Gafiş
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Clusius_Enzian02.jpg/220px-Clusius_Enzian02.jpg)
Gafiş (Gentiana) navê çîneke riwekên famîleya gafiş û melvaşan (Gentianaceae) e. Hin cureyên gafişan bi dermanfiroşiyê tên çandin, hinek jî bo baxçevaniyê. Salane, dusalane û pirrsalane ne. Li seranser erdxanê nêzîkî 300 heya 400 cureyên vê riwekê hene. Li Afrîkayê nayên dîtin. Pirranî li nîvkada bakur diçên. Li Ewropayê 35 cure hatine hejmartin, bi taybetî li Alpan.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KochscherEnzian.jpg/220px-KochscherEnzian.jpg)
(Gentiana acaulis)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gentiana-clusii-ClusiusEnzian.jpg/220px-Gentiana-clusii-ClusiusEnzian.jpg)
(Gentiana clusii)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gentiana_cruciata_030705b.jpg/220px-Gentiana_cruciata_030705b.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gentiana_frigida_a1.jpg/220px-Gentiana_frigida_a1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gentiana_lutea_230705.jpg/220px-Gentiana_lutea_230705.jpg)
(Gentiana lutea)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gentiana_nivalis_a1.jpg/220px-Gentiana_nivalis_a1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gentiana_pannonica.jpg/220px-Gentiana_pannonica.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gentiana_pneumonanthe_110807.jpg/220px-Gentiana_pneumonanthe_110807.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gentiana_punctata_080603.jpg/220px-Gentiana_punctata_080603.jpg)
(Gentiana punctata)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Purpurenzian1.jpg/220px-Purpurenzian1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gentiana_utriculosa_230705.jpg/220px-Gentiana_utriculosa_230705.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gentiana-verna2.jpg/220px-Gentiana-verna2.jpg)
(Gentiana verna)
(Gentiana ×Macauleyi hort.)
Sîstematîk
[biguhêre | çavkaniyê biguhêre]Çîna Gentiana sala 1753'yê ji aliyê Carl von Linné ve, di Species Plantarum, 1, rûpel 227–232'yê de hatiye binavkirin. Navên din ên vê çînê: Calathiana Delarbre, Chondrophylla A.Nelson, Ciminalis Adans., Dasystephana Adans., Ericala Gray orth. var. Eurythalia D.Don orth. var., Favargera Á.Löve & D.Löve, Gentianodes Á.Löve & D.Löve, Holubogentia Á.Löve & D.Löve, Kuepferella M.Laínz, Kurramiana Omer & Qaiser, Mehraea Á.Löve & D.Löve, Pneumonanthe Gled., Qaisera Omer, Tretorhiza Adans., Ulostoma G.Don. in.
- Gentiana affinis Griseb.
- Gentiana alata T.N.Ho
- Gentiana alba Muhl.: USA
- Gentiana albicalyx Burkill
- Gentiana albomarginata C.Marquand
- Gentiana algida Pall.
- Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho
- Gafişa alpînî (Gentiana alpina Vill.)
- Gentiana alsinoides Franch.
- Gentiana altigena HarrySm.
- Gentiana altorum Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
- Gentiana ×ambigua Hayek
- Gentiana amplicrater Burkill
- Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.: USA
- Gentiana angustifolia Vill.
- Gentiana anisostemon C.Marquand
- Gentiana aperta Maxim.
- Gentiana apiata N.E.Br.
- Gentiana aquatica L.
- Gentiana arenicola Kerr
- Gentiana arethusae Burkill
- Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don
- Gentiana arisanensis Hayata
- Gentiana aristata Maxim.
- Gafişa dûvmeqeskê (Gentiana asclepiadea L.)
- Gentiana asterocalyx Diels
- Gentiana atlantica Litard. & Maire
- Gentiana atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.
- Gentiana austromontana J.S.Pringle & Sharp
- Gentiana autumnalis L.: USA
- Gentiana axilliflora Levl. & Vaniot
- Gentiana baeuerlenii L.G.Adams
- Gentiana bambuseti T.Y.Hsieh, T.C.Hsu, S.M.Ku & C.I Peng
- Gafişa bayernî (Gentiana bavarica L.)
- Gentiana beamanii J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana bella Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana bicuspidata (G.Don) Briq.
- Gentiana ×billingtonii Farw.
- Gentiana boissieri Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss.
- Gentiana bokorensis Hul
- Gentiana borneensis Hook. f.
- Gentiana boryi Boiss.
- Gafişa belgkurt (Gentiana brachyphylla Vill.)
- Gentiana bryoides Burkill
- Gentiana burseri Lapeyr.
- Gentiana cachemirica Decne.
- Gentiana caelestis (C.Marquand) Harry Sm.
- Gentiana caeruleogrisea T.N.Ho
- Gentiana caliculata Lex.
- Gentiana calycosa Griseb.
- Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
- Gentiana carinata (D.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana carinicostata Wernham
- Gentiana caryophyllea HarrySm.
- Gentiana catesbaei Walter
- Gentiana cephalantha Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana cephalodes Edgew.
- Gentiana ×charpentieri Thomas ex Hegetschw.
- Gentiana chateri T.N.Ho
- Gentiana chinensis Kusn.
- Gentiana choanantha C.Marquand
- Gentiana chosenica Okuyama
- Gentiana chungtienensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana clarkei Kusn.
- Gentiana clausa Raf.
- Gafişa alpî (Gentiana clusii Perr. & Songeon)
- Gentiana confertifolia C.Marquand
- Gentiana coronata (D.Don ex Royle) Griseb.
- Gentiana crassa Kurz
- Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkill
- Gentiana crassula HarrySm.
- Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.
- Gentiana cristata HarrySm.
- Gafişa xaçkî (Gentiana cruciata L.)
- Gentiana cruttwellii HarrySm.
- Gentiana cuneibarba HarrySm.
- Gentiana × curtisii J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana dahurica Fisch.
- Gentiana damyonensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana davidii Franch.
- Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
- Gentiana decora Pollard
- Gentiana decorata Diels
- Gentiana decumbens L. f.
- Gentiana delavayi Franch.
- Gentiana deltoidea HarrySm.
- Gentiana dendrologi C.Marquand
- Gentiana densiflora T.N.Ho
- Gentiana depressa D.Don
- Gentiana ×digenea Jakow.
- Gentiana dinarica Beck
- Gentiana divaricata T.N.Ho
- Gentiana diversifolia Merr.
- Gentiana douglasiana Bang
- Gentiana doxiongshangensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana dschungarica Regel
- Gentiana duclouxii Franch.
- Gentiana durangensis Villarreal
- Gentiana ecaudata C.Marquand
- Gentiana elmeriana Halda
- Gentiana elwesii C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana emodi C.Marquand ex Sealy
- Gentiana ettingshausenii F.Muell.
- Gentiana exigua HarrySm.
- Gentiana expansa HarrySm.
- Gentiana faucipilosa HarrySm.
- Gentiana fieldiana J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana filistyla Balf. f. & Forrest
- Gentiana flavomaculata Hayata
- Gentiana flexicaulis HarrySm.
- Gentiana formosa HarrySm.
- Gentiana forrestii C.Marquand
- Gentiana franchetiana Kusn.
- Gentiana fremontii Torr.
- Gafişa lîtvanî (Gentiana frigida Haenke
- Gafişa Karavankeyê (Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb.)
- Gentiana futtereri Diels & Gilg
- Gentiana ×gaudiniana Thomas ex W.D.J.Koch
- Gentiana gelida M.Bieb.
- Gentiana gentilis Franch.
- Gentiana georgei Diels
- Gentiana gilvostriata C.Marquand
- Gentiana glauca Pall.
- Gentiana grandiflora Laxm.
- Gentiana ×grandilacustris J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana grata HarrySm.
- Gentiana × grisebachiana Rouy
- Gentiana grumii Kusn.
- Gentiana gyirongensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana ×haengstii Hausm.
- Gentiana handeliana HarrySm.
- Gentiana haraldi-smithii Halda
- Gentiana harrowiana Diels
- Gentiana haynaldii Kanitz
- Gentiana heleonastes HarrySm.
- Gentiana helophila Balf. f. & Forrest
- Gentiana hesseliana Hosseus
- Gentiana hexaphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana himalayensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana hirsuta Ma & E.W.Ma ex T.N.Ho
- Gentiana hohoxiliensis S.K.Wu & R.F.Huang
- Gentiana hooperi J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana hugelii Griseb.
- Gentiana huxleyi Kusn.
- Gentiana ×hybrida Schleich. ex DC.: Europa
- Gentiana infelix C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana intricata C.Marquand
- Gentiana jamesii Hemsl.
- Gentiana jarmilae Halda
- Gentiana jingdongensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana jouyana Hul
- Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang
- Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh.
- Gentiana khammouanensis Hul
- Gentiana kurroo Royle
- Gentiana kwangsiensis T.N. Ho
- Gentiana lacerulata HarrySm.
- Gentiana laevigata M.Martens & Galeotti
- Gentiana langbianensis A.Chev. ex S.Hul
- Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl.
- Gentiana lawrencei Burkill
- Gentiana laxiflora T.N.Ho
- Gentiana leptoclada Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana leroyana Hul Accepted
- Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim.
- Gentiana lhassica Burkill
- Gentiana liangshanensis Z.Y.Zhu
- Gentiana licentii Harry Sm.
- Gentiana ligustica R.Vilm. & Chopinet
- Gentiana linearis Froel.
- Gentiana lineolata Franch.
- Gentiana linoides Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana loerzingii Ridl.
- Gentiana longicollis G.L.Nesom
- Gentiana loureiroi (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana lowryi Hul
- Gafişa zer (Gentiana lutea L.)
- Gentiana lycopodioides Stapf
- Gentiana macgregoryi Hemsl.
- Gentiana macrophylla Pall.
- Gentiana maeulchanensis Franch.
- Gentiana mairei H.Lév.
- Gentiana makinoi Kusn.
- Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
- Gentiana ×marcailhouana Rouy
- Gentiana ×marceli-jouseaui Halda
- Gentiana masonii T.N.Ho
- Gentiana ×media Arv.-Touv.
- Gentiana meiantha (C.B.Clarke) HarrySm.
- Gentiana melandriifolia Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana membranulifera T.N.Ho
- Gentiana micans C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana micantiformis Burkill
- Gentiana microdonta Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana microphyta Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana mirandae Paray
- Gentiana moniliformis C.Marquand
- Gentiana muscicola C.Marquand
- Gentiana myrioclada Franch.
- Gentiana namlaensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana nanobella C.Marquand
- Gentiana nerterifolia P.Royen
- Gentiana newberryi A.Gray
- Gentiana nipponica Maxim.
- Gafişa berfê (Gentiana nivalis L.)
- Gentiana nopscae (Jáv.) Wraber
- Gentiana nubigena Edgew.
- Gentiana nudicaulis Kurz
- Gentiana nyalamensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana obconica T.N.Ho
- Gentiana officinalis Harry Sm.
- Gentiana olgae Regel ex Schmalh.
- Gentiana oligophylla HarrySm.
- Gentiana olivieri Griseb.
- Gafişa belglover (Gentiana orbicularis Schur)
- Gentiana oreodoxa HarrySm.
- Gentiana ornata (D.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
- Gentiana oschtenica Woronow
- Gentiana otophora Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana otophoroides HarrySm.
- Gentiana ovatiloba Kusn.
- Gentiana pachyphylla Merr.
- Gentiana ×pallidocyanea J.S.Pringle
- Gafişa macarî, Pannonischer Enzian, Ungarischer Enzian (Gentiana pannonica Scop.)
- Gentiana panthaica Prain & Burkill
- Gentiana papillosa Franch.
- Gentiana paradoxa Albov
- Gentiana parryae C.Marquand
- Gentiana parryi Engelm.
- Gentiana parvula HarrySm.
- Gentiana pedata HarrySm.
- Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall.
- Gentiana penetii (Litard. & Maire) Romo
- Gentiana perpusilla Brandegee
- Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana piasezkii Maxim.
- Gentiana picta Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana platypetala Griseb.
- Gentiana plurisetosa C.T.Mason
- Gafişa cîgerê (Gentiana pneumonanthe L.)
- Gentiana praeclara C.Marquand
- Gentiana praticola Franch.
- Gentiana prattii Kusn.
- Gentiana primuliflora Franch.
- Gentiana producta T.N.Ho
- Gentiana prolata Balf. f.
- Gafişa veketî (Gentiana prostrata Haenke)
- Gentiana pseudosquarrosa HarrySm.
- Gentiana pterocalyx Franch.
- Gentiana puberulenta J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana pubigera C.Marquand
- Gentiana pulvinarum W.W.Sm.
- Gafişa bênirx (Gentiana pumila Jacq.
- Gentiana pumilio Standl. & Steyerm.
- Gafişa bitilim (Gentiana punctata L.)
- Gafişa mor (Gentiana purpurea L.)
- Gentiana pyrenaica L.
- Gentiana qiujiangensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana quadrifaria Blume
- Gentiana radiata C.Marquand
- Gentiana recurvata C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana rhodantha Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana riparia Kar. & Kir.
- Gentiana robusta King ex Hook. f.
- Gentiana rostanii Reut. ex Verlot
- Gentiana rubicunda Franch.
- Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein.
- Gentiana sagarmathae Miyam. & H.Ohba
- Gentiana saginifolia Wernham
- Gentiana saginoides Burkill
- Gentiana saltuum C.Marquand
- Gentiana saponaria L.: USA
- Gentiana satsunanensis T.Yamaz.
- Gafişa payîzî ya japonî (Gentiana scabra Bunge)
- Gentiana scabrida Hayata
- Gentiana sceptrum Griseb.
- Gentiana sedifolia Kunth
- Gentiana septemfida Pall.
- Gentiana serra Franch.
- Gentiana setigera A.Gray
- Gentiana shaanxiensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana sierrae Briq.
- Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana sikokiana Maxim.
- Gentiana simulatrix C.Marquand
- Gafişa zêr û ziber a çînî (Gentiana sino-ornata Balf. f.
- Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana souliei Franch.
- Gentiana spathacea Kunth
- Gentiana spathulifolia Kusn.
- Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.
- Gentiana stellata Turrill
- Gentiana stellulata HarrySm.
- Gentiana stipitata Edgew.
- Gentiana stragulata Balf. f. & Forrest
- Gentiana straminea Maxim.
- Gentiana striata Maxim.
- Gentiana stylophora C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana suborbisepala C.Marquand
- Gentiana subpolytrichoides Grubov
- Gentiana subuliformis S.W.Liu
- Gentiana sumatrana Ridl.
- Gentiana susamyrensis Pachom.
- Gentiana sutchuenensis Franch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz
- Gentiana taiwanica T.N.Ho
- Gentiana takushii T.Yamaz.
- Gentiana taliensis Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana tatsienensis Franch.
- Gentiana terglouensis Hacq.:
- Gafişa Trîglavê (Gentiana terglouensis Hacq. subsp. terglouensis)
- Gafişa lavlavkok (Gentiana terglouensis subsp. schleicheri (Vacc.) Tutin., Syn.: Gentiana schleicheri (Vacc.) Kunz)
- Gentiana ternifolia Franch.
- Gentiana tetraphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas
- Gentiana tetrasticha C.Marquand
- Gentiana thunbergii (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. ex Kusn.
- Gafişa tîbetî (Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook. f.)
- Gentiana timida Kerr
- Gentiana tongolensis Franch.
- Gentiana tonkinensis Hul
- Gentiana trichotoma Kusn.
- Gentiana tricolor Diels & Gilg
- Gentiana triflora Pall.
- Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana uchiyamai Nakai
- Gentiana ulmeri Merr.
- Gentiana uniflora Georgi
- Gentiana urnula HarrySm.
- Gentiana vandellioides Hemsl.
- Gentiana vandewateri Wernham
- Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl.
- Gentiana venosa Hemsl.
- Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
- Gentiana vernayi C.Marquand
- Gentiana viatrix Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
- Gentiana villifera H.W.Li ex T.N.Ho
- Gentiana villosa L.
- Gentiana waltonii Burkill
- Gentiana walujewii Regel & Schmalh.
- Gentiana wangchukii E.Aitken & D.G.Long
- Gentiana wardii W.W.Sm.
- Gentiana wasenensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana wilsonii C.Marquand
- Gentiana winchuanensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana wingecarribiensis L.G.Adams
- Gentiana wootchuliana W.Paik
- Gentiana xanthonannos Harry Sm.
- Gentiana yakushimensis Makino
- Gentiana yokusai Burkill
- Gentiana yunnanensis Franch.
- Gentiana zekuensis T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
- Gentiana zollingeri Fawc.
Wêje
[biguhêre | çavkaniyê biguhêre]- Xaver Finkenzeller: Alpenblumen, München 2003, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 (almanî)
- Manfred A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 (almanî)
- Hansjörg Küster: Geschichte der Landschaft in Mitteleuropa. München 1999, ISBN 3-406-45357-0 (almanî)
Girêdanên derve
[biguhêre | çavkaniyê biguhêre]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Bilder der österreichischen Arten und durch einen Klick ein Steckbrief der Art bei Botanik im Bild - Flora von Österreich. (bi almanî ye)
Ev gotara kurt şitlekê ye. Heke tu bixwazî berfireh bikî pê li biguhêre bike. (Çawa?) |