Template:Citation
- For the [citation needed] template, see {{Citation needed}} (reduced form {{Cn}}).
The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.
If invoked with the right parameters, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Cite book}} and {{Cite web}}. The default behavior sometimes differs from that of the Cite templates; for example, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates do not (although they can be made to do so), and this template by default uses commas to separate some fields that the Cite templates separate with periods (full stops).
The template should be inserted after punctuation, such as a period or comma.
All parameter names are lowercase.
Simple citation
सम्पादनThe table below gives the most commonly used attributes; you can copy the horizontal form below or vertical form in the left hand column and then add in extra attributes from the full list. Spacing and ordering is irrelevant.
{{Citation|last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |accessdate= }}
{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= | publication-place= |page= |url= | accessdate= }} |
|
Example
सम्पादन{{ Citation | last=Turner | first=O. | title=History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve | publisher=William Alling | place=Rochester, New York | year=1851 | url = http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851 }} |
Turner, O. (1851), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling, <http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851> |
Full citation parameters
सम्पादनThese can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items—these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.
{{Citation | author= | last= | first= | author2= | last2= | first2= | author-link= | author2-link= | author-separator= | author-name-separator= | author=mask= | display-authors= | coauthors= | editor= | editor-last= | editor-first= | editor2= | editor2-last= | editor2-first= | editor-link= | editor2-link= | others= | publication-date= | year= | month= | origyear= | title= | chapter= | chapter-url= | contribution= | contribution-url= | type= | journal= | periodical= | newspaper= | magazine= | work= | edition= | series= | volume= | issue= | publisher= | publication-place= | place= | language= | page= | pages= | nopp= | at= | id= | isbn= | issn= | oclc= | pmid= | pmc= | pmc-embargo-date: | bibcode= | doi= | doi-inactive= | url= | accessdate= | format= | archiveurl= | archivedate= | quote= | lay-summary= | lay-source= | lay-date= | separator= | postscript= | ref= }} |
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Examples
सम्पादनBooks
सम्पादनThree authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name. | {{ Citation | last1=Lincoln | first1=A. | last2=Washington | first2=G. | last3=Adams | first3=J. | lastauthoramp=yes | title=All the Presidents' Names | publisher=The Pentagon | place=Home Base, New York | volume=XII | edition=2nd | year=2007 }} |
Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon |
Web
सम्पादनWeb page | {{Citation |url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov |title=NPS Focus |work=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |accessdate=November 30, 2010 }} |
NPS Focus, National Park Service, <http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov>. Retrieved on ३० नोभेम्बर २०१० |
archived page | {{Citation |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html |title=Earth's Atmosphere |accessdate=October 25, 2007 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |year=1995 |author=NASA |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/ http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html |archivedate = October 13, 2007 }} |
NASA (1995), Earth's Atmosphere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, <http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html>. Retrieved on २५ अक्टोबर २००७ |
Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals
सम्पादनJournal article | {{Citation | last=Hill | first=Marvin S. | title=Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties | journal=BYU Studies | volume=12 | issue=2 | year=1976 | pages=1–8 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf }} |
Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties", BYU Studies 12(2): 1–8, <https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf> |
Journal article with multiple authors and identifier | {{Citation |last1=Mandelkern |first1= M, |last2=Elias |first2= J, |last3=Eden |first3= D, |last4=Crothers |first4= D |display-authors=2 |title=The dimensions of DNA in solution |journal=J Mol Biol |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=153–61 |year=1981 |pmid=7338906 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1 }} |
Mandelkern, M,; Elias, J,; Eden, D, & Crothers, D (1981), "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol 152(1): 153–61, doi: , PMID 7338906 |
Newspaper article | {{Citation | last=Smith | first=Joseph III | author-link=Joseph Smith III | title=Last Testimony of Sister Emma | newspaper=The Saints' Herald | publication-place=Plano, IL | volume=26 | issue=19 | date=October 1, 1879 | year=1879 | month=October | page=289 | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/ dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179 }} |
Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald (Plano, IL) 26(19): 289, <http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179> |
Conference paper | {{Citation | last = Sullivan | first = D.B. | contribution = Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years | year = 2001 | title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp. | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology | url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf | format = PDF }} |
Sullivan, D.B. (2001), "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF), 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp., National Institute of Standards and Technology, <http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf> |
Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles
सम्पादनManuscript published in an edited compilation | {{Citation | last=Bidamon | first=Emma Smith | author-link=Emma Hale Smith | chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim | date=March 27, 1876 | year=1876 | editor-last=Vogel | editor-first=Dan | title=Early Mormon Documents | volume=1 | publisher=Signature Books | publication-date=1996 | isbn=1–56085–072–8 }} |
Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan, Early Mormon Documents, 1, Signature Books, 1996, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 |
Work with an editor but no author | {{Citation | editor-last=Vogel | editor-first=Dan | title=Early Mormon Documents | volume=1 | publisher=Signature Books | publication-date=1996 | isbn=1–56085–072–8 }} |
Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 |
Encyclopedia article by a named author | {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | publication-date = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }} |
Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
Encyclopedia article with no named author | {{Citation | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }} |
Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article
सम्पादनManuscript edited and published in a journal | {{Citation | last=Knight | first=Joseph, Sr. | year=1833 | editor-last=Jessee | editor-first=Dean | title=Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History | journal=BYU Studies | volume=17 | issue=1 | publication-date=1976 | pages=35 | url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf }} |
Knight, Joseph, Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean, ed., "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History", BYU Studies 17(1): 35, 1976, <https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf> |
Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor. | {{Citation | last=Klingensmith | first=Philip | contribution=Affidavit | year=1872 | date=September 5, 1872 | place=Lincoln County, Nevada | title=Mountain Meadows Massacre | editor-last=Toohy | editor-first=Dennis J. | journal=Corinne Daily Reporter | publication-date=September 24, 1872 | publication-place=Corinne, Utah | volume=5 | issue=252 | pages=1 | contribution-url=http:// udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 }} |
Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), Affidavit, written at Lincoln County, Nevada, in Toohy, Dennis J., "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Corinne, Utah) 5(252): 1, September 24, 1872 |
Press release
सम्पादनPress release with quotation | {{Cite press release | url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html | title=Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day | publisher=Apple Inc| accessdate=April 10, 2010 | quote=in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3}} |
Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day, Apple Inc, <http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html>. Retrieved on १० अप्रिल २०१०, "in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3" |
Citing patents
सम्पादनParameters (all are optional)
सम्पादन{{Citation | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }} |
|
Examples
सम्पादनUnited States patent with multiple inventors | {{Citation | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} |
US 6266706, Degermark, Mikael; Andrej Brodnik & Svante Carlsson et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001 |
Anchored citations
सम्पादनThis template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv
generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{citation}} template. If an empty |ref=
is given, no anchor is generated; this is the default for the Cite templates such as {{cite book}} and {{cite news}}. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID
parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:
{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}
which generates the citation:
- Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents
Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])
" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).
Anchors for Harvard referencing templates
सम्पादनIDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{Harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}
" generates the Harvard reference "(Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:
{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R.H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372 }}
- Wright, Thomas & Evans, R.H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372
In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851
", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF
" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{Harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}}
generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851
".
Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref>
or {{Sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}
both of which generate a footnote such as
- 17. Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix
The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents, inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.
Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1=
(or |last=
), |last2=
, |last3=
, and |last4=
, and similarly for |editor1-last=
etc. and for |inventor1-last=
etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |year=1923}}
" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{Harv|Freud|1923}}
". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud
" with "|first=Sigmund
|last=Freud
", or add "|ref={{Harvid|Freud|1923}}
" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId
") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.
Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=
. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date=
(or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=
) by applying the MediaWiki #time function. This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS) but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=
. Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use |year=2005
rather than |date=2005
.
IDs must be unique
सम्पादनNames, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:
- Montes, G & Halterman, JS (2008a), "Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income", Pediatrics 121(4): e821–6, doi: , PMID 18381511, <http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/4/e821>
- Montes, G & Halterman, JS (2008b), "Child care problems and employment among families with preschool-aged children with autism in the United States", Pediatrics 122(1): e202–8, doi: , PMID 18595965, <http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e202>
If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008
". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g., "|year=2008a
" and "|year=2008b
", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.
It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.
Dates
सम्पादन- ↑ १.० १.१ १.२ १.३ १.४
- The format of dates in the references of an article should use a consistent and unambiguous style. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
- 2009
- 2009-09-14
- 14 September 2009
- September 14, 2009 (with comma)
- 2009 Sep 14
- September 2009
- Sept./Oct. 2009
- As indicated above, month names are sometimes abbreviated (e.g., September to "Sept" or "Sept." or "Sep" or "Sep.")
- Dates should not be linked in references.
- Please see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates for more guidance about formatting dates.
Tools
सम्पादनSee Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'citation' format.
COinS
सम्पादनThis template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
Additional parameters
सम्पादनauthor-mask – This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed. It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a strike-thru dash (—) author-mask em in length. So if |author-mask=1
then the dash will be one em in length, if |author-mask=2
it will be two em long and so on. Set author-mask to a text value to display a word instead – for example, 'with'. You must still include |last=
and |first=
for metadata purposes.