Islam
Islam | |
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الاسلام al-’Islām | |
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Jinih | Agamo universal |
Klasifikasi | Abrahamik |
Kitab suci | Al-Qur'an |
Teologi | Monoteisme |
Bahaso | Arab Klasik |
Pambuek | Muhammad |
Dibuek | Jabal an-Nur, Makkah, Hijaz, Jazirah Arab |
Mamisahkan diri | Babisme,[1] Baháʼí,[2] Druze[3][4] |
Umat | 2,7 miliar (manuruik jumlah Muslim di tiok nagara) |
Bagian dari seri tantang |
Islam |
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Islam (Arab: الإسلام al-’islām, dikecekkan [ʔislæːm]) adolah agamo nan batuhan ka Allah SWT jo banabi ka Nabi Muhammad SAW. Kato Islam sacaro harafiah aratinyo "basarah diri (pado Tuhan)". Jo labiah dari satu saparampek miliar urang pangikuik di saluruah dunia,[5][6] manjadian Islam sabagai agamo tagadang kaduo di dunia sasudah agamo Kristen.[7] Islam punyo arati "panyarahan", yaitu panyarahan diri sapanuahnyo kapado Tuhan (Arab: الله, Allāh).[8] Panganuik agamo Islam disabuik Muslim nan baarati "surang nan tunduak kapado Tuhan"[9][10], atau labiah langkoknyo adolah Muslimin bagi laki-laki jo Muslimat bagi padusi. Islam dianuik jo mayoritas panduduak Indonesia, damikian pulo urang Minang kini ko baagamo Islam sajak masuaknyo agamo Islam ka Minangkabau. Falsafah urang Minangkabau nan tanamo manganai agamo Islam: Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah. Syarak mangato adaik mamakai.
Islam maajaan bahaso Allah manurunan firman-Nyo kapado manusia malalui para nabi jo rasul utusan-Nyo, jo mayakini sacaro sungguah-sungguah bahaso Muhammad adolah nabi jo rasul taakhia nan diutuih ka dunia dek Allah.
Etimologi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Islam barasa dari kato Arab Aslama-Yuslimu-Islaman nan sacaro bahaso baarati 'Manyalamaikan' misal teks 'Assalamu Alaikum' nan baarati Semoga Kasalamaikan ateh kalian sadonyo. Islam/Islaman adolah Masdar/Kato benda sabagai bahaso panunjuak dari Fi'il/Kato karajo iyolah 'Aslama' = Alah Salamaik (Past Tense) jo 'Yuslimu' = Manyalamaikan (Past Continous Tense).
Kato triliteral semitik 'S-L-M' manurunan babarapo istilah utamo dalam pamahaman manganai kaislaman, iyolah Islam jo Muslim. Kasadonyo baaka dari kato Salam jo baarati kadamaian.[11] Kato Islam labiah spesifik lai didapek dari bahaso Arab Aslama, nan bamakna "untuak manarimo, manyarah atau tunduak" jo dalam pangaratian nan labiah jauah kapado Tuhan.[12]
Jo damikian, Islam baarati panarimoan diri jo panyarahan diri kapado Tuhan, jo panganuiknyo musti manunjuakan iko jo manyambah-Nyo, manuruiki parintah-Nyo, jo mahindari politheisme atau syirik. Panyatoan iko mambarikan babarapo makasuik dari al-Qur’an. Dalam babarapo ayat, kualitas Islam sabagai kapicayoan ditagehan: "Barangsiapo nan Allah mahandaki ka mambarikan kapadonyo patunjuak, niscayo Baliau malapangan dadonyo untuak (mamaluak agamo) Islam..."[13] Ayat lain mahubuangkan Islām jo dīn (lazimnyo ditajamahan sabagai "agamo"): "...Pado hari iko alah Den-sampurnakan untuak kalian agamo kalian, jo alah Den-cukuikan kapado kalian nikmaik-Den, jo alah Den-ridhoi Islam itu jadi agamo bagi kalian."[14] Namun masih ado nan lain nan manggambakan Islam itu sabagai tindakan baliak kapado Tuhan-labiah dari hanyo panyatoan pangesahan kaimanan.[15]
Kapicayoan jo Ajarannyo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Kapicayoan dasa Islam dapek ditamukan pado kalimah shahādatāin ("duo kalimaik pasaksian"), iyolah "asyhadu an-laa ilaaha illallaah, wa asyhadu anna muhammadan rasuulullaah" - nan baarati "Ambo basaksi baso tiado sasambahan nan batua salain Allah, jo ambo basaksi baso Muhammad saw adolah utusan Allah". Esensinyo adolah prinsip kaasoan Tuhan dalam pabuatannyo dan paribadatan panganuiknyo, jo pangakuan tahadok kanabian Muhammad. Adopun bilo sasaurang mayakini jo kudian maucapkan duo kalimaik pasaksian iko, inyo dapek dianggap alah manjadi surang muslim dalam statuih sabagai mualaf (urang nan baru masuak Islam dari kapicayoan lamonyo).
Kaum Muslim picayo baso Allah mangutuih Muhammad sabagai Nabi taakhia salapeh diutuihnyo Nabi Isa 6 abaik sabalunnyo. Agamo Islam picayo baso al-Qur'an jo Sunnah (satiok kato jo tindakan Muhammad) sabagai sumber hukum jo paraturan hiduik nan fundamental.[16] Mareka indak maanggap Muhammad sabagai pangasas agamo baru, malainkan sabagai panaruih jo pambaharu kapicayoan monoteistik nan diturunkan kapado Musa, Isa, jo nabi dek Tuhan nan samo. Islam managehan baso agamo Yahudi jo Kristen balakangan sasudah painyo para nabinyo alah mambelokan wahyu nan Tuhan agiah kapado nabi-nabi iko jo mangubah teks dalam kitab suci, maagiah intepretasi palsu, ataupun kaduo-duonyo.[17]
Umaik Islam juo mayakini Al-Qur'an nan disampaikan dek Allah kapado Muhammad, malalui parantaro Malaikat Jibril adolah sempurna jo indak ado karaguan di dalamnyo. Di dalam al-Qur'an Allah juo alah bajanji ka manjago kaotentikan al-Qur'an hinggo akhia zaman.
Adopun sabagaimano dinyatokan dalam Al-Qur'an, umaik Islam juo diwajibkan untuak baiman jo mayakini kabanaran kitab suci jo firman-Nyo nan diturunkan sabalun Al-Qur'an (Zabur, Taurat, Injil jo suhuf para nabi-nabi nan lain) malalui nabi jo rasul tadahulu sabalun Muhammad.[18] Umaik Islam juo picayo baso salain Al-Qur'an, saluruah firman Allah tadahulu alah mangalami parubahan dek manusia. Mangacu pado kalimaik di ateh, mako umaik Islam mayakini baso Al-Qur'an adolah satu-satunyo kitab Allah nan sabana asli jo sabagai panyempurna kitab-kitab sabalunnyo.
Umaik Islam mayakini baso agamo nan dianuik dek saluruah nabi jo rasul utusan Allah sajak maso Adam adolah ciek agamo nan samo jo ciek Tuhan nan samo(tauhid), jo damikian tantu sajo Ibrahim juo manganuik katauhidan sacaro hanif (murni) nan manjadikannyo surang muslim.[19][20] Pandangan iko malatakan Islam basamo agamo Yahudi jo Kristen dalam rumpun agamo nan mampicayoi Nabi Ibrahim as. Di dalam al-Qur'an, panganuik Yahudi jo Kristen acok direferensikan sabagai Ahli Kitab atau urang-urang nan dibari kitab.
Rukun Iman
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Muslim picayo jo Rukun Iman nan tadiri dari 6 parkaro yaitu:
- Iman kapado Allah
- Iman kapado malaikat Allah
- Iman kapado Kitab Allāh (Al-Qur'an, Injil, Taurat, Zabur jo suhuf)
- Iman kapado nabi jo rasul Allah
- Iman kapado hari akhia
- Iman kapado qada jo qadar
Allah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/170px-Allah-green.svg.png)
Konsep teologi dalam Islam iolah tauhid-picayo baso hanyo ado ciek Tuhan. Istilah Arab untuak Tuhan iolah Allāh; kabanyakan ilmuwan picayo inyo didapek dari panyingkekan kato al- (nan/itu) jo ʾilāh (tuhan), bamakasuik "Tuhan" (al-ilāh), namun nan lain manalusuri asa usuanyo dari kato bahaso Aram Alāhā.[21] Banso bukan Arab mungkin manggunokan namo lain untuak Allah, sarupo "Tanrı" dalam bahaso Turki atau "Khodā" dalam Persia. Tatapi kasahannyo bapulang pado Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. Kapicayoan kapado Allah juo marupoan sabagian dari Rukun Islam, di mano tauhid diucapkan dalam syahadaik (pangakuan), jo mangisyaraikan baso:
"Tiado sasambahan nan batua salain Allah jo Muhammad iolah rasul Allah."
Dalam teologi tradisi Islam, Allah itu tak nampak dek manusia; Muslim indak paralu mambayangkan Allah karano indak ado nan sarupo jo-Nyo, hanyo mamuja jo sujuik padoNyo sabagai pancipta alam. Mareka picayo tujuan ado di dunia iolah untuak manyambah Tuhan.[22] Qur'an kadangkalo manyabuik Allah jo namo atau sipaik lain, umpamo al-Rahman, bamakno "Maha Pangasiah" jo al-Rahim, bamakno "Maha Panyayang" (lihat Asmaul Husna).[23] Allah dihuraikan dalam surah 112 al-Qur'an sebagai:[24]
"Baliaulah Allah Nan Maha Aso; Allah, Nan Kaka, Mutlak; Baliau tiado baanak jo Baliau pulo indak diparanakkan; Jo indak ado siapopun nan sarupo joNyo." (112:1-4)
Dek itulah Muslim manulak konsep Tritunggal Kristen, jo mambandiangkannyo kapado politeisme.[25]
Kitab
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FirstSurahKoran.jpg/220px-FirstSurahKoran.jpg)
Muslim picayo baso ado babarapo kitab suci nan diturunkan Allah pado nabi-nabinyo, jo al-Qur'an sabagai kitab taakhia. Mareka juo picayo kanduangan kitab-kitab sabalun al-Quran, Taurat jo Injil, alah diubah dari segi tafsiran, teks, atau kaduonyo.[17] Muslim manganggap al-Qur'an sabagai firman Allah nan bana; inyo adolah padoman Islam nan utamo nan baturunan dalam bahaso Arab.[26] Muslim picayo baso ayat Al-Qur'an alah diwahyukan kapado Nabi Muhammad SAW dek Allah malalui malaikat Jibril pado banyak paristiwa antaro 610 jo wafaiknyo bagindo pado 8 Juni 632. Al-Qur'an dikabakan alah ditulih dek sahabat Nabi samaso bagindo masih hiduik, namun caro utamo panyampaian iolah malalui lisan. Inyo alah disusun pado zaman khalifah partamo Abu Bakar as-Siddiq, jo alah distandarisasi di bawah pamarintahan khalifah katigo Usman bin Affan.
Al-Qur'an tabagi dalam 114 surah, atau bab, nan apobilo digabuangkan, tadiri dari 6,236 ayat. Surah labiah awal sacaro kronologinyo, diturunkan di Makkah, nan barisi bahasan etika jo karohanian. Surah Madaniyyah barikuiknyo kabanyakan mambicarokan isu sosial jo moral nan bakaitan jo masyarakaik Muslim.[27] Al-Qur'an labiah manakankan panduan moral daripado ajaran hukum, jo dianggap "buku sumber prinsip jo nilai Islam".[28] Pakar hukum Muslim marujuak hadith, atau catatan batulih kahidupan Nabi Muhammad SAW, sabagai tambahan kapado al-Qur'an jo untuak mambantu manafsirkannyo. Ulasan jo takwil al-Qur'an dikataui sabagai tafsir.[29]
Pakatoan Qur'an bamakasuik "pangucapan". Katiko Muslim babicara sacaro abstrak manganai al-Qur'an, mareka biasonyo marujuak kitab suci nan dibaco dalam bahaso Arab daripado karya nan dicetak atau apopun tajamahannyo. Bagi Muslim, al-Qur'an hanyo sempurna kok diturunkan dalam bahaso Arab asli; tajamahan dianggap kurang tapek dek sabab pabedoan bahaso, kasalahan dalma panajamahan jo suliknyo mamaliharo kanduangan nan asli. Dek itulah tajamahan hanyo dianggap sabagai ulasan tahadok al-Qur'an, bukan co al-Qur'an itu surang.[30]
Hari Akhia
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Takadia (Qada jo Qadar)
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Rukun Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Arabic_Plaque%2C_Great_Mosque%2C_Xian.jpg/220px-Arabic_Plaque%2C_Great_Mosque%2C_Xian.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/220px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg)
Limo Rukun Islam (bahaso Arab: اركان الدين) adolah limo amalan utamo dalam Islam Sunni (Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah), jo limo konsep dasa panarimoan agamo bagi Islam Syiah.[31]
Rukun Islam bagi Muslim Sunni iolah:
- Syahadaik (الشهادة), iyolah pamahaman asas ajaran Islam:
Pajanjian iko adolah asas untuak sado kapicayoan jo amalan lain dalam Islam. Muslim patuik mangulangi syahadaik iko dalam solat, jo non-Muslim nan nio masuak Islam paralu mangucap kalimaik iko.[32]اشهد ان لا اله الا الله اشهد ان محمدا رسول الله
Ambo basaksi tiado Tuhan salain Allah jo ambo basaksi baso Muhammad adolah rasul Allah - Salat (صلاة), atau amalan sumbahyang, wajib dilakukan limo kali sahari. Satiok solat paralu manghadok Ka'bah di Makkah. Di kabanyakan nagara Muslim, panando wakatu salat nan disabuik Azan disiarkan sacaro umum dari musajik satampek pado maso nan basasuaian.
- Puaso (صوم), iyolah bapuaso pado bulan Ramadan. Muslim indak buliah makan atau minum dari subuah hinggo sanjo pado bulan iko, jo musti manjago diri dari pabuatan doso.
- Zakaik (زكاة), atau pambarian sadakah. Zakaik iko wajib untuak sado Muslim nan mampu, badasakan pado kakayoan nan dipunyo. Bagian nan ditantukan digunokan untuak mambantu nan musikin jo nan mamaraluannyo, sarato untuak mambantu manyebarkan Islam.
- Haji (حج), iyolah ziarah samaso bulan Zulhijjah ka koto Makkah. Satiok Muslim nan mampu (dari segi badan jo harato) wajib manunaikan haji sakurang-kurangnyo sakali saumua hiduiknyo.
Manuruik Muslim Syiah, limo asas Islam iolah:[33]
- Tauhid, Tuhan itu aso jo unik.
- Kaadilan, konsep kabanaran moral balandehkan etika, kaadilan, jo kasamoan, basamo jo hukuman jiko dilangga.
- Hari Kiamaik, panilaian taakhia Tuhan tahadok manusia.
- Kanabian, caro Tuhan mangirim utusan, atau nabi, untuak mambimbiang manusia.
- Imamah, institusi nan mawarisi institusi kanabian.
Limo rukun asas iko diikuti jo sapuluah subrukun: 1.Salat; 2.Puaso; 3.Haji; 4.Zakaik; 5.Jihad; 6.Amar ma'ruf; 7.Nahi munkar; 8.Ciek Parlimo; 9.Tawalla; 10.Tabarra.
Sijarah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Mazhab
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Demografi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Hari Rayo dalam Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Tampek Ibadah
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Tampek ibadat umaik Muslim disabuik musajik atau masajik. Ibadah nan biaso dilakukan di Masajik antaro lain salat bajama'ah, caramah agamo, parayaan hari gadang, diskusi agamo, baraja mangaji (mambaco Al-Qur'an) jo lain sabagainyo. Bantuak lain dari masajik adolah mushalla, langgar, atau surau, nan biasonyo punyo sabuah kaum.
Budayo Islam
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Caliak pulo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Agamo & Din
- Ar-Rabb , Al-Malik , Ilah
- Asma'ul Husna
- Basuci dari hadas
- Cendekiawan Muslim
- Daftar topik agama Islam
- Hari Asyura
- Hidayatullah
- Isra' Mi'raj
- Jihad
- Kamurtadan
- Nabi Islam
- Perbankan syariah
- Puaso
- Rasulullah
- Salat
- Seni rupa Islam
- Shiratal Mustaqim
- Sunni & Syi'ah
- Ulama
- Waktu haram puasa
- Salafus Shalih
- Sijarah Islam di Indonesia
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Browne, Edward G. (1889). Bábism. http://bahai-library.com/browne_babism.
- ↑ "World's Baha'i connect with past in Israel". 20 Januari 2007 – via Reuters.
- ↑ Hunter, Shireen (2010). The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies. University of Michigan Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780253345493. "Druze - Cabang dari Syiah; penganutnya tidak diakui sebagai Muslim oleh kaum ortodoksi."
- ↑ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634. "Sementara kebanyakan mazhab serupa dengan Islam yang normatif, Druze lebih seperti agama mandiri dengan interpretasi kitab yang berbeda. Druze dianggap pula berbeda dari Ismaili dan kepercayaan Muslim lainnya... penganut Druze juga tidak mengaku sebagai Muslim..."
- ↑ Islam Basics: About Islam and American Muslim Archived 2013-08-28 di Wayback Machine., Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), Copyright © 2007.
- ↑ Religions & Ethics: Islam at a glance, BBC - homepage, © MMVII.
- ↑ "Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents". Diarsipkan dari versi asli (HTML) tanggal 2010-01-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-07-03.
- ↑ "USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-14. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-28.
- ↑ L. Gardet. "Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ "Lane's lexicon" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2007-07-03.
- ↑ Mirror of realization: God is a percept, the universe is a concept. Mashhad Al-ʻAllāf.
- ↑ Studies in Semitic philology. M. M. Bravmann.
- ↑ Al-Qur'an 6:125, Al-Qur'an 61:7, Al-Qur'an 39:22
- ↑ Al-Qur'an 5:3, Al-Qur'an 3:19, Al-Qur'an 3:83
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ Caliak:
- Esposito (1996), p.41
- Ghamidi (2001): Sources of Islam
- ↑ a b Caliak:
- Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
- Esposito (1998), pp.6,12
- Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5
- F. E. Peters (2003), p.9
- F. Buhl. "Muhammad". Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
- Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. "Tahrif". Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ Lihat:
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ Surah Yunus 10:72 "...dan aku disuruh supaya aku termasuk golongan orang-orang nan berserah diri (Muslim)."
- ↑ Caliak:
- "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Orang Yahudi dan Kristian berbahasa Arab juga merujuk kepada Tuhan dengan nama Allāh.
- L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>
indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamopatheos1
- ↑ David Bentley (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-299-9.
- ↑ Caliak:
- ↑ David Thomas. "Tathlith, Trinity". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.
- ↑ "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ caliak:
- "Islam". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 79
- ↑ Caliak:
- Esposito (2004), m/s. 79–81
- "Tafsir". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Caliak:
- Teece (2003), m/s. 12,13
- C. Turner (2006), m/s. 42
- "Qur'an". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.: Perkataan Qur'an dicipta dan mula digunakan oleh al-Quran sendiri. Terdapat dua teori berbeza mengenai istilah ini dan pembentukannya.
- ↑ Lihat:
- Momem (1987), m/s. 178
- "Pillars of Islam". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Caliak:
- Farah (1994), m/s. 135
- Momen (1987), m/s. 178
- "Islam", Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals(2004)
- ↑ Mulla Bashir Rahim, An Introduction to Islam, oleh Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
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[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, ed (2005). Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1.
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Bacoan labiah lanjuik
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Arberry, A. J. (1996). The Koran Interpreted: A Translation (edisi ke-1st). Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-82507-6.
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Pautan lua
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- (Indonesia) Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Archived 2008-12-02 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Portal Informasi Halal & Ekonomi Syariah MUI - Halal Guide
- (Indonesia) Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) Archived 2008-12-16 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Pusat Kajian Islam Archived 2013-04-02 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) Studi Informasi Alam Islami (SINAI)
- (Indonesia) Badan Amil Zakat, Infak dan Sedekah (BAZIS) DKI Jakarta Archived 2008-12-16 di Wayback Machine.
- (Jerman) Islam di Eropa Barat[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) Ensiklopedia Islam[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) Media Islam Archived 2013-03-25 di Wayback Machine.