demographic Year Book (UN, 1990) has given a wide range of examples covering the various countries defining demographically. UNO defines a permanent settlement with a minimum population of 20,000 as an urban place. But several countries have their own minimum such as Botswana (
There is no readymade universally acceptable solution to the transport problem. Planners, enginee... more There is no readymade universally acceptable solution to the transport problem. Planners, engineers, economists and transport technologists each have their own views, which when combined, invariably produced a workable strategy. Whatever policy evolved should be
Graph theory-reduces transport networks to a mathematical matrix. Edge: Line segment (link) betwe... more Graph theory-reduces transport networks to a mathematical matrix. Edge: Line segment (link) between locations. • Example: roads, rail lines, etc… Vertex: Location on the transportation network that is of interest (node). • Example: towns, road intersections, etc… Node-a location on a transportation route that has the capacity to generate traffic (flow). Link-the connection between 2 nodes along which flow occurs. Route-a series of connected links. Graph-A graph is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of points called VERTICES and a set (possibly empty) of lines linking some pair of vertices. It is possible for the edges to oriented; i.e. to be directed edges. The lines are called EDGES if they are undirected, and or ARCS if they are directed. Adjacent Vertices-Two vertices are said to be adjacent if there is an edge (arc) connecting them. Adjacent Edges-Adjacent edges are edges that share a common vertex. Degree of a Vertex-The degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident with that vertex. Path-A path is a sequence of vertices with the property that each vertex in the sequence is adjacent to the vertex next to it. A path that does not repeat vertices is called a simple path. Circuit-A circuit is path that begins and ends at the same vertex. Max circuits = ½v (v-1)-(v-1) Max circuits = ½8 (8-1)-(8-1) Max circuits = (4)(7)-7 = 21 Network-a system of nodes and links. May consist of several modal types (road, rail, etc…), but is typically of a single mode type. Tree-a connected acyclic simple graph, which therefore has no complete circuits. Types of graph: Directed graph-direction of flow is explicit. Undirected graph-no flow direction implied. Planar graph-graphs where all links (edges) meet at nodes (vertices). Non-planar graph-graphs where links (edges) may cross each other.
Transportation is one of the most visible elements of logistics operations. As consumers, we are ... more Transportation is one of the most visible elements of logistics operations. As consumers, we are accustomed to seeing trucks and trains moving products or parked at a distribution facility. While this experience provides a good visual understanding of transportation elements, it does not allow the necessary depth of knowledge to understand transportation's role in logistics operations. This section establishes that foundation by reviewing functionality provided by transportation and the underlying principles of transport operation.
The study of the economic aspects of transport or in other words transport economics is of prime ... more The study of the economic aspects of transport or in other words transport economics is of prime importance both to economists as well as to geographers. Until recently, geographers have tended to ignore the fundamental importance of cost and price as influences, but now they intend to study the economic aspects realising that an efficient transportation system in many ways is the lifeblood of the economic system. Therefore, the study of the nature of transport costs and pricing, at least in so far as they affect the spatial patterns of transport phenomena, is a basis to transport geography. Definition of Transport cost: the expenses involved in moving products or assets to a different place, which are often passed on to consumers. The two broad category of transport costs are fixed costs (usually called by economists as inescapable costs) and of variable costs (escapable costs).
One of the most fundamental relationships supported by transportation involves how much space can... more One of the most fundamental relationships supported by transportation involves how much space can be overcome within a given amount of time. The faster the mode, the more significant is the distance that can be overcome within the same amount of time. Transportation, particularly improvements in transport systems, changes the relationship between time and space. When this relationship involves easier, faster, and cheaper access between places, the
Network analysis is an important aspect of transport geography because it involves the descriptio... more Network analysis is an important aspect of transport geography because it involves the description of the disposition of nodes and their relationships and line or linkage of distribution. It gives measures of accessibility and connectivity and also allows comparisons to be made between regional networks within a country and between other countries.
Network analysis is an important aspect of transport geography because it involves the descriptio... more Network analysis is an important aspect of transport geography because it involves the description of the disposition of nodes and their relationships and line or linkage of distribution. It gives measures of accessibility and connectivity and also allows comparisons to be made between regional networks within a country and between other countries. Network Graphs and Types: In topological network or a graph, the following elements have been identified, which translate the observed relationships of networks into numerical and symbolic form. Vertices or nodes (v)-The points which form the basic elements of a graph are commonly known as vertices and are sometimes designated as nodes. Edges or links (e)-The lines connecting the vertices or nodes are called edges or links. Regions or faces-The areas enclosed by area are referred as regions or faces. Connected and unconnected networks: A network is said to be connected when it is possible to reach a vertex from any other vertex by following the lines or the edges connecting the different vertices. Otherwise, the graph is considered to be unconnected. Oriented and non-oriented graphs: The oriented graphs recognise the direction of the link, whereas in the case of non-oriented graphs no consideration is paid to the direction of the link.
The core-periphery model was also of interest to John Friedmann. He further developed this concep... more The core-periphery model was also of interest to John Friedmann. He further developed this concept in 1966 by underlining the role of spatial distances from the core. His approach is sometimes interpreted and combined with the growth pole theory (focusing on input-output
Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal in the yea... more Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal in the year 1956. It is a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages are delineated. The idea behind it is that a change in one form of an institution will
The growth pole theory was developed by French regional economist, Francois Perroux, in 1955. He ... more The growth pole theory was developed by French regional economist, Francois Perroux, in 1955. He was concerned with the phenomenon of economic development and with the process of structural change. He attempted to explain how modern process of economic growth
The economic historian Walt Rostow studied development in many different countries throughout his... more The economic historian Walt Rostow studied development in many different countries throughout history and as a conclusion developed the 5 stages of economic growth diagram. The first stage (traditional society) is when land is the primary of wealth and a majority of production occurs in agriculture; investment is low. The preconditions period is the time when agricultural productivity begins to increase which enables resources to be released from the agricultural industry so that there is a surplus in workers who can provide labour for other industries. There are often social and political changes happening simultaneously during this period. In order for the manufacturing sector to increase it is vital that some basic infrastructure is also built.
the following three methods of calculating average depth of precipitation upon the area of the ba... more the following three methods of calculating average depth of precipitation upon the area of the basin, i.e., (1) Arithmetic Mean, (2) Theissen Polygon Method, and (3) Iso-Hyetal Method. 1. Arithmetic Mean: When the area of the basin is less than 500 km 2 this method implies summing up of all the rainfall values from all the raingauging stations and then dividing it by the number of stations in that basin. The method becomes very clear by the use of a tabular forra. To explain, there are in all four rain-gauging stations A, B, C, D in the basin, whose rainfall values are given in the table 2.3? Sum of the rainfall values comes out to be 21.2 cm. It is divided by number of stations to give average depth of precipitation which comes out to be 5.3 cm. This method gives accurate results if the stations are uniformly distributed over the area. There should not be much variation in the rainfall values of the stations under consideration. Drawback of this method is the stations just outside of the basin are not considered although these stations might have some influence on the basin under consideration. 2. Theissen Polygon Method: This method is very accurate. It is used for basins having areas between 500-5000 km 2. This method can be best understood with the help of Fig. 2.7.
Environmental Management and Sustainability in India, 2023
Rapid urbanization and resultant land-use change are one of the key reasons for growing temperatu... more Rapid urbanization and resultant land-use change are one of the key reasons for growing temperature in urban areas as compared to surroundings. Consequently, the occurrence of urban heat island (UHI) is one of the contemporary issues in the fastest-growing cities in India. In West Bengal, Durgapur–Asansol industrial area faces such critical heat island conditions due to extreme changes in land use–land cover. This study is trying to examine the impacts of various land-use types on the incident of UHI effects. To fulfil the objectives, the linear regression method has been applied based on land surface temperature (LST) and different land-use types. Results from regression coefficient show that the relationship between water bodies and vegetation cover is negative with LST; in contrast, barren land and sand deposition are very positively related to the LST. Correlation values (−0.347) for water bodies and (−0.119) for vegetation indicate that these attributes can be very much helpful to reduce increasing surface temperature. On the other hand, barren land (0.219) and sand elements (0.102) are highly responsible for increasing temperature. So, if vegetation cover and water bodies can be increased, it will help to reduce LST by increasing soil moisture.
Environmental Management and Sustainability in India, 2023
Epidemic is widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a commu-
nity at a particular time.... more Epidemic is widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a commu- nity at a particular time. So, geographically epidemic has two-dimension spatial expansion and temporal dynamism. An attempt has been made to highlight the nature of spatial spreading and temporal changes in COVID cases. To achieve this objective, some COVID-related socio-demographic variables have been selected on the basis of the nature of this disease. The socio-economic life of people has been disrupted by its detrimental effects. Social stability has been lost. In this regard, an exertion has been extended to uphold some sustainable measures to cope up with the social issues. Secondary data sources are used to collect COVID-related data. To determine the causal relationship between COVID cases with socio-demographic variables, correlation matrix has been constructed. It indicates that population density and urbanization rate have very high positive relation with COVID-confirmed cases and fatality rate. Contrary to this, negative relation has been identified with agricultural labourer and cultivator. Temporal changes of different COVID-related cases have also been illustrated here through moving average method.
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Papers by Nirmalya Das
income. The government must take several steps to address these issues, which could help to reduce regional differences in socioeconomic growth.
income. The government must take several steps to address these issues, which could help to reduce regional differences in socioeconomic growth.
nity at a particular time. So, geographically epidemic has two-dimension spatial expansion and temporal dynamism. An attempt has been made to highlight the nature of spatial spreading and temporal changes in COVID cases. To achieve this objective, some COVID-related socio-demographic variables have been selected on the basis of the nature of this disease. The socio-economic life of people has been disrupted by its detrimental effects. Social stability has been lost. In this regard, an exertion has been extended to uphold some sustainable measures to cope up with the
social issues. Secondary data sources are used to collect COVID-related data. To determine the causal relationship between COVID cases with socio-demographic variables, correlation matrix has been constructed. It indicates that population density and urbanization rate have very high positive relation with COVID-confirmed cases and fatality rate. Contrary to this, negative relation has been identified with agricultural labourer and cultivator. Temporal changes of different COVID-related cases have also been illustrated here through moving average method.