Historia Bulgariae
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Historia Bulgariae ex primis coloniis in terris hodiernae Bulgariae delineari potest, atque eius constitutionem ut civitas nationalis et historiam Bulgarorum eorumque originum comprehendit. Prima indicia possessionis hominidarum in regione hodiernae Bulgariae saltem abhinc annorum 1.4 milliones exstant.[1] Circa annum 5000 a.C.n., civilizatio multiplex iam exsistebat et nonnulla ex primis operibus fictilibus gemmisque notis producebat. Post 3000 a.C.n. fere, Thraci in paeninsula Balcanica apparere incipiebant. Saeculo sexto a.C.n. exeunte, multum terrae hodiernae Bulgariae in dicionem Imperii Achaemenidarum redactum est.[2] Thraci annis 470 a.C.n. Regnum Odrysianum constituerunt, ut videtur post cladem Persicam in Graecia,[3] quod regnum postea defecit, unde tribus Thracianae vicissim in dicionem Imperii Macedonorum, Celtarum, Romanorum redacti sunt. Haec mixtura populorum antiquorum a Slavis deinde assimulata est, qui post 500 in paeninsula perpetuo consedebant.
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Bulgari civitatem liberam ad septentriones Ponti Euxini versus anno 632 constituerunt quae Magna Bulgaria appellabatur, quodam Kubrat duce. Sub autem impetibus a Chazaris altero dimidio saeculi septimi mox effectis, Magna Bulgaria dilapsa est. Asparuchus, unus e successoribus ducis Kubrat, cum nonnullis ex tribubus Bulgaris, ad regionem circa deltam Danuvii migraverunt, ubi Scythiam Minorem et Moesiam Interiorem ab Imperio Byzantino deinde ceperunt, novum regnum porro in paeninsulam Balcanicam amplians.[4] Foedus pacis cum Byzantio anno 681 et constitutio capitis perpetui ad Pliskam ad meridiem Danuvii versus initium primi imperii Bulgarici significant, quae civitas Thracos Slavosque reliquos in dicionem Bulgarorum redegit, et ratio assimilationis per gradús coepit. Saeculis insequentibus, Bulgaria se constituit imperium potens, quod in Balcanias hostilibus traditionibus militaribus dominabatur, evolutioni distinctae identitatis ethnicae favens.[5] Eius cives, ethno culturáque diversi, se communiter sub religione, lingua, abecedario coniunxerunt, conscientiam nationalem contra incursiones gratiamque externam formantes et conservantes.
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Primum Imperium Bulgaricum saeculo undevicensimo sub impetibus Rus' et Byzantino collapsum est, et pars Imperii Byzantini erat usque 1185, cum maior rebellio, ab Asen et Petro fratribus Domus Asenianae ducta, civitatem Bulgaricam redintegraret, ut Secundum Imperium Bulgaricum constitutum esset. Quod, apogaeum annis 1230 attingens, deficere variarum rerum causá coepit, praecipue ob suum locum geographicum, quo impetibus incursionibusque e multis lateribus eodem tempore vulnerari poterat. Rebellio quidem rusticorum, una e paucis prosperis notis, Ivaylo, merum suarium, tsar fecit, propter cuius regnum, quamquam breve, civitas Bulgarica partim redintegrata est. Aetas vigens tum post 1300 insequebatur, sed desiit anno 1371, cum dissensiones factionales fecerunt ut Bulgaria in trís tsaritates parvas finderet, quae omnes ante 1396 in dicionem Imperii Ottomanici redactae sunt. Turci Bulgaricas nobilium clericorumque regnantium res civiles amoverunt, ac Bulgaria integra Turcicorum terra proximos quingentos annos manserit.
Imperio Ottomanico post 1700 deficiente, indicia redintegrationis oriri coeperunt. Nobiles Bulgarici evanuerant, rusticam societatem aequabilem et parvam sed crescentem classem mediam urbanam relinquentes. Ante saeculum undevicensimum, redintegratio nationalis Bulgarica elementum magni momenti in luctatione liberationis factum est, quae anno 1876, eversione Aprilis defectá, ad summum venit, Bellum Russicum Ottomanicum annorum ab 1877 ad 1878 et sequentem liberationem nationalem ad ultimum commovens. Primo autem Foedus Sancti Stephani a magnis potestatibus Occidentalibus reiecto, Foedus Berolinense sequens terras Bulgaricas in Moesia et regione Serdicae circumscripsit. Multi Bulgari ethnici ergo extra fines civitatis novae erant, quam ob rem Bulgaria pugnax militansque in rebus externis facta est, se cum Germania in ambobus bellis mundanis consocians.
Bello mundano secundo confecto, Bulgaria civitas communistica facta est, a Todor Zhivkov triginta quinque annos recta. Provectus oeconomicus hac aetate annis 1980 desiit, et ruina systematis communistici in Europa Orientali formam rectionis civilis severissime mutavit. Nonnulla discrimina annis 1990 multum ex industria et agricultura vastavit, sed nova cuiusdam stabilitatis aetas mox coepit, Simeone Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (olim tsar) primo ministro anno 2001 electo. Bulgaria se cum NATO anno 2004 et Unione Europaea anno 2007 consociavit.
Praehistoria
[recensere | fontem recensere]Primae reliquiae humanae in Bulgaria inventae in spelunca Kozarnika excavatae sunt, ex aveo abhinc annorum 1.6 milliones. Cui speluncae fortasse sunt prima morum symbolicorum humanorum indicia usque ad praesens effossa. Inter reliquias humanas in spelunca Bacho Kiro ex tempore abhinc annorum 44 000 sunt par maxillarum, sed archaeologi disputantur num illi hominidae re vera essent homines sapientes aut neanderthalenses.[6]
Primae domus in Bulgaria, domus neolithicae ad Stara Zagora circa anno 6000 a.C.n. aedificatae, inter veterrima orbis terrarum aedificia ab hominibus exstructa adhuc nota.[7] Ante finem neolithici, culturae Hamangia et Vinča se evolvebant in terra nunc in Bulgaria, Romania meridiana, Serbiaque orientali.[8][9] Solnitsata, primum oppidum in Europa notum, in terra Bulgariae hodiernae situm est.[10] Durankulak, colonia lacustrina coepit in insula parva circa annum 7000 a.C.n., et architectura lapidea iam circa 4700/4600 a.C.n. in usu generali erat et unica res propria in Europa facta est.
Cultura Varna eneolithica (5000 a.C.n.)[11] erat prima civilizatio in Europae quae hierarchiam socialem exhibuisse videtur. Res maximi momenti huius culturae est Necropolis Varnensis, annis 1970 ineuntibus inventa, utile primarum societatum Europaearum exemplum,[12] plerumque propter sepulturas rituales, fictilia, gemmasque aureas bene conservatas. Anuli, armillae, arma sollemnia aurea in uná sepulcrá ex annis inter 4600 et 4200 a.C.n. reperta sunt, veterrima artificia aurea omni in mundo usque ad praesens nota.[13] Cultura Karanovo paene simul ac cultura Varnensis vigebat, et eius strata soli stratigraphiam historiae latioris regionis Balcanicae suppeditant.
Nonnulla ex prima indicia vitis cultae pecorisque mansuefacti cum cultura Ezero aetate aenea consociata sunt.[14] Adumbrationes in spelunca Magura ex eadem aetate exstant, sed anni ignoti sunt.
Historia recentior
[recensere | fontem recensere]Gentes Bulgares, Asparukho duce, ab anno 679 invaserunt incolaveruntque Moesiam et Scythiam Minorem. Pace cum Imperio Romano anno 681 impetrata et Pliska capite condito, Primum Imperium Bulgaricum ad fines Imperii Byzantii demum institutum est. Saeculis autem insequentibus, bellum contra Imperium Byzantinum pluries gessit, ne omnino excidatur.
Bulgaria ab Imperii Ottomanici irruptione saeculo quarto decimo succumbita, libertatem anno 1878 recuperavit, totam libertatem anno 1908 pronuntians. Paulo postea, annos 1912 et 1913, in bellis Balcanicis implicata est. Per primum bellum mundanum iuxta nationes victas pugnavit.
Secundo bello mundano, foedere cum Germania nazistica et Italia fascistica facta, Bulgaria funditus profligata est. Die 28 Octobris 1944, indutias cum Unione Sovietica, Britanniarum Regno, et Civitatibus Foederatis signavit, atque hoc factu foedus cum Germania finivit. Post hanc cladem, Unio Sovietica domina dictaturam communisticam in Bulgaria coepit. Anno 1946, regnum finitum et res publica popularis pronuntiata est. Dictatura finem habuit anno 1989. Anno autem 1990, communismo desito, Bulgaria prima comitia cum variarum factionum societate habere coepit.
Bulgaria Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico septentrionali pars ex anno 2004 facta est, et Unioni Europaeae anno 2007 haesit.
Nexus interni
- Abecedarium Cyrillicum
- Abecedarium Glagoliticum
- Aetas migrationum
- Antiquitas classica
- Avari
- Bella Byzantino–Bulgarica
- Bogomilismus
- Bulgaria Ottomanensis
- Bulgaria Rhaensis
- Cultura Varnensis
- Danuvius
- Europa Neolithica
- Gothi
- Historia Balcaniae
- Historia Europae
- Hunni
- Lingua Bulgarica
- Lingua Protoindoeuropaea
- Necropolis Varnensis
- Scythae
- Slavi
- Slavi Meridiani
- Transylvania
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Sirakov et al. 2010.
- ↑ Joseph Roisman et Ian Worthington, "A companion to Ancient Macedonia," (Novi Eboraci: John Wiley 2011), ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7, 135–38, 343–45.
- ↑ "The Expedition of Cyrus".
- ↑ Runciman 1930: 26.
- ↑ "Bulgaria: Introduction." Bibliotheca Congressionalis.
- ↑ Kirkpatrick Sale, After Eden: The evolution of human domination (Duke University Press, 2006), 48; Google Books.
- ↑ "The Neolithic Dwellings." Archivum: situs interretialis Musei Domuum Neolithicarum Stara Zagora.
- ↑ Vladimir Slavchev, "Monuments of the final phase of Cultures Hamangia and Savia on the territory of Bulgaria," Revista Pontica 37–38 (2004–2005): 9–20. PDF.
- ↑ John Chapman, Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places, and Broken Objects (Londinii: Routledge, 2000), 239. ISBN 978-0-415-15803-9.
- ↑ Nick Squires, "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town," The Daily Telegraph, 31 Octobris 2012.
- ↑ Vaysov, I. (2002). Атлас по история на Стария свят. Sofia. p. 14 (in Bulgarian).
- ↑ Rectio Franciae, "The Gumelnita Culture": "The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture."
- ↑ Lance Grande, Gems and gemstones: Timeless natural beauty of the mineral world (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 292. ISBN 978-0-226-30511-0: "The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600BC and 4,200BC)."
- ↑ J. P. Mallory, "Ezero Culture," Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997).
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]Inspectiones generales
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Chary, Frederick B. 2000. "Bulgaria (History)." In Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe, ed. Richard Frucht, 91-113. Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing.
- Chary, Frederick B. 2011. The History of Bulgaria. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Pars textus; Omnis textus.
- Crampton, R. J. 1990. Bulgaria. Oxford History of Modern Europe. Pars textus; etiam omnis textus interretialis.
- Crampton, R. J. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Pars textus et investigation.
- Detrez, Raymond. 2006. Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Ed. secunda. ISBN 978-0-8108-4901-3.
- Hristov, Hristo. 1985. History of Bulgaria. E Bulgario sermone conversus e Stefan Kostov, editore Dimiter Markovski. Sophiae: Sofia Press.
- Jelavich, Barbara. 1983. History of the Balkans. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521252490 (v. 1), ISBN 0521274583 (pbk.: v. 1), ISBN 0521254485 (v. 2), ISBN 0521274591.
- Kossev, D., H. Hristov, et D. Angelov. 1963. Short history of Bulgaria. Conversus a Marguerite Alexieval et Nicolai Koledarov; illustratus ab Ivan Bogdanov et Vladislav Paskalev. Sophiae: Foreign Languages Press.
- Lampe, John R, et Marvin R. Jackson. 1982. Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations. Editio interretialis.
- Lampe, John R. 1986. The Bulgarian Economy in the 20th century. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312107854.
- MacDermott, Mercia. 1962. A History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885. Editio interretialis.
- Todorov, Nikolai. (1921) 1975. A Short history of Bulgaria. Conversus a L. Dimitrova. Sophiae: Sofia Press.
- Demeter, G., et P. Peykovska, eds. 2015. Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th-21st Centuries: Hungarian and Bulgarian Approaches. Sophiae et Budapestini: Institute for Historical Studies et BAS. ISBN 9789542903208, ISBN 9789634160090. Res interretialis.
Ante 1939
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Black, Cyril E. 1943. The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria. Princeton University Press.
- Constant, Stephen. 1979. Foxy Ferdinand, 1861–1948: Tsar of Bulgaria. Londinii Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0283985151.
- Forbes, Nevill. 1915. Balkans: A history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey.
- Hall, Richard C. 1996. Bulgaria's Road to the First World War. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
- Jelavich, Charles, et Barbara Jelavich. 1977. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920.
- Perry; Duncan M. 1993. Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895. Editio interretialis.
- Pundeff, Marin. 1992. "Bulgaria." In The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century, ed. Joseph Held, 65–118. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
- Runciman; Steven. 1930. A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Editio interretialis.
- Stavrianos, L. S. 1958. The Balkans since 1453. Editio interretialis.
Post 1939
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Bar-Zohar, Michael. Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews
- Bell, John D., ed. 1998. Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Editio interretialis.
- Dimitrova, Alexenia. The Iron Fist: Inside the Bulgarian secret archives.
- Groueff, Stephane. Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918–1943.
- Pundeff, Marin. 1992. "Bulgaria." In The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century, ed. Joseph Held, 65–118. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust.
- Todorov, Tzvetan. Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria.
Historiographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Baeva, Iskra. 2007. "An Attempt to Revive Foreign Interest to Bulgarian History." Bulgarian Historical Review / Revue Bulgare d'Histoire 1 (2): 266-68.
- Birman, Mikhail. 2001. "Bulgarian Jewry and the Holocaust: History and Historiography." Shvut 10: 160–81.
- Daskalov, Roumen. 2007. "The Social History of Bulgaria: Topics and Approaches." East Central Europe 34 (1-2): 83–103. Abstractum.
- Daskalov, Roumen. 2004. Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival.
- Daskalova, Krassimira. 2004. "The politics of a discipline: women historians in twentieth century Bulgaria." Rivista internazionale di storia della storiografia 46): 171-87.
- Davidova, Evguenia. 2002. "A Centre in the Periphery: Merchants during the Ottoman period in Modern Bulgarian Historiography (1890s-1990s)." Journal of European Economic History 31 (3): 663–86.
- Grozdanova, Elena. 2005. "Bulgarian Ottoman Studies at the Turn of Two Centuries: Continuity And Innovation." Etudes Balkaniques 41 (3): 93–146.
- Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet. 2006. "The Ottoman Administration of Bulgaria and Macedonia during the 19th-20th Centuries in Recent Turkish Historiography: Contributions, Deficiencies and Perspectives." Turkish Review of Balkan Studies 11: 85–123.
- Meininger, Thomas A. 1996. "A Troubled Transition: Bulgarian Historiography, 1989–94." Contemporary European History 5 (1): 103–18.
- Mosely, Philip E. 1937. "The Post-War Historiography of Modern Bulgaria." Journal of Modern History 9 (3): 348–66. Editio JSTOR.
- Robarts, Andrew. 2008. "The Danube Vilayet and Bulgar-Turkish Compromise Proposal of 1867 in Bulgarian Historiography." International Journal of Turkish Studies 14 (1-2): 61–74.
- Todorova, Maria. 1992. "Historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria." American Historical Review 97 (4): 1105–17. Editio JSTOR.
Aliae res
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Dimitrov, Bozhidar. 2005. 12 Myths in Bulgarian History. Sophiae: KOM Foundation.
- The 7th Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria (The Golden Prehistoric Civilization, Civilization of Thracians and Macedonians, Hellenistic Civilization, Roman [Empire] Civilization, Byzantine [Empire] Civilization, Bulgarian Civilization, Islamic Civilization), by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia, 2005 (108 p.)
Nexus externi
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