Research Papers by Tsagaan (Цагааны) Turbat (Төрбат/Турбат)
Mongolian Journal of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology, 2024
Тус өгүүлэлд Увс аймгийн Өмнөговь сумын Яргайтын хадны оршуулгаас илэрсэн эх хэрэглэгдэхүүнийг ан... more Тус өгүүлэлд Увс аймгийн Өмнөговь сумын Яргайтын хадны оршуулгаас илэрсэн эх хэрэглэгдэхүүнийг анх удаа нийтэлж байна. Яргайтын хадны нэгэн оршуулгыг бүлэг этгээд тонож сүйтгэн 2016 онд зарим олдворуудыг зарж борлуулахыг оролдох явцад илэрч эрүүгийн хэрэг үүсэн шалгагджээ. Улмаар тус газраас олдсон олдворуудыг хураан авч ЦЕГ-аас 2017 онд тухайн үеийн ШУА-ийн Түүх, археологийн хүрээлэнд шилжүүлэн хүлээлгэж өгсөн билээ. Ийнхүү уг олдворууд судлаачдын гарт ирснээр өөр бусад хадны оршуулгын олдвор болон Түрэгийн үеийн морьтой оршуулгын эх хэрэглэгдэхүүнтэй харьцуулан судлах бололцоо үүссэн юм. Үүний дээр зохиогчдын зарим нь 2019 онд уг дурсгалт газарт очин ажиллаж тонуулаас үлдсэн эд өлгийн зүйлсийг түүвэрлэн авсны дээр дурсгалын тодорхойлолтыг үйлджээ. Олдворуудын харьцангуй он цагийг Түрэгийн үед хэмээн тогтоосон бол үнэмлэхүй он цаг НТ 580-675 он буюу Түрэгийн анхдугаар хаант улсын үед холбогдох нь тодорхой болсон бөгөөд харьцуулсан судалгааны үр дүнг баталсан байна. Энэхүү дурсгал нь Их мааньт ба Жаргалант хайрханы оршуулгын хамтаар Түрэгийн үед хамаарах хадны оршуулгын харьцангуй ховор жишээ болно.
In this article, the original finds from the Yargait rock tomb in the Ömnögovi sum, Uvs Aimag, are published for the first time. In 2016, a group of people looted the site and tried to sell some of the artifacts. As a result, the artifacts were confiscated and handed over to the then Institute of History and Archaeology by the Central Bureau of Police in 2017. The authors carried out a comparative analysis to compare the findings with other rock grave assemblages and with the grave goods of ancient Türkic horse-accompanied burials.
In addition, some of the authors carried out fieldwork at the site in 2019, providing a detailed description of the site and discovering further artifacts despite the previous looting. The study of the comparative finds allows a dating to the Early Türkic period, which was confirmed by the radiocarbon dating of a wood sample to 580-675 CE, roughly corresponding to the era of the first Türk Khaganate. Together with the monuments of Ikh Maanit and Jargalant Khairkhan, it is one of the few rock burials from the Türk period.
Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe - HAL - SHS, Nov 18, 2022
Catalog article published in :
МОНГОЛ АЛТАЙН МӨНХ ЦЭВДГИЙН БУЛШ EISKURGAN DES MONGOLISCHEN ALTAJ... more Catalog article published in :
МОНГОЛ АЛТАЙН МӨНХ ЦЭВДГИЙН БУЛШ EISKURGAN DES MONGOLISCHEN ALTAJ. Ausstellungkatalog. - Ulan-Bator: Institut für Geschichte und Archäologie des Akademie der Wissenschaften der Mongolei, 2016
Paper published in Vol. 31 of Studia Archaeologica, of the Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Ac... more Paper published in Vol. 31 of Studia Archaeologica, of the Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 2011. Dealing with Xiongnu commoner burials orientation and positioning of bodies. Based on the orientation of graves suggested some reconstructions of another world in religious perceptions of Xiongnu. Special attention made on the common and different orientations in those graves.
Preliminary study of Pazyryk art in the Mongolian Altai graves excavated by Mongol-French Joint A... more Preliminary study of Pazyryk art in the Mongolian Altai graves excavated by Mongol-French Joint Archaeological Expedition directed by Ts. Turbat and P.H.Giscard.
Swiss-Liechtenstein Foundation for …, 2007
Books by Tsagaan (Цагааны) Turbat (Төрбат/Турбат)
Ред. Ц.Төрбат, Д.Цэвээндорж, 2016
Ред. Ц.Төрбат, У.Эрдэнэбат., 2014
ШУА-ийн Түүх, археологийн хүрээлэн. Улаанбаатар, 2017
Conference Proceedings of the Mongolia-Russia-China Rock Art Studies held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongoli... more Conference Proceedings of the Mongolia-Russia-China Rock Art Studies held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in 2016.
ШУА-ийн Археологийн хүрээлэн, Монгол Алтай судлалын хүрээлэн. Улаанбаатар, 2009
Institute of Archaeology, 2021
The book consisted of 2 parts.
In the 1st part of this book, the study of some of the artifacts ... more The book consisted of 2 parts.
In the 1st part of this book, the study of some of the artifacts found in the 2017 excavations at the TUK and natural research results are included in the form of a brief article. In doing so, we have tried to find a balance between simple recording and rigorous scientific analysis as much as possible to meet the needs of the general readership.
In addition, the study of other Xiongnu monuments in the Tamir River has been included in as much detail as possible.
Part 2 of this academic catalog includes descriptions of 16 graves excavated in 2017 at TUK within the framework of the "Culture of the Tamir River Humans" commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Detailed reports have been written on the excavations of these tombs, and only brief descriptions are included in this catalogue. Because it is aligned with the general style and purpose of the catalog record for the general public.
Concise Encyclopedia on the archaeology, history and culture of Xiongnu (3rd c. BCE - 2nd c. CE),... more Concise Encyclopedia on the archaeology, history and culture of Xiongnu (3rd c. BCE - 2nd c. CE), the first empire in Mongolia.
Institute of Archaeology, MAS & Institute for Mongol Studies, NUM , 2021
This monographic study is the 3rd volume of a series of works on the study of Deer Stones, the em... more This monographic study is the 3rd volume of a series of works on the study of Deer Stones, the emblematic symbol of Mongolian ancient civilization and the best representative of monumental art. The 1st and 2nd volumes contain a brief scientific description of 1241 Mongolian Deer Stones, richly illustrated with hand-drawings and color photographs, and some site maps. The 3rd volume is covering all major issues of Deer Stone study, as well as contains the catalogue of about 340 Deer Stones from all over Eurasia and near 80 newly discovered in Mongolia.
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Research Papers by Tsagaan (Цагааны) Turbat (Төрбат/Турбат)
In this article, the original finds from the Yargait rock tomb in the Ömnögovi sum, Uvs Aimag, are published for the first time. In 2016, a group of people looted the site and tried to sell some of the artifacts. As a result, the artifacts were confiscated and handed over to the then Institute of History and Archaeology by the Central Bureau of Police in 2017. The authors carried out a comparative analysis to compare the findings with other rock grave assemblages and with the grave goods of ancient Türkic horse-accompanied burials.
In addition, some of the authors carried out fieldwork at the site in 2019, providing a detailed description of the site and discovering further artifacts despite the previous looting. The study of the comparative finds allows a dating to the Early Türkic period, which was confirmed by the radiocarbon dating of a wood sample to 580-675 CE, roughly corresponding to the era of the first Türk Khaganate. Together with the monuments of Ikh Maanit and Jargalant Khairkhan, it is one of the few rock burials from the Türk period.
МОНГОЛ АЛТАЙН МӨНХ ЦЭВДГИЙН БУЛШ EISKURGAN DES MONGOLISCHEN ALTAJ. Ausstellungkatalog. - Ulan-Bator: Institut für Geschichte und Archäologie des Akademie der Wissenschaften der Mongolei, 2016
Books by Tsagaan (Цагааны) Turbat (Төрбат/Турбат)
In the 1st part of this book, the study of some of the artifacts found in the 2017 excavations at the TUK and natural research results are included in the form of a brief article. In doing so, we have tried to find a balance between simple recording and rigorous scientific analysis as much as possible to meet the needs of the general readership.
In addition, the study of other Xiongnu monuments in the Tamir River has been included in as much detail as possible.
Part 2 of this academic catalog includes descriptions of 16 graves excavated in 2017 at TUK within the framework of the "Culture of the Tamir River Humans" commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Detailed reports have been written on the excavations of these tombs, and only brief descriptions are included in this catalogue. Because it is aligned with the general style and purpose of the catalog record for the general public.
In this article, the original finds from the Yargait rock tomb in the Ömnögovi sum, Uvs Aimag, are published for the first time. In 2016, a group of people looted the site and tried to sell some of the artifacts. As a result, the artifacts were confiscated and handed over to the then Institute of History and Archaeology by the Central Bureau of Police in 2017. The authors carried out a comparative analysis to compare the findings with other rock grave assemblages and with the grave goods of ancient Türkic horse-accompanied burials.
In addition, some of the authors carried out fieldwork at the site in 2019, providing a detailed description of the site and discovering further artifacts despite the previous looting. The study of the comparative finds allows a dating to the Early Türkic period, which was confirmed by the radiocarbon dating of a wood sample to 580-675 CE, roughly corresponding to the era of the first Türk Khaganate. Together with the monuments of Ikh Maanit and Jargalant Khairkhan, it is one of the few rock burials from the Türk period.
МОНГОЛ АЛТАЙН МӨНХ ЦЭВДГИЙН БУЛШ EISKURGAN DES MONGOLISCHEN ALTAJ. Ausstellungkatalog. - Ulan-Bator: Institut für Geschichte und Archäologie des Akademie der Wissenschaften der Mongolei, 2016
In the 1st part of this book, the study of some of the artifacts found in the 2017 excavations at the TUK and natural research results are included in the form of a brief article. In doing so, we have tried to find a balance between simple recording and rigorous scientific analysis as much as possible to meet the needs of the general readership.
In addition, the study of other Xiongnu monuments in the Tamir River has been included in as much detail as possible.
Part 2 of this academic catalog includes descriptions of 16 graves excavated in 2017 at TUK within the framework of the "Culture of the Tamir River Humans" commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Detailed reports have been written on the excavations of these tombs, and only brief descriptions are included in this catalogue. Because it is aligned with the general style and purpose of the catalog record for the general public.
First special bibliography dedicated to the Xiongnu study contains more than 700 entities.
The intensity of rock art studies in Mongolia has been increasing consistently over time since the 1990s and we have seen the same trend in the last few years as well. Mongolian rock art studies between 2000-2014 have been covered in previous volumes (Miklashevich 2008; Jacobson-Tepfer 2012, 2016), and this time we present a brief survey of rock art studies carried out between 2015 and 2019.
Beyond the renowned ochre paintings of the Khoid Tsenkher Cave, an extensive exploration of carved rock art open air monuments is underway, elevating the Mongolian Altai region to the status of a pivotal hub in the realm of ancient art. The sheer abundance and widespread distribution of these monuments contribute to its characterization as a veritable “cradle of prehistoric art”.
discovery and/or introduction of several archaeological cultures that belong to the
Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Especially western areas of the country, namely the
Mongolian Altai region, which was still untouched by extensive archaeological
investigations, were extremely productive in terms of the discovery of new
types of archaeological monuments. Despite major achievements in Bronze age
archaeology, we are constantly encountering challenges, including terminology
and naming of new types of archaeological monuments. The author tries
to reconsider the name of a recently introduced archaeological culture in
Mongolian ancient history research, namely the “Khemcek” culture which dates
to the Early Bronze Age.
Until now, the name of this culture has been written with at least seven
different spellings: ke’ermuqi, kemuqi, chemurchek, shamirshak, kermuqi, kermuqy,
and khemcek, which is certain to cause confusion in future publications on
this subject. The author was wondering about this embarrassing situation of
terminology and tried to identify the sources of this rather unusual diversity of spellings with the study of ancient and modern geographical maps of the 17th
to 20th centuries. Additionally, the author paid a special trip to the very place
of discovery of this culture in Altai prefecture of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region of the PRC in August 2012.
With the hope of finding the original name of the place which gave this
archaeological culture its designation, the author made a cartographic research
taking in account the major historical maps of the region, including the Renat
Maps of 1734 (in todo Mongol and Latin script), the Qianlong Map of 1760 (in
Manchu and Chinese characters), a US War and Naval Department map of 1942,
the Xinjiang Uyghur Atlas of 1966 (in Uyghur Latin script), and some more travel
reports from the 19th century. All these first hand sources give unanimously
“Khemcek” as the original name of the place, which was corroborated by my
interviews of local Mongol people in Altai city and its vicinity.
The discoverer of this culture, Chinese archaeologist Li Zheng, called the
place “Ke’ermuqi” written in Chinese characters, which is a very regular Chinese
transcription of the Mongolian word “Khemcek”. Only in the 1980s during
the state campaign of unification and renovation of local toponyms the initial
name was modified in an inappropriate way into “Chemurchek”, based on the
contemporary Kazakh spelling of the place name.
In respect of 1) the initial name given by Chinese archaeologists and 2) the
original name of the place we suggest to use the version “Khemcek” for future
references to this culture.
and among petroglyphs of Yamaan Us in Altai soum of Khovd province. Some tamgas depicted on lacquer cups recovered from Noyon Uul, on potteries
of Dabaodang in Shaanxi, China, on decorative roof tiles of Tereljin Durvuljin
in Mungunmorit soum of Tuv province, and some ankle bones with tamgas unearthed from the excavation of Dureny settlement, Russia and at Gol Mod-2 in Erdenemandal soum of Arkhangai province.
These tamgas forming a group, found in many types of archaeological
sites, are basically associated with the archaeological sites of elites of the Xiongnu. According to this evidence it could be suggested that these are tamga of the ruling tribe Luandi of the Xiongnu. The tamgas found in elite tombs at Noyon Uul are the most apparent evidence to substantiate the fact. Comparable tamgas were found on the decorative roof tiles of the central building of Tereljyn Durvuljin fortress, which demonstrate not only the site’s significance to society of that time but also demonstrate that these are tamgas of elite clan. Moreover, similar tamgas were unearthed in cemetery of Dabaodang,
associated with elites of the Southern Xiongnu, that shows the tamga and its owner tribe had existed for a long time and had played a significant role in the Xiongnu society.
From the studies on tamgas of khans of the Mongol Empire, especially
tamgas of Genghis Khan and his four sons, conducted by Mongolian researcher B.Nyamaa, we can see a broad tradition of tamga usage among nomadic elites as well as a certain principle of branching principles. It seems beyond doubt that Xiongnu elite had same principles as above. Here should be noted that materials and demands for a more propound study on this issue
has emerged.
The tamgas of the Xiongnu elite had influenced to the Central Asia and Eastern Europe, according to our research. This will be a significant source to study the ancient cultural and political impacts.
The burial with an accompanied horse is one of the characteristic types of nomadic funeral ritual between AD 6-9th centuries, or as it called in Mongolian historiography – the Ancient Turkic period. Shanaga burial with accompanied horse belongs to this period by series of features as location, external and interior structures of the tomb, positioning and orientation of the deceased, and his horse, and composition of the offerings and their specific characteristics. Relative dating of some specific funeral objects such as the silver belt pieces, and bronze pieces of the chest strap and crupper was very productive due to extensive analogues from Russian Altai. Meantime C14 data fits well with those relative dating and both lies in time period of second half of 7th century to first half of 9th century AD.
Acknowledgement. We would like to express our thanks to Dr. Prof. Jan Bemmann from Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn for the support to realize the C14 dating in Germany. Also, we would like to thank MA R.Erdenetsetseg, Institute of History and Archaeology, MAS for her excellent jobs on the restoration and conservation of bronze and silver objects from our excavation.
Eastern Eurasia
Until now only musical instrument from Xiongnu archaeological monuments was a Jew’s harp unearthed by Prof. D.Tseveendorj in 1989 in Morin Tolgoi burial ground, Central Mongolia. This laminare bone instrument was a unqiue piece to the study of the origin and development of not only Xiongnu but also Eurasian ancient nomad’s musical culture. Recent years more examples of similaire musical instrument found in different areas of Eastern Eurasian nomadic cultures which stimule further researches on the origin of this anicent musical instrument.
This article covers 10 pieces of laminare Jew’s harp, in bone or bambou sticks, from early nomads period or Bronze-Early Iron-Xiongnu periods of the Eastern part of Eurasian Steppe. These pieces were discovered in Mongolia, North China, Inner Mongolia, Tannu-Sayan region or Tuva and Minus hollow, all from burial monuments of different archaeological cuiltures. Some of those pieces were identi ed initially by researchers as “bone instrument” or “weaving shuttle” etc.
The oldest known Jew’s harp from nomadic world, and even in the world is a bone instrument from Xiajiadian from late Bronze Age, and the most recent archaeological Jew’s harp comes from Sakhsar burial from Tashtyk culture or Post-Xiongnu period in Minus hollow region. The Morin Tolgoi burial Xiongnu Jew’s harp together with Aimyrlyg (Tuva) played important role in the distribution of this musical instrument throughout Eurasia by the means of Xiongnu (Hun) Great Migration or/and Silk Road.
Within this article, we are publishing excavation materials of horse accompanied two burials, in Syrgaly-II and Syrgaly-III cites in Tsengel sum, Bayan-Ulgii aimag. The excavations were made in 2010 and 2012 by researchers of Mongolian-French joint expedition team. Those two burials have some special interests in the study of Ancient Turkic period.
One of those two burials has a horse accompanied; another was two horses accompanied. This is one of the characteristic types of nomadic funeral ritual between AD 6-9th centuries oras it called in Mongolian historiography – the Ancient Turkic period. Statistically, two horses accompanied burials were richer with the funeral objects, than a horse accompanied burials. Logical outcome is according to their decease’s social origin, social status and their properties.
Syrgaly’s horse accompanied burials belongs to this period by series of features as location, external and interior structures of the tomb, positioning and orientation of the deceases, their horses, and composition of the offerings and their speci c characteristics.
Relative dating of some speci c objects such as the earrings, bronze mirrors, bronze decorations of harness, and silver, bronze pieces of the chest strap and crupper, iron bit and stirrups were very productive due to extensive analogues from Russian Altai. Those relative dating is ts well to the time period of 7th century to 8th century AD. This is exactly showing the Ancient Turkic period of Mongolian historiography.
Acknowledgement. We would like to special thanks for R.Erdenetsetseg, Institute of History and Archaeology, MAS for her excellent jobs on the restoration and conservation of some iron objects from our excavations.
The ochre paintings of Dunda Bulake has been studied by Chinese scholards since decades, and among their research occupies particularly important place the theory that skiing was originally invented in the Altai Mountains, as it is be- lieved to be a figure of skiers group of human figures. There is speculation that the paintings may be belong to the Neolithic period. Instead, I look at the Dunda Bulake paintings from a different perspective, as a monument that reflects the classic representation of the Early Bronze Age culture, with its elon- gated horned aurochs, thick-necked horses, and human face masks, cross and parallel stripes, three-horned human figures etc. and my contributions to the assembly of depitions are – man with a bell shaped robe similar to those figures depicted on the stone man of Khemceg culture, and the dancing man with the raised arm, all together forming the key features of which are currently becoming clear. Similar images are most likely to be found on rock carvings in the Altai Mountains, es- pecially in the Tsagaan Salaa-Baga Oigor of Mongolian Altai and. in Kalbak-Tash, Russian Altai. It is also found in much smaller sites like Khöltsööt and Kharganat.
The Khemceg archaeological culture (2600-1800 BCE) is a billiant archeological culture spread in the Bayan-Ulgii and Khovd provinces of Mongolia, or in the high mountain- ous region of western Mongolia’s Altai, in the Altai Terri- tory of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
After unravelling the Khemceg rock art from entire Bronze Age rock art, the Khemceg archaeological culture consisted of: 1) burial sites, 2) ritual features, 3) stone man, and 4) rock art sites. At present, any settlements belonging to this culture have not yet been discovered. However, it is noteworthy that in the Inner Asian region, such a complex archeological culture of the Bronze Age is still rare. In Mon- golia, Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang region of the PRC, over 70 stone man (anthropomorphic stone steles) and about 100 graves of the Khemceg culture were inventoried yet, and I have identified several rock art sites within this article.
The Khemceg rock art has a well-established figurative tradition, often recurring in character and representation, and has spread to a much wider area. There are two main types of pictorial methods: ochre painting and engraving. Usually they depicted on the surface of the rock plates and
in the rock nishes, but in few cases we have depictions on the frontal surface of stone man. In only one case, the depiction of a bell shaped anthropomorpgic figure on the stone slab of the burial monument can even be found in the Kholagash site of the Mongolian Altai, published by J. Granö in 1912.
It is not yet possible to say that the narratives in the Khemceg rock art are fully unveiled, and in our present study we have presented only the results that highlight the closest ready-made silhouettes, narratives, or compositions in the Dunda Bulake site. Furthermore, new monuments of the Khemceg rock art will likely be discovered in Mongo- lia and the surrounding regions, including Xinjiang.
An extremely important topic is the similarities of the Khemceg rock art in many respects with the art of the main archeological cultures of the western part of the Inner Asia and South Siberia. It is worth noting that the Mongolia and North Xinjiang Khemceg culture, Russia’s Altai Karakol culture, and the Okunev culture of the Minus depression have multiple of common features. At the same time, similar images appear in the Sarmysh rock art site of Central Asia, the Sauyskandyk rock art of Kazakhstan, the Mugor-Sargol rock art of Yenisei basin, the Sagan-Zaba of the Baikal re- gion, and the Dumhar rock art site in the Ladakh region in northern India, which has significant historical and cultural connections, and can be also witnessing population move- ments as well. Research will continue to evolve in this direc- tion, and the identification of these cultures will be one of the most important pillars of the early Bronze Age. There is no denying the importance of revealing the ties between above mentioned three cultures (Khemceg, Karakol and Okunevo), just as the Dunda Bulake rock painting plays its role as the key to classifying the rock art of Khemceg culture.
Present article was based on a report presented at a research conference titled “Yinshan Mountain Rock Art Field Inspection and Conference” on September 14, 2015 in Bayanuur city of Inner Mongolia of the PRC. The con- ference proceedings are still being processed in China, but significant changes have been made since then in the study of rock art of the Khemceg culture. In this article, I would like to express my original position in the discussions that are taking place on this subject. Please note that the article is published as it is in 2015, so the influences of recent research are excluded.
Yolyn Khets is a dark reddish granitic hill at the piedmonts of Kharkhiraa-Turgen mountain system dominating the whole western part of Uvs aimag. The place where supposed to have been discovered the above- mentioned bow is a small niche open to the south direction is located in 2057 m a.s.l. Inside the niche we have discovered the removed granite boulders and sediment soil in disorder attesting recent human intervention. In the surface we had not seen anything except some broken parts of iron arrowhead, but few cm’s below begun to appear the wooden parts of a rectangular structure supposed to be a frame coffin and forefront of a leather boots. The situation obliged us to conduct an excavation, because the given region was taken by local and guest gatherers of raw Altai balsam, who were becoming the major treat to the conservation of rock burials in Mongolia recent years.
In the wooden frame coffin we have discovered a burial of a 30-35-year-old woman. North-East orientation and supine position of the deceased is typical during the Mongol Imperial period. The fact that the woman was buried in full clothes can be seen in the leather shoes worn on his feet, the remains of preserved felt and textiles. The ritual was performed by placing the sheep tibia on the side of the deceased's head and the backbone under his back. Also accompanied by a well-crafted wooden comb and a bow and arrow probably places above the frame coffin. This unique burial ritual abundant in Mongolian Altai region is called rock burial, which allows us to handle organic objects survived to our day with considerable preservation.
The rock burial had all the characteristic features of a Medieval Mongolian burial, including the tibia of small ruminants, the accompanying back bone, the direction and location of the burial, and assembly of typical artifacts. We
have noted in our fieldwork report that some of the artifacts may be dated to the Medieval period or the Mongol Imperial period. This relative chronology is confirmed by the absolute chronology carried out at the AMS laboratory of the University of Cologne, Germany.
The most special feature of this funeral is that the woman's funeral is accompanied by a bow and arrows. Among Mongolian medieval women he custom to accompany them with weapons is still very rare. Few women graves with birchbark tubes from old excavations in Dornogobi and Khovd aimags identified as quivers could be in fact parts of head dress called bogtag, typical in Medieval Mongolian funeral rites.
The further research should continue and first of all, a comprehensive natural science study of human bones is needed. It should also be noted that an in-depth study of burial artifacts is expected.
At the foot of the hill, we have discovered another rock burial beneath of the large rock. Unfortunately, we were found here only three wooden pieces of a single saddle. The rock grave seems to have been looted more than once since ancient times. The saddle wood is particularly well preserved and its design is clear, and even the natural colors are visible, so it can be a valuable material to the study medieval Mongolian saddles.