Utente:Toadino2/Modifiche dialettali del th inglese
Alveolarizzazione
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Questo mutamento si ritrova in alcune varietà africane della lingua inglese, per cui le fricative dentali /ð, θ/ passano rispettivamente a /z, s/.
Viene spesso fatto per imitare i parlanti nativi del francese e del tedesco, nonostante sia diffuso tra tanti studenti stranieri dell'inglese, non essendo le fricative dentali suoni comuni tra le lingue del mondo.
Per alcuni parlanti del vernaculare afro-americano, il /θ/ si alveolarizza /s/ quando si trova in coda di sillaba, in corpo di parola e preconsonantico, presentando pronunce dei tipi seguenti:[1]
bathroom | - /ˈbæs.ruːm/ |
birthday | - /ˈbɝs.deɪ/ |
Coppie omofone | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]References
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Template:History of English Template:IPA notice Th-fronting refers to the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, /θ/ becomes /f/ (for example, three is pronounced as free) and /ð/ becomes /v/ (for example, bathe is pronounced as bave). Th-fronting is a prominent feature of several dialects of English, notably Cockney, Estuary English, some West Country dialects, Newfoundland English, African American Vernacular English, and Liberian English, as well as in many foreign accents (though the details differ among those accents).[1]
Uses
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]A 2003 study found that th-fronting was most prevalent in and around the cities of London and Bristol.[2] The first reference to "th"-fronting in London speech occurs in 1787.[3] By 1850 it appears to have been considered a standard feature of working class speech in the city, and had the same status in Bristol by 1880.[4] The use of the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] for the dental fricatives [θ] and [ð] was noted in Yorkshire in 1876.[5] In his 1892 book A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, Joseph Wright noted that the prevalence of th-fronting varied across the county.
In 1988, it was noted as spreading amongst non-standard accents in England.[6] Although th-fronting is found occasionally in the middle and upper (middle) class English accents as well, there is still a marked social difference between working and middle class speakers. Th-fronting is regarded as a 'boundary marker' between Cockney and Estuary English, as depicted in the first descriptions of the latter form of English[7][8] and confirmed by a phonetic study conducted by researcher Ulrike Altendorf. Nevertheless, Altendorf points out that th-fronting is found occasionally in middle class (Estuary) speech as well and concludes that "it is currently making its way into the middle class English accent and thus into Estuary English". [9]
In popular music, the singer Joe Brown's 1960s backing band was christened The Bruvvers (that is, "the brothers" with th-fronting). The 1960 musical Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be was stated to be a Cockney Comedy.
Up until the late 20th century th-fronting was common in speakers of Australian English from North Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast of Queensland. This may stem from the relatively high number of London cockneys who settled there during the Queensland gold rushes of the 19th century.[senza fonte] The practice is gradually dying out as the influx of interstate and international immigrants increases.
Example
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The following is a sample of a speaker of the Cockney accent who has th-fronting:
My dad came from Wapping and me mum came from Poplar. Me dad was one of eleven kids… and Wapping in them days really was one of the poorest parts of London. I mean they really didn't have shoes on their feet. I'm talking about seventy years ago now. Erm… and Poplar was… sli… just slightly a cut above Wapping; erm… you was either East End respectable or you was sort of East End villain, you know, and my family was respectable on both sides. But me father had a very tough time because his father died when he was nineteen, leaving him the only one working to bring up eleven brothers… ten brothers and sisters and on a Thursday night he'd sometimes go home and the youngest two would be crying in the corner and he'd say “What's the matter with them, ma?” “Oh, well, Harry, you know it's Thursday night, and you don't get paid till tomorrow.” and they literally didn't have any food in the house.
In that recording father and brother are pronounced [ˈfɑːvə] and [ˈbrʌvə]; Thursday is pronounced [ˈfɜːzdi].
Increase in use
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Th-fronting has been spreading in Southern England at a slower rate than t-glottalization.
Th-fronting in the speech of working-class adolescents in Glasgow was reported in 1998, provoking public as well as academic interest. The finding of th-fronting in Glaswegian creates a difficulty for models of language change which hinge on dialect contact associated with geographical mobility since the Glaswegian speakers who used [f] most in the 1997 sample are also those with the lowest geographical mobility. In addition, TH-fronting was reported as "a relatively new phenomenon" in Edinburgh in March 2013.[10]
Homophonous pairs
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Homophonous pairs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Notes
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- ^ Wells, John C., Accents of English, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 96–97, 328–30, 498, 500, 553, 557–58, 635, ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
- ^ An Introduction to Regional Englishes: Dialect Variation in England. Joan C. Beal. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, edited by Terttu Nevalainen, Elizabeth Closs Traugot. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Of Varying Language and Opposing Creed': New Insights Into Late Modern English, edited by Javier Pérez-Guerra. Verlag Peter Lang. p. 38.
- ^ Modern Regional English in the British Isles, in The Oxford History of English, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 395.
- ^ Peter Trudgill, Norwich revisited: Recent linguistic changes in an English urban dialect, in English World-Wide, vol. 9, 1988, pp. 33–49, DOI:10.1075/eww.9.1.03tru.
- ^ Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)
- ^ Wells, John (1994). Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document. Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pages 259-267
- ^ Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). Estuary English: is English going Cockney? In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1-11
- ^ Labiodental fronting of /θ/ in London and Edinburgh: a cross-dialectal study, in English Language & Linguistics, vol. 17, n. 1, Cambridge, 2013, pp. 25-54. URL consultato il 14 May 2013.
Template:Unreferenced Th-debuccalization is a process in varieties of Scots and Scottish English where a voiceless dental fricative Template:IPAslink (spelled th) at the beginning of a word and between vowels becomes the voiceless glottal fricative Template:IPAblink. It is a stage in the process of lenition.
Th-debuccalization occurs mainly in Glasgow and across the Central Belt. A common example is [hɪŋk] for think. This feature is becoming more common in these places over time, but is still variable.[senza fonte] In word final position, [θ] is used, as in standard English.
The existence of local [h] for /θ/ in Glasgow complicates the process of th-fronting there, a process which gives /f/ for historical /θ/. Unlike in the other dialects with th-fronting, where /f/ solely competes with /θ/, in Glasgow, the introduction of th-fronting there creates a three-way variant system of [h], [f] and [θ].
Use of [θ] marks the local educated norms (the regional standard), while use of [h] and [f] instead mark the local non-standard norms. [h] is well known in Glasgow as a vernacular variant of /θ/ when it occurs word-initially and intervocalically, while [f] has only recently risen above the level of social consciousness.
Given that th-fronting is a relatively recent innovation in Glasgow, it was expected that linguists might find evidence for lexical diffusion for [f] and the results found from Glasgow speakers confirm this.[senza fonte] The existing and particular lexical distribution of th-debuccalization imposes special constraints on the progress of th-fronting in Glasgow.
In accents with th-debuccalization, the cluster /θr/ becomes [hr] giving these dialects a consonant cluster that doesn't occur in other dialects. The replacement of /θr/ with [hr] leads to pronunciations like:
- three - [hri]
- throw - [hro]
- through, threw - [hrʉ]
- thrash - [hraʃ]
- thresh - [hrɛʃ]
- thrown, throne - [hron]
- thread - [hrɛd]
- threat - [hrɛt]
See also
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Template:Refimprove Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives [θ, ð] as stops—either dental or alveolar—which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as Hiberno-English, some varieties of Newfoundland English, some varieties of New York City English, and Indian English, they are realized as the dental stops [t̪, d̪] and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops /t, d/. Thus pairs like tin/thin and den/then are not homophonous.[1] In other accents, such as Caribbean English, Nigerian English, and Liberian English, such pairs are indeed merged.[1] Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die, "the", and Bruder, "brother".
New York City English
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]For some New Yorkers, the fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions /t-θ/ and [d-ð] are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced [θæŋks], [tθæŋks], or [t̪æŋks] in decreasing order of occurrence;[senza fonte] all are distinct from tanks. The [t̪] variant has a weakish articulation. The /t-θ/ opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following /r/ (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the non-rhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be [wɪtʃu], following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciations are all stigmatized.[senza fonte]
The [d-ð] opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the "Brooklynese" stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial [ð] is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there [huz (z)ɛə]; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there /dɛə/. This option extends to one or two words in which the /ð/ is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.
African American Vernacular English
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, [t] may occur corresponding to standard [θ], thus [wɪt] for with and [ˈnʌtɪn] for nothing.[2]83 Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial [θ]s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed.[2]90 In initial position, [θ] occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is [θɪn], without the stopping of West Indian accents.[3] Stopping of initial [ð], however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.
Frequency in other English dialects
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Th-stopping may also be heard, specifically from speakers of urban working-class origins, in the American English dialects of the Inland North (for example, in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, and Buffalo) and Mid-Atlantic region (for example, in Philadelphia and Baltimore),[4] as well as in a minority of speakers from England's Estuary dialect (for example, in London).[5] Speakers of Philippine English and other varieties in Asia also have th-stopping.
Homophonous pairs
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]/t, d/ | /θ, ð/ | IPA | Notes |
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ate | eighth | ˈeɪt | |
bat | bath | ˈbæt | Without trap-bath split. |
bayed | bathe | ˈbeɪd | |
bet | Beth | ˈbɛt | |
bladder | blather | ˈblædə(ɹ) | |
blitter | blither | ˈblɪɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
boat | both | ˈboʊt | |
body | bothy | ˈbɒɾi | Without lot-cloth split and with intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
boot | booth | ˈbuːt | |
breed | breathe | ˈbɹiːd | |
Brett | breath | ˈbɹɛt | |
cedar | seether | ˈsiːdə(ɹ) | |
cent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pen-pin merger. |
cite | scythe | ˈsaɪt | |
coot | couth | ˈkuːt | |
Dan | than | ˈdæn | |
dare | their | ˈdeə(ɹ) | |
dare | there | ˈdeə(ɹ) | |
day | they | ˈdeɪ | |
debt | death | ˈdɛt | |
den | then | ˈdɛn | |
dense | thence | ˈdɛns | |
dents | thence | ˈdɛn(t)s | |
dhow | thou | ˈdaʊ | |
die | thy | ˈdaɪ | |
dine | thine | ˈdaɪn | |
dirt | dearth | ˈdɜː(ɹ)t | with fern-fir-fur merger. |
dis | this | ˈdɪs | |
doe | though | ˈdoʊ | |
does | those | ˈdoʊz | |
dough | though | ˈdoʊ | |
dow | thou | ˈdaʊ | |
dow | though | ˈdoʊ | |
drought | drouth | ˈdɹaʊt | |
dye | thy | ˈdaɪ | |
eater | either | ˈiːɾə(ɹ) | |
eater | ether | ˈiːtə(ɹ) | |
eight | eighth | ˈeɪt | |
fate | faith | ˈfeɪt | |
fetter | feather | ˈfɛɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
fit | fifth | ˈfɪt | Some accents pronounce fifth as /ˈfɪft/. |
fodder | father | ˈfɑdə(ɹ) | With father-bother merger. |
fort | forth | ˈfoə(ɹ)t | |
fort | fourth | ˈfoə(ɹ)t | |
fraught | froth | ˈfɹɔːt | With lot-cloth split. |
frot | froth | ˈfɹɒt | Without lot-cloth split. |
got | goth, Goth | ˈɡɒt | |
groat | growth | ˈɡɹoʊt | |
hart | hearth | ˈhɑː(ɹ)t | |
header | heather | ˈhɛdə(ɹ) | |
heart | hearth | ˈhɑː(ɹ)t | |
heat | heath | ˈhiːt | |
hitter | hither | ˈhɪɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
hurt | earth | ˈɜː(ɹ)t | With H-dropping and fern-fir-fur merger. |
Ida | either | ˈaɪdə | Non-rhotic accents. |
kneader | neither | ˈniːdə(ɹ) | |
ladder | lather | ˈlædə(ɹ) | |
lade | lathe | ˈleɪd | |
laid | lathe | ˈleɪd | |
latter | lather | ˈlæɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
letter | leather | ˈlɛɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
lied | lithe | ˈlaɪd | |
lout | Louth | ˈlaʊt | |
mat | math | ˈmæt | |
mead | Meath | ˈmiːd | |
meat | Meath | ˈmiːt | |
meet | Meath | ˈmiːt | |
mete | Meath | ˈmiːt | |
mit | myth | ˈmɪt | |
mutter | mother | ˈmʌɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
naught | north | ˈnɔːt | Non-rhotic accents. |
neater | neither | ˈniːɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
neath | knead | ˈniːd | |
neath | kneed | ˈniːd | |
neath | neat | ˈniːt | |
neath | need | ˈniːd | |
oat | oath | ˈoʊt | |
oats | oaths | ˈoʊts | |
odes | oaths | ˈoʊdz | |
pads | paths | ˈpædz | Without trap-bath split. |
paid | pathe | ˈpeɪd | |
part | path | ˈpɑːt | Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split. |
parts | paths | ˈpɑːts | Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split. |
pat | path | ˈpæt | Without trap-bath split. |
pats | paths | ˈpæts | Without trap-bath split. |
pit | pith | ˈpɪt | |
pity | pithy | ˈpɪti | |
rat | wrath | ˈɹæt | Without trap-bath split. |
rate | wraith | ˈɹeɪt | |
read | wreathe | ˈɹiːd | |
reads | wreathes | ˈɹiːdz | |
reads | wreaths | ˈɹiːdz | |
reed | wreathe | ˈɹiːd | |
reeds | wreathes | ˈɹiːdz | |
reeds | wreaths | ˈɹiːdz | |
ride | writhe | ˈɹaɪd | |
rot | Roth | ˈɹɒt | Without lot-cloth split. |
root | ruth, Ruth | ˈɹuːt | With ewe-yew-you merger. |
route | ruth, Ruth | ˈɹuːt | With ewe-yew-you merger. |
scent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pen-pin merger. |
seed | seethe | ˈsiːd | |
seeder | seether | ˈsiːdə(ɹ) | |
sent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pen-pin merger. |
set | saith | ˈsɛt | |
set | Seth | ˈsɛt | |
she'd | sheathe | ˈʃiːd | |
sheet | sheath | ˈʃiːt | |
side | scythe | ˈsaɪd | |
sight | scythe | ˈsaɪt | |
site | scythe | ˈsaɪt | |
smit | smith | ˈsmɪt | |
smite | Smyth | ˈsmaɪt | |
spilt | spilth | ˈspɪlt | |
soot | sooth | ˈsuːt | Some accents pronounce soot as /ˈsʊt/. |
sudden | southern | ˈsʌdən | Non-rhotic accents. |
sued | soothe | ˈsuːd | With ewe-yew-you merger. |
suede | swathe | ˈsweɪd | Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/. |
suit | sooth | ˈsuːt | With ewe-yew-you merger. |
swat | swath | ˈswɒt | Without lot-cloth split. |
swayed | swathe | ˈsweɪd | Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/. |
tank | thank | ˈtæŋk | |
taught | thought | ˈtɔːt | |
teat | teeth | ˈtiːt | |
tent | tenth | ˈtɛnt | |
Thai | thigh | ˈtaɪ | |
tick | thick | ˈtɪk | |
tide | tithe | ˈtaɪd | |
tie | thigh | ˈtaɪ | |
tied | tithe | ˈtaɪd | |
tin | thin | ˈtɪn | |
toot | tooth | ˈtuːt | |
tor | thaw | ˈtɔː | Non-rhotic accents. |
tor | Thor | ˈtɔː(ɹ) | |
tore | thaw | ˈtɔː | Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. |
tore | Thor | ˈtɔː(ɹ) | With horse-hoarse merger. |
torn | thorn | ˈtɔː(ɹ)n | With horse-hoarse merger. |
tort | thought | ˈtɔː(ɹ)t | Non-rhotic accents. |
trash | thrash | ˈtɹæʃ | |
trawl | thrall | ˈtɹɔːl | |
tread | thread | ˈtɹɛd | |
tree | three | ˈtɹiː | |
true | threw | ˈtɹuː, ˈtɹɪu | |
true | through | ˈtɹuː | With ewe-yew-you merger. |
tum | thumb | ˈtʌm | |
tump | thump | ˈtʌmp | |
turd | third | ˈtɜː(ɹ)d | With fern-fir-fur merger. |
udder | other | ˈʌdə(ɹ) | |
utter | other | ˈʌɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
Utes | youths | ˈjuːts | |
welt | wealth | ˈwɛlt | |
wetter | weather | ˈwɛɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping. |
wit | width | ˈwɪt | |
wit | with | ˈwɪt | |
wordy | worthy | ˈwɜː(ɹ)di, ˈwʌɹdi | |
wort | worth | ˈwɜː(ɹ)t, ˈwʌɹt | Some accents pronounce wort as /ˈwɔː(ɹ)t/. |
wrought | Roth | ˈɹɔːt | With lot-cloth split. |
See also
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]References
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- ^ a b J.C. Wells, The British Isles, Cambridge, University Press, 1989, pp. 565–66, 635, ISBN 9780521285407.
- ^ a b Wolfram, Walter A., A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech, in Language, vol. 46, n. 3, September 1970, p. 764, DOI:10.2307/412325.
- ^ Wolfram 1969, p. 130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis [t]' as a rare variant.
- ^ Template:Cite work
- ^ Template:Cite work