Breton (amanu)
Breton Brezhoneg | ||
---|---|---|
Pronunciation: | IPA: /bɾɛ.ˈzõː.nɛk/ | |
Magagamit king: | France | |
Region: | Brittany | |
Total speakers: | 500,000 - 1,200,000 [3] | |
Language family: | Indo-European Celticu Insular Celtic Brythonic Breton | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639-1: | br | |
ISO 639-2: | bre | |
ISO 639-3: | bre | |
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. |
Ing Breton (Brezhoneg) metung yang amanung Celticung gagamitan da reng aliwang manuknangan king Brittany (Breizh), a atyu king Francia.
Amlat
[mag-edit | alilan ya ing pikuwanan]Menibat ya ing Breton king sanga nang Brythonic da reng amanung w:Insular Celtic a dela da reng minalis a w:Romano-British king Britanny mapalyaring ketang katlung siglu pababa. Ing Cornish modernung amanung malapit dili king Breton, at kaybat na niti ing w:Welsh language. Ing metung pang amanung panglabuad (rehiyonal) ning Brittany, ing Gallo, metung yang w:Langue d'oïl a ibat king Latin.
Sadya, magagamit ya ing Breton king Mababang Brittany (Lower Brittany), banda king albugan (west) ning metung a gulis a mitutuglung king Plouha ampo king Vannes. Ibat ya king metung a comunidad ning amanung sasaklo king Gran Bretania ampo king Armorica (ing salukuyan a Brittany). Iti ing amanu da reng makababo king sociedad (elite) angga ketang kalabingadwang (12) siglu. Nanupata, kaybat na nita, megi na ne mung amanu ning Albugang Brittany (Breizh Izel), at tuki-tuki lang minalis king Frances (French) deng uring sugi o mardika (nobility) ampo reng maki agyu (bourgeoisie). Latin ing gagamitan ning w:Duchy of Brittany kareng kasulatan, at minalis ya iti king Frances ketang kalibinglimang (15) siglu. Ating limitadung tradiciun ning panyulat o literaturang literaturang Breton. Ating amanu manibat king Matwang Breton (Old Breton) a magagamit king Makabayung Breton ngening salukuyan para kareng amanung magagamit king filosofia ampo king ciencia.
Ala yang taganang masabal kareng amanung minoria ing Kayarian a Frances. Nanupata, migumpisa ing tutung pamagpabor king Frances lipat da reng amanung "panglabwad" o "regional" anyang panaun ning revolucion. Awsan do reti king mababang lagyung patois. Ing ukulan da reng revolucionariu, mas buri da reng fuerzang reaccionariu ampo reng kakampi king kayaryan ing gamitan la reng amanung panglabwad ba lang manatiling kulang king belwan deng masang ortelanu o maglalawta. Agpang kareng talapamingwa (defenders) ning amanung Breton, miglwat la reng patakaran ba yang laganas a idayu ing Breton angga king dekadang 1960 kareng pipagaralan ampong pisamban.
Ngeni, lipat ning taglus-taglus at matigik a pamanalan ning centru king Francia, ampo ing masikan a influencia ning media, gagamitan de pa muring pang-aldo-aldong amanu deng kapitnang miliung tau ing Breton. Nanupata, mibaba ya ini manibat ketang metung a miliun ampong katlu (1.3 million) ketang 1930. Anyang umpisa ning kadwampulung siglu (20th century), Breton mu ing balu da reng kapitna da reng tau king Mababang Brittany, at adwa la balung amanu detang aliwang kapitna. Karas ketang 1950, dinalan na la mung libu (100,000) deng mitatagan a Breton a tunggal amanu, at lalu na lang ditak ngeni [1] Agpang king metung a statistical survey [2][3] ketang 1997, manga atlu lang dalan a libu (300,000) deng magsalitang Breton king Bas Bretagne (Mababang Brittany), at maki edad lang sesenta (60) patas deng dinalan at syam a pulung libu (100,000) kareti. Mapalyaring kulang king metung a porcientu da reng maki idad a kinsi anggang dicinuevi (15-19) ing magsalita pang Breton.
Kanitang 1925, king uli nang Profesor Roparz Hemon, linto ya ing minunang isyu ning pahayagang (review) Gwalarn. King labingsyam a pulung banwang maybe ya iti, sibukan ning Gwalarn a itas ya uri ing Breton ba nong kapante deng aliwang mapyang amanung "internacional" o pangyatu kapamilata’ning pamaglalang orihinal a obrang sasaklo ka reng eganaganang uri ning panyulat (genres), at pamagmunikalang milikas la king Breton deng obrang dayung kikilalanan da king yatu.
Ketang 1946, elilan ne ning Al Liamm ing Gwalarn. Linto la reng aliwang pahayagan at mitipun-tipun ing maragul a bilang da reng panyulat para king metung a amanung minoria [citation needed].
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Breton_school_sign_in_Rennes.jpg/220px-Breton_school_sign_in_Rennes.jpg)
Ketang 1977, mitatag la reng Diwan bang mituru ya ing Breton king paralan a immersion. Libu-libu lang anak deng tiru da manibat king elementaria angga king secundaria. Lalu lang mekilala uling king mangatas a akukwa da reng karelang magaral kareng examin. Atin muring aliwan paralan ing mimunikala, ing paralan a bilingual, a susulung ning Div Yezh ("Adwang Amanu") kareng escuela ning Estadu, ampo ing Dihun ("Pamangising") kareng escuelang Catolicu.
Milikas ya king Breton ing serieng comics a Asterix. Karapatdapat yang dinan pansin iti uling agpang king comics, atyu king Armoric peninsula, ing bariu king Gaul nung nu ya manuknangan i Asterix. Bukud king Asterix, milikas la murin king Breton deng aliwang comics: Tintin, Spirou, Titeuf, Hägar the Horrible, Peanuts, at aliwa pa.
Pálage da la murin king Breton deng mapilan a pelicula: deng (Lancelot, Shakespeare in Love, Marion du Faouet, Sezneg) ampo reng serie king television a (Columbo ampong Perry Mason)
Susulat la king Breton deng aliwang poeta ampong talasulat. Alimbawa kilala no kareng aliwang bansa di Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Roparz Hemon, Anjela Duval, Per-Jakez Hélias, at Youenn Gwernig
Ngeni, bukud namung ing Breton ing amanung Celticung e makikilala antimong amanung oficial. E ne buring alilan ning Estadu ning Francia ing kadwang articulu ning Punbatas (a midagdag ketang 1994), nung nu makasulat a "ing Frances ing amanu ning Republica".
Ing Catholicon ing mumunang diccciunariung Breton, at iti murin ing mumunang dicciunariung Frances. Inedit neng w:Jehan Lagadec ketang 1464 ining obra king atlung amanu, Breton, Frances ampong Latin. Ngeni, papakit ning pamanalto da reng bilingual a dicciunariu king Olandes, Aleman, Español ampong Welsh ing kapagnasan ning metung a dai (henerasyun) bang makilala ya kareng miyayaliwang bansa ing Breton. Atin muring dicciunarung kabud mung Breton, a babye kabaldugan kareng amanung Breton king Breton.
Lugal nung nu ya magagamit
[mag-edit | alilan ya ing pikuwanan]Keraklan, atilu king Albugang Brittany deng magsalitang Breton, at mas malagad king Aslagang Brittany (nung nu ya magagamit ing Gallo bukud king Breton ampong Frances, at kareng lugal king yatu nung nu la menuknangan deng Breton.
Lon la murin deti
[mag-edit | alilan ya ing pikuwanan]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Suglung a palwal
[mag-edit | alilan ya ing pikuwanan]- Breton site including online lessons
- Breton site with learners' forum and lessons (mostly in French with some English)
- 100 Words relating to the internet in Breton
- Amsez Wask Breizh News in breton language from agence bretagne presse
- Bretagne Réunie
- BLOG BREIZH - Blog of information about Brittany with some very interesting articles about Breton language
- A Taste of Breton Verse
- Irish and Breton language with Japanese translation incl.pronunciation sound files