Bab Maali
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bob-Marley.jpg/140px-Bob-Marley.jpg)
Posnal infamieshan
Ded: Mai 11 1981, Mayami, Flarida, Yunaitid Stiet
Nashinaliti: Jumiekan
Profeshnal infamieshan
Bab Maali (baan Rabat Nesta Maali, Febiweri 6 1945, a Nain Mail, Jumieka), wehna Jumiekan rege-haatis ahn sang raita. Ihm ded pahn Mie 11 1981 ina Mayami, Flarida. Ihm wehna wan a di bigis rege-haatis. Ihm mek rege myuuzik wel papila chuu di wuol werl but ihm no onggl pred fiim myuuzik, ihm pred Jah mechiz chuu di werl tu.
Herli laif ahn karier
[change up | change up di source]Rabat Nesta Maali (Robert Nesta Marley) eh-baan pan ih maternal grampa faam a Nain Mail, Sint An Parish, Jumieka, tu Naaval Singklier Maali (Norval Sinclair Marley, 1885-1955) ahn Sidela Buka (Cedella Booker, 1926-2008)[1]. Naaval Maali (Norval Marley) ena wah wait Jumiekan arijinali frah Sosex, Ingglan, uufa fambili kliem Sirian Juwish arijin[2][3][4]. Naaval kliem se ihm ena kiaptin ina di Rayal Mariinz[5]; a di taim wen ihm marid tu Sidela Buka (Cedella Booker), wah Afro-Jumiekan den 18 ier uol, ih weh emplai az plantieshan uobasier[5][6]. Duo Bab Maali eh niem Nesta Robert Marley, wah Jumiekan paaspuot ofishal uda lieta rivoers ih fos ah migl niemdem[7][8]. Naaval provaid finanshal supuot fi ih waif ah pitni bot skiesli si dem kaaz ih weh gaan we muotaim. Bab Maali aten Stepni Praimri ah Juunia Ai Skuul we saab di kiachment ieria a Sint An[9][10]. Ina 1955, wen Bab Maali a 10 ier uol, ih faada ded fram aat atak a di hiej a 70[11].
Maali ah Nevl Livinstan (Neville Livingston) (lieta nuo az Boni Wiela) ena kombolo frah dem a pitni a Nain Mail. Dem eh-taat fi plie myuuzik tugiada wails deh de a Stepni Praimri ah Juunia Ai Skuul[12]. Maali lef Nain Mail wid ih mada wen im a 12 ah muuv gaa Chrench Tong, Kinston. Sidela Buka ah Tadios Livinstan (Thadeus Livingston) (fi Boni Wiela faada) eh-ab wah daata tugiada uu deh niem Poerl, uu wena yongga sista tu buot Bab ah Boni. Nou dat Maali ah Livinstan ena-lib tugiada ina di siem ous ina Chrench Tong, deh myuuzikal expluorieshan diipn fi hingkluud di lietis R&B fran Amoerkan riedio stieshan uufa braadkyaas kuda kech Jumieka, ah di nyuu Skia myuuzik[13]. Di muuv tu Chrench Tong pruuv fi bi faachunet, az Maali kuiktaim fain ihself ina vuokal gruup wid Boni Wiela, Piita Toch, Bevali Kelso ah Juunia Bratwiet. Juo Igz, uu wena paat a di soxesful vuokal ak Igz ah Wilsn (Higgs and Wilson), eh-rizaid pah 3d Schriit, an ih singin paadna Rai Wilsn eh-riez bai fi Juunia Bratwiet grani. Igz ah Wilsn uda ryoers a di bak a di ousdem bitwiin 2n ah 3d Schriit, an a neh lang bifuo Maali (nou ih de-rizaid pah 2n St.), Juunia Bratwiet ah deh adawandem ena-kanggrigiet rong disaya soxesful dyuo[14]. Maali ah di res neh plie no hinschument a disaya taim, az deh weh muo hinchestid fi bi a vuokal aamani gruup. Igz eh glad fi elp dem divelop deh vuokal aamani, alduo muo impuotant, ih eh-taat fi laan Maali ou fi plie gitaar—bai so dwiin ih kriet di bedrak we wuda lieta lou Maali fi kanschok som a di bigis-selin rege sing ina di ischri a die jahra[15][16].
Myuuzikal karier
[change up | change up di source]1962-72: Hoerli ierdem
[change up | change up di source]Ina Febiweri 1962, Maali rekaad fuo sing, "Joj Nat", "Wan Kop a Kaafi", "Yu Stil Lob Mi?" ah "Tera", a Fedaral Styuujo fi luokal myuuzik projuusa Lezli Kang (Leslie Kong).[24] Chrii a di sing eh-riliis pah Bevaliz ah "Wan Kop a Kaafi” riliis anda di suudonim Babi Maatel (Bobby Martell).[25]
Ina 1963, Bab Maali, Boni Wiela, Piita Toch, Juunia Bratwiet, Bevali Kelso, ah Cheri Simit eh kaal Di Tiiniejaz. Deh lieta chienj di niem tu Di Wielin Ruudbwaiz, den tu di Wielin Wielaz, a we paint deh diskova bai rekaad projuusa Kaxuon Dad (Coxsone Dodd), ah fainali tu Di Wielaz. Deh singgl "Sima Dong" fi di Kaxsuon liebl bikom Jumiekan #1 ina Febiweri 1964 bai sel wa estimiet a 70,000 kapi.[26] Di Wielaz, nou rekaad regiula fi Styuujo Wan, fain dehself a-wok wid extablish Jumiekan myuuzishan laka hOernis Rangglin (Ernest Ranglin arienja "Iat Fi Bi Aluon” [It Hurts To Be Alone],[27] di kiibuodis Jaki Mitu (Jackie Mittoo) ah saxofuonis Ruolan Alfanso (Roland Alphonso). Bai 1966, Bratwiet, Kelso, ah Simit eh-lef Di Wielaz, lef di kuor chriyo a Bab Maali, Boni Wiela, ah Piita Toch.[28]
Ina 1966, Maali marid tu Rita Andisn (Rita Anderson), ah muuv nier ih mada rezidens ina Wilmintan, Delawier ina di Yunaitid Stiet fi wah shaat taim, wentaim ih wok az wah DuPant lab asistant ah pah di asembli lain a wah Kraisla plaant, anda di ielias Danal Maali.[29]
Duo ih eh-riez az Kiaklik, Maali bikom inchestid ina Rastafarai biliif ina di 1960z, wen ih get we fran ih mada influens.[30] Afta ih gubak a Jumieka, Maali faamali kanvoert tu Rastafarai ah bigin gruo ih jredlax. Di Rastafarai proskripshan gens ier kotin bies pah di biblikal Samsn, uu az Nazirait, eh-expek fi mek soertn rilijos vou, ingkluudn di richual chriitment a ih ier az diskraib ina Chapta Six a di Buk a Nomba:
- Ebri die a di vou a ih separieshan nat a rieza fi kom pan ih ed: tel di taim fulfil, wen ih separiet out ihself tu di Laad, ih wi bi uoli, ah wi mek di lax a di ier pan ih head gruo. (Nombaz 6: 5)
Afta finanshal kantenshan wid Dad, Maali an ih ban tiimop wid Lii “Skrach” Peri (Lee "Scratch" Perry) an ih styuujo ban, Di Opsetaz. Alduo di alayans laas les dah wan ier, wa deh rekaad nof piipl kansida az Di Wielaz fainis wok. Maali ah Peri splitop afta wah kas-kas rigyaadin di asainment a rekaadin raits, bot deh rimien fren ah fren ah wuda wok tugiada agen.
![Exterior of Bob Marley's apartment building in London.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bob_Marley_apartment_in_London.jpg/220px-Bob_Marley_apartment_in_London.jpg)
Bitwiin 1968 ah 1972, Bab ah Rita Maali, Piita Toch ah Boni Wiela rii-kot soh uol chrak wid JAD Rekaad ina Kinston ah Landan fi atemp fi komoershalaiz Di Wielaz song. Boni lieta asoert se demaya sing "shuda neba riliis ina albom ... deh wena onggl demo fi rekaad kompini lisn". Ina 1968, Bab ah Rita visit singraita Jimi Naaman (Jimmy Norman) a ih apaatment ina di Brangx. Naaman eh-rait di extendid lirix fi Kai Winding "Time Is on My Side" (kova bai di Ruolin Stuonz) ah ih eh aalso rait fi Jani Nash ah Jimi Enjrix.[31] Wah chrii-die jam seshan wid Naaman ah adawandem, ingkluudn Naaman kuo-raita Al Pyfrom, rizolt ina wah 24-minit tiep a Maali a-pofaam wuoliip a ih uona ah Naaman-Pyfrom kompozishan. Dis tiep, askaadn tu Rege aakaivis Raja Stefenz (Roger Steffens), rier sens iweh influens bai pap muo dah rege, az paat a efoert fi Maali brok ina di Amoerkan chaat.[31] Askaadn tu wah aatikl ina Di Nyuu Yaak Taimz, Maali experiment pah di tiep wid difrah-difrah song, bai adap wah duu-wap stail pah "Tan Wid Mi" ah "di sluo lob sing stail a 1960z aatisdem" pah "Splish fi Mi Splash".[31] Aatis stil fi extablish ihself outsaida ih nietiv Jumieka, Maali lib ina Rijmount Gyaadn, Bluumzberi, juurin 1972.[32]
1972-74: Muuv tu Ailan Rekaad
[change up | change up di source]Ina 1972, Bab Maali sain wid CBS Rekaad a Landan ah imbaak pan a UK tuor wid Amoerkan suol singa Jani Nash (Johnny Nash).[33] Wails deh de a Landan di Wielaz ax deh ruod manija Brent Klaak (Brent Clarke) fi inchajuus dem tu Kris Blakwel (Chris Blackwell) uu eh-laisn som a deh Kaxuon riliis fi ih Ailan Rekaadz. Di Wielaz eh-inten fi diskos di rayalti asosietid wid demde riliis; steda dat di miitn rizolt ina di aafa a wah advans a £4,000 fi rekaad wah albom.[34] Sens Jimi Klif, fi Ailan tap rege staar, eh riisantli lef di liebl, Blakwel eh-praim fi a ripliesment. Ina Maali, Blakwel rekanaiz di eliment we eh-niid fi kech di rak aadiens: "Mi wena diil wid rak myuuzik, we a riili rebl myuuzik. Mi eh-fiil se dat uda riilli bi di wie fi brokout Jumiekan myuuzik. Bot yu niid smadi uu kuda bi datde imij. Wen Bab waakiin ih riili wena dat imij."[35] Di Wielaz ritoern a Jumieka fi rekaad wid Ari J ina Kinston we rizolt ina di albom Kech a Faya.
Praimerili rekaad pah wah iet-chrak Kech a Faya maak di fos taim wah rege ban eh-ab axes tu stiet-a-di-aat styuujo ah weh akaad di siem kier az deh rak ah ruol pierdem.[35] Blakwel eh-dizaya fi kriet "muo a jrif-jrif, ipnatik-taip fiil dan a rege ridim",[36] ah rischrokcha Maali mix ah arienjmentdem. Maali chrabl gaa Landan fi syuupavaiz Blakwel uovadobin a di albom we ingkluud we ih tempa-tempa di mix frah di bies-ebi song a Jumiekan myuuzik ah we ih omit tuu chrak.[35]
Di Wielaz fos albom fi hAilan, Kech a Faya, weh-riliis wolwaid ina hIepril 1973, pakij laka rak rekaad wid wah yuuniik Zippo laita lifop-tap. Inishali hi sel 14,000 yuunit, neh mek Maali ton no staar, bot irisiiiv pazitiv kritikal risepshan.[35] Iweh-fala lieta datde ier bai di albom Boernin we ingkluud di sing "Ai Shat di Sherif". Erik Klaptan (Eric Clapton) get di albom fran ih gitaaris Jaaj Teri (George Terry) uu weh-uop se ih uda eh-injai hi.[37] Klaptan eh suutebli impres ah chuuz fi rekaad wah kova voerjan a "Ai Shat di Sherif" we bikom ih fos US it sens "Layla" tuu hier hoerlia ah riich #1 pah di Bilbuod At 100 pah 14 Septemba 1974.[38] Nof Jumiekandem neh kiin pah di nyuu rege song pah Kech a Faya, bot di Chrench Tong stail a Boernin fain fan kraas buot rege ah rak aadiens.[35]
Juurin dis piiriad, Blakwel giwe ih Kinston rezidens ah kompini edkwaataz a 56 Uop Ruod (deh taim nuo az Ailan Ous) tu Maali. It ouz Tof Gang Styuujo, ah di prapati bikom no honggl Maali afis, bot azwel ih yaad.[35]
Di Wielaz eh-skejuul fi hopm sebmtiin shuo ina di US fi Slai ah di Fambili Stuon. Afta fuo shuo, di ban get faya bikaa deh weh muo papiula dah di akdem deh wena-opm fa.[39] Di Wielaz brokop ina 1974 ah iich a di chrii mien memba go poersyuu suolo kiarier. Di riizn fi di brokop shroudop ina kanjekcha; som piipl biliiv se a chuu disagriiment mongx Boni, Piita, ah Bab kansoernin pofaamans, wails adawandem kliem se Boni ah Piita simpli prefa suolo wok.
1974-76: Lainop chienj ah shuutin
[change up | change up di source]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bob-marley-wailers-crystal-palace.jpg/300px-Bob-marley-wailers-crystal-palace.jpg)
Dispait di brokop, Maali kantiniu rekaad az "Bab Maali & Di Wielaz". Ih nyuu bakin ban eh-ingkluud di bredadem Kaaltan ah Astan "Fambili Man" Baret pah jom ah bies rispektivli, Juunia Maavin ah Al Andisn pah liid gitaar, Tairuon Douni ah Oerl "Waya" Lindo pah kiibuod, ah Alvin "Siiko" Patisn pah pokoshan. Di "Ai Chriiz", kansis a Judi Muowat, Maasia Grifit, ah Maali waif, Rita, provaid bakin vuokal. Ina 1975, Maali ab ih intanashinal briekchuu wid ih fos it outsaida Jumieka, "No Uman, No Krai", frah di Nati Jred albom.[40] Dis fala bai ih briekchuu albom ina di Yunaitid Stiet, Rastaman Vaibrieshan (1976), we riich di Tap 50 a di Bilbuod Suol Chaat.[41]
Pah 3 Disemba 1976, tuu die bifuo "Sumail Jumieka", wah frii kansoert aaganaiz bai di Jumiekan Praim Minista Maikal Manli fi atemp fi hiiz tenshan bitwiin tuu waarin palitikal gruup, Maali, ih waif, ah manija Dan Tiela weh-wuundid ina asaalt bai anuon gonmandem ina Maali yaad. Tiela ah Maali waif sostien siiros injri, bot lieta mek ful rikovri. Bab Maali risiiv maina wuun ina ih chis ah haam.[42] Piipl tingk se di atemp pan ih laif palitikal motiviet, az nof piipl eh-fiil se di kansoert eh riilli wah rali fi supuot Manli. Nondiles, di kansoert prosiid, ah Maali wid ih hinjri pofaam az skejuul, tuu die afta di hatemp. Wen deh ax ou komz, Maali rispan se, "Di piipl uu a-chrai fi mek dis wol wosara naa tek no die aaf. So ou mi fi do so?" Di membadem a di gruup Zap Pow plie az Bab Maali bakop ban bifuo wah festival kroud a 80,000 wails di membadem a Di Wielaz eh stil misn ar a-aid.
1976-79: Rilokieshan gaa Ingglan
[change up | change up di source]Maali lef Jumieka a di hen a 1976, ah afta wah mont-lang "rikovri ah raitin" sojorn a di sait a Kris Blakwel Kompas Paint Stuujo ina Nasaa, Ba’aamaz, araiv a Ingglan, we ih spen tuu hier ina self-impuoz egzail.
Wails ina Ingglan, ih rekaad di albomdem Exidos ah Kaya. Exidos tan pah di British albom chaat fi fiti-six kansekiutiv wiik. Ihingkluud fuo UK it singgl: "Exidos", "Wietin in Vien", "Jamin", ah "Wan Lob" (a rendishan a Koertis Miefiil it, "Piipl Get Redi"). Juurin ih taim a Landan, ih get ares ah kanvik fi pozeshan a wah sumaal kuantiti a kianabis.[45] Ina 1978, Maali ritoern a Jumieka ah pofaam a waneda palitikal kansoert, di Wan Lob Piis Kansoert, agen ina wah efoert fi kaamdong di waarin paatidem. Nier di hen a di pofaamans, bai Maali rikues, Maikal Manli (liida a di den-ruulin Piiplz Nashinal Paati) an ih palitikal raival Edwad Siaga (liida a di hopuozin Jumieka Lieba Paati), jain deh wananeda pah stiej ah shiek an.[46]
Anda di niem Bab Maali ah di Wielaz ilebm albom eh-riliis, fuo laiv albom ah sebm styuujo albom. Di riliisdem ingkluud Babilan bai Bos, wah dobl laiv albom wid totiin chrak, eh-riliis ina 1978 ah risiiv kritikal akliem. Dis albom, ah spisifikali di fainal chrak "Jamin" wid di aadiens ina frenzi, kiapcha di intensiti a Maali laiv pofaamans.
1979-81: Lieta ierdem
[change up | change up di source]Sovaival, wah difayant ah palitikali chaaj albom, eh-riliis ina 1979. Chrak laka "Zimbabue", "Afrika Yunait", "Wiek Op ah Lib", ah "Sovaival" riflek Maali supuot fi di schrogl a di Afrikandem. Ih apierans a di Amandla Festival a Bastan ina Julai 1979 shuo ih chrang opozishan tu Sout Afrikan apaataid, we ih eh aredi shuo ina ih sing "Waar" ina 1976. Ina hoerli 1980, ih weh invait fi pofaam a di 17 Iepril selibrieshan a Zimbabue Indipendans Die.
Opraizin (1980) wena Bab Maali fainal styuujo albom, an a wan a ih muos rilijos prodokshan; ihingkluud "Ridemshan Sing" ah "Fieba A-Lob Ja".[49] Kanfrontieshan, riliis postyuumosli ina 1983, kantien anriliis matiirial rekaad juurin Maali laiftaim, ingkluudn di it "Bofalo Suoja" ah nyuu mix a soh singgl priivosli onggl avielebl ina Jumieka.
Siknis ah det
[change up | change up di source]Ina Julai 1977, deh fain se Maali eh-ab wah taip a malignant melanuoma anda di niel a wan a ih tuo. Kanchrieri tu oerban lejen, dis liijan neh kaaz praimerili bai no injri juurin wah futbaal mach dat ier, bot insted a wena simtom a di aredi-egzis kiansa. Maali tondong ih dakta advais fi get ih tuo ampiutiet, a-sait ih rilijos biliif, ah insted di niel ah niel bed eh-rimuuv ah kin graaf tek fran ih tai fi kiba di ieria.[51][52] Dispait ih ilnis, ih kantiniu tuor ah weh ina di pruoses a skejuul wah wol tuor ina 1980.[53]
Di albom Opraizin eh-riliis ina Mie 1980. Di ban kompliit wah mieja tuor a Yuurop, we deh plie deh biggis kansoert bifuo 100,000 piipl ina Milan. Afta di tuor Maali gaa Amoerka, we ih pofaam tuu shuo a Madisn Skwier Gyaadn ina Nyuu Yaak Siti az paat a di Opraizin Tuor.
Bab Maali apier a die Stanli Tieta (nou kaal Di Benidom Senta Fi Di Pofaamin Aats) ina Pitsboerg, Penslvienia, pah 23 Septemba 1980; ihuda bi ih laas kansoert. Di onggl fotograaf nuo bout frah di shuo weh-fiicha ina Kevin Makdanal dakiumenchri flim Maali.[54]
Shaatli afta, Maali elt ditiiriariet az di kiansa eh-don pred raichuu ih badi. Di res a di tuor eh-kiansl ah Maali go siik chriitment a di Bavierian klinik a Josef Iselz, we ih risiiv wah kanchovoershal taip a kiansa terapi (Iselz chriitment) paatli bies pah avaidans a soertn fuud, jingx, ah adaels sobstans. Afta ih fait di kiansa widoutn soxes fi iet mont Maali buod plien fi gu uom a Jumieka.[55]
Wails Maali wena-flai uom frah Joermani gaa Jumieka, ih vaital fongshandem get wosara. Afta ih lan a Mayami, Flarida, deh tek im gaa aspital fi imidiet medikal atenshan. Bab Maali ded pah 11 Mie 1981 a Siidaz a Lebanan Aspital ina Mayami (nou Yunivoersiti a Mayami Aspital) a di iej a 36. Di pred a melanuoma tu ih longdem ah brien kaaz ih det. Ih fainal wod tu ih son Zigi se "Moni kyaah bai laif."[56]
Maali risiiv stiet fiunaral a Jumieka pah 21 Mie 1981, we kombain eliment a Iityuopian Aatadaxi[57][58] ah Rastafarai chadishan.[59] Ih beri ina chapl nier ih boertplies wid ih red Gibsn Lez Paal (som akount se a wena wah Fenda Schratokasta).[60][61]
Pah 21 Mie 1981, Jumiekan Praim Minista Eduad Siaga diliva di fainal fiunaral yuuloji tu Maali, a-diklier se:
- Ih vais a weh wah amniprezant krai ina wi ilekchanik wol. Ih shaap fiicha, majestik lux, ah pransin stail ena vivid echin pah di lanskiep a wi main. Nobadi neba si Bab Maali. Ih wena expiirians we lef indelebl imprint wid ebri dege ingkongta. Soch a man kyaah iries frah di main. Im a paat a di kalektiv kanchosnis a di nieshan.
Poersnal laif
[change up | change up di source]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png)
- Ja
- Aital
- Zayan
- Kianabis yuus
- Aili Silasi I
- Jiizas
- Menen Asfau
- Maakos Gyaavi
- Manshan
- ina di Yunaitid Stiet
- Bobo Ashanti
- Nayabinggi
- Twelb Chraib a Izrel
- Baibl
- Kebra Nagas
- Mi Laif ah Iityuopia Pruogres
- Di Pramis Kii
- Uoli Pibi
- Rayal Paachment Skruol a Blak Suprimasi
- Shashamane
- Grounieshan Die
- Riiznin
- Lenaad Owil
- Juozif Iboert
- Aachibal Dongkli
- Maatima Plano
- Voernan Kiarintan
- Chaalz Edwadz
- Bab Maali
- Piita Toch
Layan a Juuda
Rilijan
[change up | change up di source]Bab Maali wena memba fi som ier a di Rastafarai muuvment, uufa kolcha wena kii heliment ina di divelopment a rege. Bab Maali eh-bikoms wah dai-aatid propuonent a Rastafarai, a-tek deh myuuzik outa di suoshali dipraiv ieria a Jumieka ah laanchi pah di hintanashinal myuuzik siin. Wantaim ih gi di falarin rispans, we tipikal, tu wah kuestian put tu im juurin wah rekaadid intavyuu:
- Intaviuwa: "Yu kiah tel di piipl wa imiin fi bi a Rastafaarian?"
- Maali: "Mi wuda se tu di piipl, Tan todi, ah nuo se Im Impiirial Majesti, Empara Aili Silasi a hIityuopia a di Almaiti. Nou, di Baibl se so, Babilan nyuuspiepa se so, ah Ai-an-Ai di pitnidem se so. Yu no? So mi no si omoch muo riviil fiwi piipl waah. Wa deh waah? wah wait Gad, wel Gad kom blak. Chuu-chuu."
Askaadn tu Maali bayagrafa, ih eh-afiliet wid di Twelb Chraib Manshan, wan a di Manshan a Rastafarai. Ih weh ina di dinaminieshan nuo az "Chraib a Juozif", bikaa ih weh-baan ina Febiweri (iich a di twelb sek kompuoz a memba baan ina difrah mont). Ih signifai dis ina ih albom laina nuot, a-kuot di puoshan frah Jenisis we ingkluud Jiekob blesn tu ih son Juozif.
Aachbishop Abuna Yesehak baptaiz Maali ina di hIityuopian Aatadax Choch, pah 4 Novemba 1980, shaatli bifuo ih det.
Fambili
[change up | change up di source]Bab Maali marid tu Alfarita Kanstantia “Rita” Andisn (Alpharita Constantia Anderson) ina Kinston, Jumieka, pah 10 Febiweri 1966.[66] Maali eh-ab uoliip a pitni: chrii wid ih waif Rita, tuu adap frah Rita priivos rilieshanshipdem, ah nof adaels wan wid difrah-difrah uman. Di Bab Maali ofishal websait aknalij ilebm pitni.
Demde lis pah di ofishal sait a:
- Sharan, baan 23 Novemba 1964, daata a Rita frah wah priivos rilieshanship bot den adap bai Maali afta ih marid tu Rita
- Sidela baan 23 Aagos 1967, tu Rita
- Dievid "Zigi", baan 17 Aktuoba 1968, tu Rita
- Stiivn, baan 20 Iepril 1972, tu Rita
- Raboert "Rabi", baan 16 Mie 1972, tu Pat Wiliamz
- Ruowan, baan 19 Mie 1972, tu Janet Ont
- Karen, baan 1973 tu Janet Buoyn
- Stefani, baan 17 Aagos 1974; askaadn tu Sidela Buka shi wena di daata a Rita ah wah man niem Aital uu Rita eh-ab wah afier wid; nondiles shi aknalij az fi Bab daata
- Juulian, baan 4 Juun 1975, tu Luusi Pounda
- Ki-Mani, baan 26 Febiweri 1976, tu Aniita Belnievis
- Diemian, baan 21 Julai 1978, tu Sindi Briekspier
Ada sait nuot adishanal indivijal uu kliem fi bi fambili memba,[67] az nuot biluo:
- Makieda weh-baan pah 30 Mie 1981, tu Ivet Kraitn, afta Maali det.[68] Meridit Dixn buk lis ar az Maali pitni, bot shi no lis az soch nowe pah di Bab Maali ofishal websait.
- Vierios websait, fi egzampl,[69] aalso lis Imaani Kiarol, baan 22 Mie 1963 tu Sheril Mori; bot shi no apier nowe pah di ofishal Bab Maali websait.[68]
Futbaal
[change up | change up di source]Asaid frah myuuzik, futbaal plie mieja ruol raichuu ih laif.[70] Azwel az plie di giem, ina paakin lat, fiil, ah aal insaida rekaadin styuujo, wen im a-gruo op ih eh-fala di Brazilian klob Santos ah deh staar plieya Pelé.[70] Maali sorong imself wid piipl frah di spuot, ah ina di 1970z mek di Jumiekan intanashinal futbaala Alan “Skil” Kuol ih tuor manija.[70] Ih tel wah joernalis, “Ef yu waah fi get fi nuo mi, yu wi afi plie futbaal gens mi ah di Wielaz.”[70]
Poersnal Vyuu
[change up | change up di source]Pan-Afrikanizim
[change up | change up di source]Maali wena Pan-Afrikanis, ah biliiv ina di yuuniti a Afrikan piipl wolwaid. Ih biliif ina Pan-Afrikanizim eh-ruut ina ih Rastafarai rilijos biliif.[71] Ih weh sobstanshali inspaya bai Maakos Gyaavi, ah eh-ab anti-impiirialis ah pan-Afrikanis tiim ina nof a ih sing, laka "Zimbabue", "Exidos", "Sovaival", "Blakman Ridemshan", ah "Ridemshan Sing". "Ridemshan Sing" jraa influens frah wah spiich Maakos Gyaavi gi ina Nuova Skuosha, 1937.[72] Maali huol se indipendans fi Afrikan konchridem frah Yuropiyan daminieshan wena vikchri fi aal demde ina di Afrikan dayaspora. Ina di sing "Afrika Yunait", ih sing bout dizaya fi aal piipl a di Afrikan dayaspora fi kom tugiada ah fait gens "Babilan"; simila, ina di sing "Zimbabue", ih maak di libarieshan a di wuola di kantinent a Afrika, an ivuok kaal fi yuuniti bitwiin aal Afrikan, buot widin ah outsaida hAfrika.[73]
Gianja
[change up | change up di source]Maali kansida kianabis wah iilin oerb, wah "sakriment", ah "ied fi meditieshan"; ih supuot di liigalizieshan a di jogz.[74] Ih eh-tingk se mariwaana yuus eh prevalent ina di Baibl, an ih riid pachiz laka Saamz 104:14 az fi shuo apruuval fii yuus.[74] Maali bigin fi yuuz kianabis wen ih kanvoert tu di Rastafarai fiet frah Kiaklikizim ina 1966. Ih weh-ares ina 1968 afta deh kech im wid kianabis, bot ih kantiniu fi yuuz mariwaana askaadn tu ih rilijos biliif. Bout ih mariwaana yuus, ih se, "Wen yu sumuok oerb, oerb riviil yuself tu yu. Aal di wikidnis yu du, di oerb riviil iself tu yuself, yu kanshans, shuo op yuself klier, bikaa oerb mek yu meditiet. A onggl wah nachral ting an igruo laka chrii."[75] Maali si mariwaana yuus az wah vaital fakta ina rilijos gruot ah kanekshan wid Ja, an az a wie fi filasafaiz ah bikomz waiza.[76]
Legisi
[change up | change up di source]Awaad ah Hana
[change up | change up di source]- 1976: Band of the Year (Rolling Stone).
- June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations.[77]
- February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honour, the Jamaican Order of Merit.[78]
- March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- 1999: Album of the Century for Exodus by Time Magazine.[79]
- February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
- February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[80]
- 2004: Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[81]
- "One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC.
- Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.[82]
- 2006: An English Heritage blue plaque was unveiled at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by Nubian Jak community trust and supported by Her Majesty's Foreign Office.[83]
- 2010: Catch a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).[84]
Ada chribiut
[change up | change up di source]Wah stachiu weh-inaagiuriet, nex tu di Nashinal Stiediom pah Aata Wint Jraiv ina Kinston fi komemoriet im.[85] Ina 2006, di Nyuu Yaak Siti Dipaatment a Edikieshan kuo-niem puoshan a Choch Avinyuu frah Remsen Avinyuu tu Iis 98t Schriit ina di Iis Flatbush sekshan a Bruklin az "Bab Maali Bulivaad".[86][87] Ina 2008, wah stachiu a Maali weh-inaagiuriet ina Banatski Sokolac, Soerbia.[88]
Intanashinali, Maali mechiz aalso kantiniu fi rivoerbariet mongx vierios indijinos komiuniti. Far instans, di Astrielian Abarijinii kantiniu fi bon wah siekrid fliem fi hana ih memri ina Sidni Viktuoria Paak, wails soh memba a di hAmarindian Uopi ah Avasupai chraibdem rivier ih wok.[77] Aalso wuoliip a chribiut tu Bab Maali de raichuu India, ingkluudn restarant, otel, ah kolcharal festival.[89][90]
Maali eh aalso ivalv ina gluobal simbal, we moerchandaiz sotel, chuu difrah-difrah miidiom. Sieka dis, aata Diev Tamsn (Dave Thompson) ina ih buk Rege ah Kiaribiyan Myuuzik, lament wa ih posiiv fi bi di komoershalaiz pasifikieshan a Maali muo militant hej, wen ih stiet:
- Bab Maali rangk mongx buot di muos papila ah di muos misandastan figa ina madan kolcha ... Fi se di mashiin don-don imaskiuliet Maali biyan dout. Gaan frah di poblik rekaad a di geto kid uu eh-jriim a Che Gevaara ah di Blak Pantaz, ah pinop deh puosta ina di Wielaz Suol Shak rekaad stuor; uu eh-biliiv ina friidom; ah di faitin we inisesitiet, ah jres di paat pah wah hoerli albom sliiv; uufa iirodem wena Jiemz Brong ah Muamid Ali; uufa Gad wena Ras Tafarai ah uufa sakriment wena mariwaana. Insted, di Bab Maali uu soervie ih kindom tide a binevalens a-sumail, wah son a-shain, wah paam-chrii a-wiev, ah wah chring a it we tombl outa polait riedio laka kiandi frah gombaal mashiin. No mos iashuor ih imaataliti. Bot azwel idimiin im biyan rekanishan. Bab Maali eh-wot nof-nof muo.
Uoliip a flim adaptieshan eh-ivalv azwel. Far instans, wah fiicha-lent dakiumenchri bout ih laif, Rebl Myuuzik win vierios awaad a di Grami. Wid kanchibyuushan frah Rita, Di Wielaz, ah Maali lovadem ah pitni, iazwel tel nof a di tuori wid ih uona wod.[92] Ina Febiweri 2008, direkta Maatn Skuorsiesi anongs im intenshan fi projuus wah dakiumenchri muuvi pah Maali. Di flim eh-set fi riliis pah 6 Febiweri 2010, pah wa wuda eh bi Maali 65t baandie.[93] Ousomeba, Skuorsiesi jrapout juu tu skejuul prablem. Ih weh-riplies bai Janatan Deme,[94] uu jrapout juu tu krietiv difrans wid projuusa Stiiv Bing juurin di bignin a hedit. Kevin Makdanal riplies Deme[95] ah di flim, Maali, eh-riliis pah 20 Iepril 2012.[96] Ina Maach 2008, Di Wainstain Kompini anongs plan fi projuus wah bayopik a Bab Maali, bies pah di buk No Uman No Krai: Mi Laif Wid Bab Maali bai Rita Maali. Rudi Langlie wi projuus di skrip bai Lizi Buordn, ah Rita Maali wi bi egzekiutiv projuusa.[97] Ina 2011, ex-gialfren ah flimmeka Esta Andisn, wid Jian Godoi, mek di dakiumenchri Bab Maali: Di Mekin a wah Lejin, we primier a di Ednboerg Intanashinal Flim Festival.[98]
Ina Aktuoba 2015, Jumiekan aata Maalan Jiemz navl Wah Briif Ischri a Sebm Kilin, wah fikshanal akount a di atemp asasinieshan a Maali, win di 2015 Man Buka Praiz a wah serimoni a Landan.
Diskagrafi
[change up | change up di source]Styuujo albom
[change up | change up di source]- Di Wielin Wielaz (1965)
- Suol Rebl (1970)
- Suol Revaluushan (1971)
- Di Bes a di Wielaz (1971)
- Kech a Faya (1973)
- Boernin (1973)
- Nati Jred (1974)
- Rastaman Vaibrieshan (1976)
- Exidos (1977)
- Kaya (1978)
- Sovaival (1979)
- Opraizin (1980)
- Kanfrontieshan (1983)
Laiv albom
[change up | change up di source]- Laiv! (1975)
- Babilan Bai Bos (1978)
Prii dis tu
[change up | change up di source]Refrans
[change up | change up di source]Nuot
[change up | change up di source]- ↑ Moskowitz, David Vlado (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=aNv2XuFP2-QC&pg=PR13. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ↑ Observer Reporter, "Ziggy Marley to adopt Judaism?", The Jamaica Observer, Thursday, 13 April 2006: "Of further interest, Ziggy's grandfather Norval, is of Syrian-Jewish extraction... This was confirmed by Heather Marley, who is the daughter of Noel Marley, Norval's brother."
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Hombach, Bob Marley: The Father of Music, Lulu, 2012 (ISBN 9781471620454), p. 52: "Marley family members, such as Norval's nephew Michael George Marley, have stated that he was a descendant of Syrian Jews... Michael George Marley revealed:"... I was told by my mother, grandmother and uncle, [that] the Marleys were Syrian Jews who migrated from the Middle East to England and then to Jamaica."
- ↑ The Real Revolutionary, by Rob Kenner, Vibe, May 2006, Vol. 14, No. 5 (Vibe Media Group ISSN 1070-4701), p. 118.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bob Marley: the regret that haunted his life Tim Adams, The Observer, Sunday 8 April 2012
- ↑ Moskowitz 2007, p. 2
- ↑ Moskowitz 2007, p. 9
- ↑ Stephen Davis wrote that "his name was changed from Nesta Robert to Robert Nesta Marley, at the suggestion of the passport clerk, who thought Nesta sounded like a girl's name."
- ↑ Stepney Primary and Junior High School Bob Marley Foundation. Published 16 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ↑ Bob Marley (31 January 2012). Listen to Bob Marley: The Man, the Music, the Revolution. Open Road Media. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-1-4532-2494-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=109cL3gWI6kC&pg=PA65. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ↑ Moskowitz 2007, p. 4
- ↑ The Last Wailer – Bunny Wailer interview Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine at GQ. Interviewer: John Jeremiah Sullivan. Published January 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ↑ Bob Marley’s Early Years: From Nine Miles To London Jas Obrecht Music Archive. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ↑ Junior Braithwaite interview at iration. Date: 5 May 1985. Interviewer: Roger Steffens. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ↑ Chuck Foster, "Joe Higgs – No Man Could Stop The Source". Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ↑ Jon Pareles, "Joe Higgs, 59, Reggae Performer; Taught a Generation of Singers", New York Times, 22 December 1999. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Suos
[change up | change up di source]- Farley, Christopher (2007). Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, Amistad Press, ISBN 0-06-053992-5
- Goldman, Vivien (2006). The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century, Aurum Press, ISBN 1-84513-210-6
- Henke, James (2006). Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley. Tuff Gong Books. ISBN 0-8118-5036-6
- Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, Hyperion Books, ISBN 0-7868-8755-9
- Masouri, John (2007). Wailing Blues: The Story of Bob Marley's "Wailers", Wise Publications, ISBN 1-84609-689-8
- Middleton, J. Richard (2000). "Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for 'Resisting Against the System' in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers". Religion, Culture, and Tradition in the Caribbean. St. Martin's Press. pp. 181–198. ISBN 978-0-312-23242-9. http://www.academia.edu/1378000/Identity_and_Subversion_in_Babylon_Strategies_for_Resisting_against_the_System_in_the_Music_of_Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers
- Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98935-6. https://books.google.com/?id=JJ4ub5h5E6sC&printsec=frontcover
- White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-8086-4.