Organismus
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Organismus[1] (Graece ὀργανισμός) in biologia appellatur quodlibet vivum (sicut Animal, Planta, Fungus, Bacterium, microbiumque), vel latissime congeries molecularum, quae tota re stabili operatur et proprietates vitae habet. Alia verbi definitio est: "quaelibet structura viva, sicut Planta, Animal, Fungus, Bacteriumve, quae potest crescere et se reproducere" (Chambers 1999). Nihilominus multi fontes proponunt definitiones, quae vira et opinabiles formas vitae non organicas (arte-factas vel arte-facturas) excludunt; pro reproductione, vira ex biochemico cellulae hospitis statu pendent.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amoeba_%28Am%C3%B6be%29_01.jpg/130px-Amoeba_%28Am%C3%B6be%29_01.jpg)
Omnes organismi possunt tota re stabili stimulis respondere, se reproducere, augeri, et homoeostasim sustentare. Organismi sunt unicellulares aut, velut in Hominibus sapientibus, multis ex millionibus cellularum in propriis textis et organis constantes. Vox multicellularis 'multas cellulas habens' quemlibet organismum in plus quam unam cellulam constantem describit.
Organismi divisi sunt in duos greges: procaryoticum et eucaryoticum. Digeruntur procaryota in duo dominia distincta: bacteria et archaea (Cavalier-Smith 1987).
In vita multicellulari verbum organismi usitate describit omnem congeriem hierarchicalem systematum (exempli gratia systematis circulatorii, systematis digestivi, et systematis reproductivi), quae ipsa sunt congeries organorum; haec systemata vicissim sunt congeries textorum ex cellulis factorum.
In aliquibus plantis et Nematodo Caenorhabdite eleganti cellulae singulares sunt totipotentes.
Artis vocabula
[recensere | fontem recensere]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ericoid_mycorrhizal_fungus.jpg/180px-Ericoid_mycorrhizal_fungus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg/180px-Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg)
Omnes organismi ab scientia taxinomiae in taxa digeruntur. Taxa sunt numerati organismorum greges, qui a re generali (dominio) ad rem specificam (speciem) patent. Usitata graduum ratio est:
Exempli gratia, Homo sapiens est binomen, quod homines hodiernos significat. Omnes speciei sapientis socii, secundum doctrinam scientiae, inter se procreare possunt. Nonnullae species ad genus quodque pertineant, sed socii variarum inter genus specierum non possunt procreare, ut progeniem feracem gignant. Generi autem Homini est solum una species extans: Homo sapiens. Priores species—Homines erectus, neanderthalensis, et ceteri—abhinc annorum multa milia exstincti sunt. Nonnulla genera ad eandem familiam pertinent, et similiter a gradu ad gradum. Tandem regnum finitimum (in casu hominum, Animalia) in unum ex tribus dominiis ponitur, secundum quasdam geneticas structuralesque notas. Omnes ab scientia noti organismi viventes ab hoc systemate digeruntur, ut species in familia quaque artius cognati et quoad genera similes inter se sint quam speciebus in aliis familiis.
Vira
[recensere | fontem recensere]Vira, ad reproductionem metabolismumque inhabilia, organisma usitate non habentur; hoc autem iudicium est controversum, quia parasiti endosymbiontes pariter sunt inhabiles ad vitam liberam. Quamquam viris sunt nonnulla enzymata moleculaeque in organismis vivis consueta, extra cellulam hospitis non possunt se multiplicare, et earum rationes metabolicae hospitem et eius "machinas geneticas" requirunt, sicut organella in hospitibus eukaryoticis et congeriem enzymatum utilium (quae vira ipsa facere non possent) in hospitibus prokaryoticis. Vira, cum nullum metabolismum liberum sustinent, itaque organismi usitate non putantur, sua genera habent, atque evolvuntur eisdem modis, quibus organismi veri evolvuntur.
Evolutio
[recensere | fontem recensere]In biologia, doctrina universi descensus communis proponit omnes terrae organismos de commune auctore generis vel proavita genorum congerie descendisse. Indicia descensus communis inveniuntur in notis, quas omnes organismi viventes habent. Tempore Caroli Darwin, indicia notarum communium solum ex observatione similitudinum morphologicarum ante oculos deducta sunt, sicut inventum omnes aves alas habere, etiam aves quae volare non solent.
Nexus interni
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. 1987. "The Origin of Eukaryote and Archaebacterial Cells." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.
- Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. 1999. Sub voce "organism."
- Doolittle, W. Ford. 2000. "Uprooting the tree of life." Scientific American 282(6):90–95.
- Flechtner, Hans-Joachim. 1970. Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik—Eine Einführung. Stutgardiae: Wissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft.
- Hass, Hans. 1994. Die Hyperzeller: Das neue Menschenbild der Evolution. Hamburgi: Carlsen. ISBN 3551850178.
- Hennen, Anna Maria. 2000. Die Gestalt der Lebewesen: Versuch einer Erklärung im Sinne der aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie. Herbipoli: Königshausen und Neumann. ISBN 3826018001.
- Osawa, Syoso Osawa. 1995. Evolution of the Genetic Code. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198547815.
- Thoms, Sven P. 2005. Ursprung des Lebens. Francofurti: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3596161282.
- Witzany, Günther Witzany. 1993. Natur der Sprache—Sprache der Natur: Sprachpragmatische Philosophie der Biologie. Herbipoli: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 9783884798270.
- Zimmerman, Rudi. 2001. Die Datentransformation: Das Individuum als selbstkopierender Datenträger und das Zeitalter des Systems Mensch. Berolini: Verlag Philosophie des Dritten Jahrtausends. ISBN 3831119023.
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg/220px-Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg)
- BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor
- Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
- SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" De Hesiocaeca methanicola, sub glacie methana in alveo maris Sinus Mexici anno 1997 inventa.
- BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab "Bacillus simplex et Staphylococcus pasteuri . . . Engyodontium album
- BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution. "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both"
- Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
- Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila
- NCBI Taxonomy entry: root
- Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms
- Species 2000
- Maximus organismus
- Arbor Vitae.
- Quaestiones a pueris rogatae de vita et earum responsi