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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants

[mudé | muda l codesc]
Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
p p 布 (pòo) span
ph 普 (phóo) pan
b b 明 (bîng) timber [lower-alpha 1]
m m- 媽 (má) moon
am, om, im , 暗 (àm), 參 (som)[lower-alpha 2], 心 (sim) rim
t t 端 (tuan) stop
th 透 (thò) top
l l 來 (lâi) lime [lower-alpha 3]
n n 泥 (nî) noon
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 因 (in), 安 (an)
k k 見 (kiàn) skin
kh 溪 (khe) kin
g g 義 (gī) finger [lower-alpha 1]
ŋ ng- 吳 (ngôo) singer
eng, ang, ong ing, ang, ong ㄥ, ㄤ, 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) song
h h 曉 (hiáu) hit
ʔ 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) uh-oh
t͡s ch [lower-alpha 4] ts 走 (tsáu) cats, usually retracted in most cases
t͡ɕ 精 (tsing) like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 5]
t͡sʰ chh [lower-alpha 4] tsh 菜 (tshài) cats
t͡ɕʰ 市 (tshī) like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 5]
s s 三 (sam) same
ɕ 審 (sím) like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 5]
d͡z j 熱 (jua̍h) pads [lower-alpha 6]
z zoo [lower-alpha 7]
d͡ʑ 日 (ji̍t) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 5]
ʑ like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 5]
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonants
-m 姆 (ḿ) rhythm
ŋ̍ -ng 光 (kng)[lower-alpha 8] song [lower-alpha 9]
Stop consonant finals
-p 合 (ha̍p) like sip, but no audible release; apt
-t 七 (tshit) like sit, but no audible release
-k 角 (kak) like sick, but no audible release
ʔ -h 桌 (toh) uh-oh
Vowels
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
a a 鴨 (ah) father
e e 家 (ke) day
ɤ o o/or[lower-alpha 10] 高 (kor) Roughly like bird [lower-alpha 11]
o o 高 (ko) snow [lower-alpha 12]
ɔ [lower-alpha 13] oo 烏 (oo) thought
ong, om,
op, ok
, ,
,
福 (hok)
i i [lower-alpha 14] 一 (it) see [lower-alpha 15]
u u 武 (bú) shoe [lower-alpha 16]
Diphthongs
ai̯ ai 愛 (ài) fight [lower-alpha 15]
au̯ au 交 (kau) out [lower-alpha 16]
i̯a ia ㄧㄚ 射 (s) Russia
i̯ɛ ian, iat ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚ 電 (tn), 結 (kiat) yes [lower-alpha 17]
iə̯ eng, ek ing, ik ㄧㄥ, ㄧ 英 (ing), 色 (sik) eon [lower-alpha 18][lower-alpha 11]
i̯ə io ior ㄧㄜ 腰 (ior)[lower-alpha 11]
i̯o io ㄧㄛ 腰 (io)[lower-alpha 12] Leo
i̯ɔ iong, iok , ㄧ 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) kiosk
i̯u iu ㄧㄨ 手 (tsh) dew
u̯a oa ua ㄨㄚ 化 (h) like quality
u̯e oe ue 尾 (b)[lower-alpha 2] question
u̯i ui ㄨㄧ 水 (s) we
Triphthongs
i̯au̯ iau ㄧㄠ 妖 (iau) meow [lower-alpha 15][lower-alpha 16]
u̯ai̯ oai uai ㄨㄞ 怪 (kuài) quiet [lower-alpha 15]
Nasal vowels
◌̃ m, n, ng , ㄋ, 鰻 (m), 梁 (n), 迎 (ng) Nasalized vowel(s) [lower-alpha 19]
ã an ann 衫 (sann) like naive; nasalized [a]
en enn 青 (tsenn)[lower-alpha 2] like next; nasalized [e] [lower-alpha 20]
ĩ in inn [lower-alpha 14] 圓 (înn) like niece; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃ on onn 否 (hónn) French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ̯ ain ainn 載 (tsáinn) like nine; nasalized [ai̯]
ĩ̯ã ian iann 兄 (hiann) roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a]
ĩ̯ũ iun iunn 羊 (iûnn)[lower-alpha 8] like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] [lower-alpha 21]
ũ̯ã oan uann 官 (kuann) roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a]
ũ̯ĩ uin uinn 快 (khuìnn)[lower-alpha 8] roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i]
ĩ̯ãũ̯ iaun iaunn 喓 (iaunn) like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯]
ũ̯ãĩ̯ oain uainn 關 (kuainn)[lower-alpha 2] roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [lower-alpha 22]
Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.
Tones
Tone
Number
IPA
(WP)
POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example Dialect values (IPA)
Kaohsiung Taipei Lukang
0 ◌--a (āu--ji̍t) (varying)
1 ˦ a [˥] 55 [˦] 44 [˧] 33
2 ˥˩ á ˋ [˥˩] 51 [˥˧] 53 [˥] 55
3 ˧˩ à ˪ [˧˩] 31 [˨˩] 21 [˧˩] 31
4 ʔ˧˨ a◌ [˧] 3 [˨] 2 [˥] 5
5 ˨˦ â ˊ [˨˦] 24
6 ˨ ǎ ˋ [˨] 22
7 ˧ ā ˫ [˧] 33 [˧˩] 31
8 ʔ˦ a̍◌ ◌˙ [˥] 5 [˦] 4 [˧˥] 35
9 ˧˥ [˧˥] 35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above.

Dialectal segments

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Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
d͡ʑ j j 字 (jī / lī) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 6]
l l lap
熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)
d͡z j pads [lower-alpha 6]
Vowels
ə e er 火 (hér)[lower-alpha 23] about [lower-alpha 24]
ɨ i / u ir 豬 (tir) roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)[lower-alpha 25][lower-alpha 23]
ɘ̯e oe ere 雞 (kere)[lower-alpha 25]
ɘ̯u io eru ㄜㄨ 購 (kerù)[lower-alpha 23]
ɨ̯̃ĩ eng irinn 肩 (kirinn)[lower-alpha 26]
Consonants
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
ȵ n gn 耳 (gní)[lower-alpha 27] like onion [lower-alpha 20][lower-alpha 28]
ʑ j j 日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[lower-alpha 7]
g g give [lower-alpha 7]
z j 熱 (jua̍h) zoo [lower-alpha 7]
Vowels
ɛ e ee / ek / eng 家 (kee) [lower-alpha 27] bet [lower-alpha 20]
ɛ̃ en eenn 青 (tsheenn) [lower-alpha 27] French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] [lower-alpha 20][lower-alpha 28]
ĩ̯ɔ̃ iun ionn 羊 (iônn) [lower-alpha 29] like neon; nasalized [i̯o] [lower-alpha 20]
  1. 1,0 1,1 [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [] and [] respectively.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  3. In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol l represents a lateral approximants, l is widely used instead of ɾ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
  4. 4,0 4,1 In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
  9. ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  10. ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
  12. 12,0 12,1 ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
  13. ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
  14. 14,0 14,1 In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
  15. 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 [] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
  16. 16,0 16,1 16,2 [] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au
  17. ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
    ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
  18. ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [] or [], depending on accents.
    ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
  19. The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
  20. 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  21. [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
  22. [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
  23. 23,0 23,1 23,2 In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
  24. ⟨er⟩ [ə] is also transcribed as [ɘ] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
  25. 25,0 25,1 In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
  26. In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent
  27. 27,0 27,1 27,2 In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.
  28. 28,0 28,1 Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
  29. In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.

References

[mudé | muda l codesc]
  • "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
  • "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
  • "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.

See also

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