BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning, 2014
Background/context The acquisition of expertise requires that individuals develop complex, integr... more Background/context The acquisition of expertise requires that individuals develop complex, integrated systems of representations that facilitate the execution, monitoring, planning and analyses of performance.1 In order to determine what constitutes expertise in surgery it is important to examine the underlying processes utilised by experts. Simulation technologies enable medical educators to examine these processes and determine key performance metrics that differentiate expert and less-expert surgeons.2 Once identified, educators can design and implement specific training environments and interventions that enable the underlying processes and mechanisms to be developed via engagement in deliberate practice activities. Methodology A sample of medical students and postgraduate students matched on demographic information, will perform a series of simulated laparoscopic procedures on a CAE Healthcare LapVR system. Eye movements, performance outcome, tool efficiency/kinematics, as well as heart rate will be recorded in low (primary task only) and high (primary and secondary task) attention scenarios as well as simple and complex procedures. Results/outcomes We will present pilot data looking at a case study comparison of a surgeon against a non-medical participant. Based on previous research,4 we expect the surgeon to perform better, have more efficient eye (fewer fixations of longer duration) and tool movements, and be less affected by an increase in attentional and complexity demands, compared to the non-medical participant. Breakdown in primary and secondary task performance is expected to occur in the complex high-attention condition. Potential Impact By identifying the critical characteristics that are associated with expertise, training interventions can be designed and implemented to enhance the specific skills and necessary adaptations that are essential to expertise in medicine subsequently improving the quality of patient treatment and reducing the costs associated with healthcare. References Causer J, Williams AM (2012). Professional expertise in medicine. In P. Lanzer (Ed.), Catheter-based Cardiovascular Interventions - Knowledge-based Approach (pp. 97–112). NY: Springer Causer J, Barach P, Williams AM. Expertise in medicine: using the expert performance approach to improve simulation training. Medical Education 2014;48(2):115–123 Causer J, et al. Performing Under Pressure: Quiet Eye Training Improves Surgical Knot-tying Performance. Surgery 2014 Zevin B, Aggarwal R, Grantcharov TP. Surgical Simulation in 2013: why is it still not the standard in surgical training? J Am Coll Surg 2014;218(2):294–301
We examined whether practice activities adopted by professional youth soccer coaches are modulate... more We examined whether practice activities adopted by professional youth soccer coaches are modulated through the implementation of and engagement with cocreative evidence-based programs. Across two experiments, we used systematic observation to identify the practice activities of seven coaches across 134 sessions. In Experiment A, drill-based and games-based activities were recorded and quantified. To encourage behaviour change across the study, the systematic observation data were compared with skill acquisition literature to provide coaches with quantitative feedback and recommendations during workshops. Postworkshop systematic observation data indicated that practice activities used by coaches changed in accordance with the evidenced-based information (increase in games-based activities) delivered within the workshop. Interview data indicated that coaches typically stated that the workshop was a key reason for behaviour change. In a follow-up Experiment B, feedback and recommendati...
The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football pl... more The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football players across a two-season period using global positioning system technology (GPS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Total weekly workload variables were collected across GPS, RPE, and sRPE across thirty-six elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 177 ± 8 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) from one elite squad during a two-season observational period. External training load variables included: Total distance (m), High speed running (m; ≥ 17.1 km·h−1), Sprint distance (m; 22 km·h−1), Accelerations (n), Average metabolic power (W·kg−1), High-power distance (m; ≥ 25 W·kg−1). Internal load variables included: sRPE and RPE. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to understand the differences in loading patterns across phases, position, and week types when significant main effects were observed a Tukey’s post hoc test was applied and sta...
Considering the perceived benefit of early recruitment and the time and resources spent developin... more Considering the perceived benefit of early recruitment and the time and resources spent developing youth players, individuals released from talent development programmes are often re-recruited by rival academies. However, due to the contractual nature of many talent development programmes, limited empirical data exists on players deselected from (or reselected to) youth soccer academies. Adopting a novel case study approach, differences in skill, psychological, and physical attributes associated with reselection following closure of a junior-elite soccer academy were explored. Overall subjective coach ratings for skill, psychological, and physical abilities; subjective coach ratings for skill and psychological attributes; and physical fitness test performance of 79 junior-elite soccer players (U11–U17) were assessed as part of regular scheduled testing and monitoring practices prior to the academy closure. Reselection status was monitored and recorded for all players in the 6 months...
Significant structural, developmental, and financial constraints exist in Scottish soccer that ma... more Significant structural, developmental, and financial constraints exist in Scottish soccer that may predicate a different approach to talent identification and development. To our knowledge, no published reports exist evaluating the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in Scottish soccer players. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the RAE among varied playing levels and ages of male Scottish youth soccer players. Birthdates of male youth players (n = 1,230) from U10 to U17 age groups and from playing levels: “Amateur” (n = 482), “Development” (n = 214), and “Performance” (n = 534), alongside a group of male Scottish senior professional players (n = 261) were recorded and categorized into quartiles (Q1 = January–March; Q2 = April–June; Q3 = July–September; and Q4 = October–December) and semesters (S1 = January–June and S2 = July–December) from the start of the selection year. Birthdates were analyzed for: (a) each playing level and (b) each...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to... more The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to the kinematics data (PGPS, W·kg−1) in a soccer-specific performance model. For this aim, seventeen professional (Serie A) male soccer players (V˙O2max 55.7 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a 6 min run at 10.29 km·h−1 to determine linear-running energy cost (Cr). On a separate day, thirteen also performed an 8 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. For both procedures, a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas-analyzer and GPS (10 Hz) was used to assess the energy cost above resting (C). From this aim, the MP was estimated through a newly derived C equation (PGPSn) and compared with both the commonly used (PGPSo) equation and direct measurement (PV˙O2). Both PGPSn and PGPSo correlated with PV˙O2 (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Estimates of fixed bias were negligible (PGPSn = −0.80 W·kg−1 and PGPSo = −1.59 W·kg−1), and the bounds of the 95% CIs show that they were not statistically significant from ...
ABSTRACT It is approximately 35 years since the publication of the first relative age effect pape... more ABSTRACT It is approximately 35 years since the publication of the first relative age effect paper in sport and despite the volume of empirical studies, book chapters, conference presentations, and column inches dedicated to this topic we appear to be no further on in eliminating or attenuating this discriminatory practice. This commentary argues that the ongoing use of univariate methods, focusing on primary or secondary analyses of birth-date data, unearthed from previously un-examined contexts is not conducive to stimulating discussion or providing empirical solutions to relative age effects. This paper concludes by suggesting a departure from the traditionally narrow view of relative age inquiry and instead consider the role of transdisciplinary research.
BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning, 2014
Background/context The acquisition of expertise requires that individuals develop complex, integr... more Background/context The acquisition of expertise requires that individuals develop complex, integrated systems of representations that facilitate the execution, monitoring, planning and analyses of performance.1 In order to determine what constitutes expertise in surgery it is important to examine the underlying processes utilised by experts. Simulation technologies enable medical educators to examine these processes and determine key performance metrics that differentiate expert and less-expert surgeons.2 Once identified, educators can design and implement specific training environments and interventions that enable the underlying processes and mechanisms to be developed via engagement in deliberate practice activities. Methodology A sample of medical students and postgraduate students matched on demographic information, will perform a series of simulated laparoscopic procedures on a CAE Healthcare LapVR system. Eye movements, performance outcome, tool efficiency/kinematics, as well as heart rate will be recorded in low (primary task only) and high (primary and secondary task) attention scenarios as well as simple and complex procedures. Results/outcomes We will present pilot data looking at a case study comparison of a surgeon against a non-medical participant. Based on previous research,4 we expect the surgeon to perform better, have more efficient eye (fewer fixations of longer duration) and tool movements, and be less affected by an increase in attentional and complexity demands, compared to the non-medical participant. Breakdown in primary and secondary task performance is expected to occur in the complex high-attention condition. Potential Impact By identifying the critical characteristics that are associated with expertise, training interventions can be designed and implemented to enhance the specific skills and necessary adaptations that are essential to expertise in medicine subsequently improving the quality of patient treatment and reducing the costs associated with healthcare. References Causer J, Williams AM (2012). Professional expertise in medicine. In P. Lanzer (Ed.), Catheter-based Cardiovascular Interventions - Knowledge-based Approach (pp. 97–112). NY: Springer Causer J, Barach P, Williams AM. Expertise in medicine: using the expert performance approach to improve simulation training. Medical Education 2014;48(2):115–123 Causer J, et al. Performing Under Pressure: Quiet Eye Training Improves Surgical Knot-tying Performance. Surgery 2014 Zevin B, Aggarwal R, Grantcharov TP. Surgical Simulation in 2013: why is it still not the standard in surgical training? J Am Coll Surg 2014;218(2):294–301
We examined whether practice activities adopted by professional youth soccer coaches are modulate... more We examined whether practice activities adopted by professional youth soccer coaches are modulated through the implementation of and engagement with cocreative evidence-based programs. Across two experiments, we used systematic observation to identify the practice activities of seven coaches across 134 sessions. In Experiment A, drill-based and games-based activities were recorded and quantified. To encourage behaviour change across the study, the systematic observation data were compared with skill acquisition literature to provide coaches with quantitative feedback and recommendations during workshops. Postworkshop systematic observation data indicated that practice activities used by coaches changed in accordance with the evidenced-based information (increase in games-based activities) delivered within the workshop. Interview data indicated that coaches typically stated that the workshop was a key reason for behaviour change. In a follow-up Experiment B, feedback and recommendati...
The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football pl... more The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football players across a two-season period using global positioning system technology (GPS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Total weekly workload variables were collected across GPS, RPE, and sRPE across thirty-six elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 177 ± 8 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) from one elite squad during a two-season observational period. External training load variables included: Total distance (m), High speed running (m; ≥ 17.1 km·h−1), Sprint distance (m; 22 km·h−1), Accelerations (n), Average metabolic power (W·kg−1), High-power distance (m; ≥ 25 W·kg−1). Internal load variables included: sRPE and RPE. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to understand the differences in loading patterns across phases, position, and week types when significant main effects were observed a Tukey’s post hoc test was applied and sta...
Considering the perceived benefit of early recruitment and the time and resources spent developin... more Considering the perceived benefit of early recruitment and the time and resources spent developing youth players, individuals released from talent development programmes are often re-recruited by rival academies. However, due to the contractual nature of many talent development programmes, limited empirical data exists on players deselected from (or reselected to) youth soccer academies. Adopting a novel case study approach, differences in skill, psychological, and physical attributes associated with reselection following closure of a junior-elite soccer academy were explored. Overall subjective coach ratings for skill, psychological, and physical abilities; subjective coach ratings for skill and psychological attributes; and physical fitness test performance of 79 junior-elite soccer players (U11–U17) were assessed as part of regular scheduled testing and monitoring practices prior to the academy closure. Reselection status was monitored and recorded for all players in the 6 months...
Significant structural, developmental, and financial constraints exist in Scottish soccer that ma... more Significant structural, developmental, and financial constraints exist in Scottish soccer that may predicate a different approach to talent identification and development. To our knowledge, no published reports exist evaluating the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in Scottish soccer players. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the RAE among varied playing levels and ages of male Scottish youth soccer players. Birthdates of male youth players (n = 1,230) from U10 to U17 age groups and from playing levels: “Amateur” (n = 482), “Development” (n = 214), and “Performance” (n = 534), alongside a group of male Scottish senior professional players (n = 261) were recorded and categorized into quartiles (Q1 = January–March; Q2 = April–June; Q3 = July–September; and Q4 = October–December) and semesters (S1 = January–June and S2 = July–December) from the start of the selection year. Birthdates were analyzed for: (a) each playing level and (b) each...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to... more The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to the kinematics data (PGPS, W·kg−1) in a soccer-specific performance model. For this aim, seventeen professional (Serie A) male soccer players (V˙O2max 55.7 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a 6 min run at 10.29 km·h−1 to determine linear-running energy cost (Cr). On a separate day, thirteen also performed an 8 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. For both procedures, a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas-analyzer and GPS (10 Hz) was used to assess the energy cost above resting (C). From this aim, the MP was estimated through a newly derived C equation (PGPSn) and compared with both the commonly used (PGPSo) equation and direct measurement (PV˙O2). Both PGPSn and PGPSo correlated with PV˙O2 (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Estimates of fixed bias were negligible (PGPSn = −0.80 W·kg−1 and PGPSo = −1.59 W·kg−1), and the bounds of the 95% CIs show that they were not statistically significant from ...
ABSTRACT It is approximately 35 years since the publication of the first relative age effect pape... more ABSTRACT It is approximately 35 years since the publication of the first relative age effect paper in sport and despite the volume of empirical studies, book chapters, conference presentations, and column inches dedicated to this topic we appear to be no further on in eliminating or attenuating this discriminatory practice. This commentary argues that the ongoing use of univariate methods, focusing on primary or secondary analyses of birth-date data, unearthed from previously un-examined contexts is not conducive to stimulating discussion or providing empirical solutions to relative age effects. This paper concludes by suggesting a departure from the traditionally narrow view of relative age inquiry and instead consider the role of transdisciplinary research.
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