American Lifeguard Association®

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2021 LIFEGUARD PROGRAM

LIFEGUARDING

MANUAL

In affiliation with the Global Lifeguard Association helping educate Lifeguards worldwide!

Table of Contents ` 1 Section 1: Introduction American Lifeguard Association History - 5 Section 2: ➢ Course Prerequisite - 6 ➢ Pre-Test Swim Requirements - 6 ➢ Brick Retrieval - 7 Section 3: ➢ What it Takes to be a Lifeguard - 8 ➢ Magic Number 15 - 8 ➢ Characteristics of a Lifeguard - 9 Section 4: Lifeguard: Before, During, After - 12 Section 5: Legal ➢ Duty to Take Action - 16 ➢ Abandonment and Negligence - 16 ➢ Pool Rules - 16 ➢ Getting Consent - 17 ➢ Good Samaritan Laws - 18 Section 6: Common HazardsWhat you can see - 19 What you don’t see - 22 Section 7: Primary Legal Duties ➢ Education and Corrective Action - 24 ➢ Proper Surveillance over the Facility - 25 ➢ Coverage of your Area of Responsibility - 25
Table of Contents ` 2 ➢ Recognition of Common Signs and Signals of an Emergency - 26 Section 8: Emergency Action Plan - 29 Section 9: Entries ➢ External Stair Entry - 31 ➢ External Side Entry - 31 ➢ Deep Water Entry - 32 ➢ Shallow Water Entry - 32 ➢ External and Internal Tube Extension - 33 Section 10: Water Rescues ➢ Active Drowning Victim - 34 ➢ Passive Drowning Victim - 35 ➢ Removal from the Water - 36 Section 11: ➢ Passive Submerged: Deep Water - 39 ➢ Passive Submerged - 39 ➢ Submerged Spinal - 41 Section 12: ➢ Neck Clamp Face Up - 43 ➢ Neck Clamp Face Down - 45 ➢ Head Chin Splint Face Up - 46 ➢ Head Chin Splint Face Down - 48 ➢ Back Boarding - 49 ➢ Removal - 53 Section 13: ➢ Escapes - 54 ➢ Taking it to Land - 55
Table of Contents ` 3 VIDEOS: American Lifeguard Association® Course Introduction - 56 American Lifeguard Association® Rescue Skills - 57 American Lifeguard Association® Spinal Rescue - 58 American Lifeguard Association® Submerged Victim Rescue - 59 American Lifeguard Association® Backboarding - 60 American Lifeguard Association® Primary Survey - 61 American Lifeguard Association® Primary assessment - 62 American Lifeguard Association® Unconscious Choking - 63 American Lifeguard Association® Conscious Choking - 64 American Lifeguard Association® Use of Bag Valve Mask - 65 American Lifeguard Association® One Man CPR - 66 American Lifeguard Association® Two Man CPR - 67 American Lifeguard Association® Use of an AED - 68 American Lifeguard Association® Secondary Assessment - 69

AMERICAN LIFEGUARD ASSOCIATION®

The American Lifeguard Association Lifeguard course is designed to give individuals the knowledge and skills needed to become a lifeguard. Course material is outlined in a way so that individuals may complete the lessons and skillsets at their own pace. Individuals must take the course material seriously and complete all course work including the pretest assessment, quizzes, exams and skillsets before applying for their certificate.

We are helping save lives worldwide!

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AMERICAN LIFEGUARD ASSOCIATION HISTORY

The American Lifeguard Association (ALA) is an educational association that is currently one of the largest sponsors of health and safety training programs in the United States. Since our establishment in 1990, we have issued over 250,000 certifications in health and safety areas. The ALA operational policies and procedures for our certification programs, and the certification and training of our instructors, both meet national industry standards. The ALA is dedicated to providing quality, instructional, participant-centered programs. ALA's overall strategy for skill development is simple: regular review, repetition in a relaxed positive environment, self-discovery, cooperative learning and joint assessment of knowledge and skills.

Our program-development process draws on the talent and experience we have of leading recognized experts in the lifeguard profession, along with outside consultants from various national health and safety organizations, together with diligent research, to ensure that the program content and guidelines used in our programs are safe and meet current national standards. We are confident that the final product is a professionally administered training program that teaches skills and knowledge consistent with nationally accepted guidelines. The purpose of the ALA training program is to teach candidates the knowledge and skills needed to prevent and respond to aquatic emergencies. Upon successful completion of our lifeguard course, each participant will receive an American Lifeguard Association Certificate indicating lifeguard/ first aid, valid for 3 years, and a CPR/AED for the professional rescuer, valid for 1 year. As with all certifications, the employer should ensure that each lifeguard candidate has all the skills necessary for the position for which he or she is being considered.

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SECTION 1 Introduction

SECTION 2

A. COURSE PREREQUISITES

Individuals must successfully pass the pre-course swim and pre-course brick retrieval before continuing with the physical aspects of the lifeguard course. This pre-course assessment is designed to ensure that individuals possess the basic physical skills needed to perform the rescue scenarios outlined with the course material. Individuals should consult their doctor before engaging in any strenuous physical activity. At any time during the course, if an individual feels a sign of possible fatigue that may cause further damage, stop and consult a physician.

B. PRETEST SWIM REQUIREMENTS

Individuals must demonstrate that they can perform a continuous 300-yard swim using a combination of the front crawl (freestyle) and the breaststroke. No other stroke combinations may be used during the pretest swim assessment. As stated, there is no time limit in which an individual must complete the pretest swim. Individuals must maintain continuous forward motion in the water without stopping. Transitions between strokes should be smooth and uninterrupted. Holding on the sides or ladders will constitute a failure to perform the swim assessment. Individuals may use goggles but are not allowed to take extra time to adjust goggle placement once the swim has been started. If an individual interrupts the continuous forward motion for any reason, they will have to start the swim assessment from the beginning and not where they “left off.” To ensure accurate counting, it is good to have a second individual to keep track of laps completed. If multiple individuals are conducting the swim assessment at the same time, ensure that individuals keep to and pass on the right of other swimmers.

The pretest swim assessment must be conducted in this order:

• 100-yard continuous forward motion swim using the Front Crawl Stroke

• 100-yard continuous forward motion swim using the Breaststroke

• 100-yard continuous forward motion swim using either of the two above strokes

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C. BRICK RETRIEVAL

The second pre-test assessment is the brick retrieval. A ten-pound object just as a diving brick will be dropped into the deep end of the pool at the 7-foot mark. Starting from the shallow end, individuals must swim 20 yards using either the front crawl or breaststroke to the brick. NOTE: that diving brick may be placed between 7-10 feet if the 7-foot mark is less than 20 yards from the edge of the pool. Without goggles, individuals will surface dive down and retrieve the brick. With two hands on the brick at all times, the individual must then surface and kick backward on their back using the strength in their lower body to propel themselves back 20 yards to the shallow end edge. The assessment is not complete until individuals place the brick on the edge of the pull and force themselves out without using any outside assistance such as a ladder. Individuals should be careful when exiting the pull not using a ladder since the side deck can sometimes become slippery. The entire brick assessment must be completed within 1 minute and 40 seconds. If at any time individuals feel they cannot continue with the assessment, simply drop the brick and reach for the closest side edge.

If an individual is not able to complete the above pre-course assessments, they may not continue with the course. This initial assessment is meant to test individuals’ physical skills to ensure that they will accurately be able to perform rescue skills promptly. Practice is key when building strength for the pre-test. Individuals must ensure that they have taken the proper time to rest and refuel before retrying the assessments to prevent possible injury.

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SECTION 3

A. What it Takes to be a Lifeguard (Basic Physical and Mental)

Individuals must possess the basic mental and physical capabilities that are required for the day-to-day work of a lifeguard. Lifeguarding is not a job for those that think that it is simply an easy summer job where they can relax and soak up the sun. Individuals must possess specific characteristics before they should even consider being a lifeguard. Not everyone is cut out to be a lifeguard. Even if individuals possess certain characteristics that are needed, if they do not live up to those standards, they also should reassess their job choice. This is not a job where it is simple enough to show up on time and be present, you have to want to be there and know what to do every minute of the day.

B. Magic Number: 15

Physical and mental abilities are often associated with the age of an individual. Lifeguard students must be at least 15 years of age by the date of completion to apply for their lifeguard certification. Those individuals at least 15 years of age are seen as adults in the eyes of the association and should possess and be able to demonstrate the advanced mental and physical traits that go along with being an adult. Unfortunately, age is just a number. These desired traits do not automatically appear at a specific age if neglected. They are instead built on past learning, experiences, and behaviors. The pretest swim and brick retrieval are designed to ensure the individual has the basic physical capabilities needed to be a lifeguard, it is up to the individual to act the part and demonstrate that they also possess the desired characteristics of an effective lifeguard.

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C. Characteristics of a Lifeguard

(Advanced Decision-Making Skills, Deal with Pressure and Stress, Personable, Team Player,Responsible)

1. Possess Advanced Decision Making

Lifeguards must possess advanced judgment and decision-making skills. Lifeguards must be able to know when to act and when to restrain themselves from premature or irrational action in certain situations. Action should be taken once all the facts have been gathered so that nothing is done prematurely or in haste. Lifeguards' first key step in decision making is fully and entirely assessing the situation from all angles. Ask yourself, how many people are involved, what is the age of the individuals, what might have been the cause of a certain situation, does it seem to cause injury or further injury to any individuals. All the facts of the situation should be taken into account. Next, the lifeguard must consider the variety of different actions that can be taken depending on the severity of the situation, make sure that the infraction fits the punishment, and always give individuals the choice of leaving the pool area if they so wish.

2. Able to Deal with Pressure and Stress

Individuals must possess the ability to accurately deal with stress and know where to go for help or assistance if needed. The stress that goes along with being a lifeguard often does not leave once you leave the pool facility. Stress from the job and different emergencies and situations that occur may follow lifeguards to their homes and into their everyday lives if not dealt with properly. A good lifeguard will not let this stress and pressure build-up but will instead look to the lifeguard team and others for assistance. (Must be able to deal with it on the job and after, depression, feeling worthless, etc.)

3. Physical Strength

Lifeguards must possess physical strength and stamina in and out of the water. In some cases, victims may be much larger in size compared to the rescuer. Although assistance from fellow lifeguards is often available, individuals must have the adequate strength to perform a rescue from start to finish without assistance (leg strength to kick and pull victims, removals from the water).

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C. Characteristics of a Lifeguard

4. Personable

The age range is going to be young. Therefore, a lifeguard must work with the young and always give them the option to leave. Although they are not a babysitter, they might have to act like one sometimes. Parents and teenagers can be rude and disrespectful but don’t return the aggression. Adjust have you interact with different age groups but still enforce the rules even to adults. Children often look to adults as role models. If an adult is breaking the rules, children will be quick to think that it is okay for them to break the rules as well. In the presence of small children, always look to see if there is a parent or guardian around. Children are often scared, especially in emergencies. Therefore, it is important to try and make them feel as calm and comfortable as possible. Some children may not even tell you their name or want you to get close to them if they feel threatened and are no longer safe with their parents. It is important to get down to their level and talk with a soft comforting tone when addressing any child.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

5. Team Player

Lifeguards must possess the ability to be leaders but also contributors to a group. All members of the lifeguard team must be able to work efficiently together at all times. A lifeguard must be able to not only give orders but also take them. A team player must also listen to others when they speak and contribute to the team as much as possible. If any disagreements between team members occur, make sure that they are worked out quickly and responsibly so that they do not cause damage to the team as a whole.

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6. Authoritative

Lifeguards must also possess the ability to be forceful when needed. One of the main duties of a lifeguard is to enforce the rules to make sure no one gets hurt. Simply having signs posted is not enough, they must be enforced. As soon as a lifeguard sees someone break a rule such as “no diving in the shallow end” or “no running on the pool deck,” they must address their behavior as soon as possible; otherwise, they might repeat the action and continue to disregard the rules until they hurt themselves or someone else.

7. The feeling of responsibility and ownership (Responsible)

Treat your pool as your home or a valued personal possession. Watch over and take care of it and make sure everything is safe. Take the individuals under your wing and make sure that nothing goes wrong. Don’t treat your job as something you just come and go to every day but a part of you. Lifeguards should take pride in their jobs and their work areas. This includes being dependable, on time if not early, and completing all duties promptly to ensure the constant safety of the pool area.

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Lifeguard: Before, During, After

Along with the above characteristics that are expected of a lifeguard, many actions must be taken before, during, and after work to ensure that they are in their top form.

Before (Trained/Rested/Food/No Drugs/Sunscreen/Hydrated/Etc.)

A. Training: Make sure you are trained properly, take training seriously, do not simply memorize procedures that you may forget in a day or a week, and learn the material and skillsets. Try and think of how things work physically, not just a bunch of numbers or steps so that you will always know what comes next and be ahead of the game when it matters the most. If you are ever filling in for an individual that may have a higher possession or have different duties than those that you are used to, make sure that you possess the skills necessary to complete these added duties.

B. Rest: It is recommended to have at least 8 hours of good sleep before starting any day. Lifeguards should meet or exceed even this amount due to the often physically demanding aspects of the job. Bedtime is not rest time, hours spent reading, watching TV, or lying awake in bed do not count. It is also key to make sure you are fully awake before starting the job. Quickly rolling out of bed minutes before you are supposed to go on duties or taking a quick nap in the car before work can create a groggy lifeguard, one who is not prepared to accurately perform their duties.

C. Nutrition: We have all heard that food is fuel and that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, so let’s follow it. Balanced meals are important to the ongoing energy on the job. The food that you eat for breakfast is a main source of fuel for the rest of the day. Nutritious foods like almonds, bananas, low-sugar cereals, etc. are all good ways to start the day.

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SECTION 4

D. Drugs and Alcohol: These can greatly impair the judgment and motor skills of any individual.

E. Sunscreen: As a lifeguard, you are in charge of the protection of many individuals including yourself. One of the best ways to cut down on one of the most harmful intruders is by simply using sunscreen. Harmful UV and UVB rays can cause great damage over time to the body’s largest organ. The use of sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher at least 30 minutes before sun exposure is key to letting the lotion have enough time to adequately soak into the skin for proper protection. Key areas are the face, nose, and shoulders.

During (hydrated, sunscreen, alter, in-service)

A. Hydrated: It is key to keep your body not only nourished with the proper foods but also with hydration. A hot environment coupled with increased physical movement can cause disaster. Dehydration is just one of many factors that can greatly affect a lifeguard’s judgment and wellbeing, but it is something that is easily prevented. As fluids leave the body in the form of sweet perspiration, one must replace those fluids to avoid dehydration. Replacing fluids at least every 15 minutes with water or sports drinks is key. The use of soft drinks will only increase dehydration and shouldn’t be used to replace fluids. Lifeguards that are feeling the pains of a headache, dizziness, and drowsiness may need to seek attention to overcome the effects of prolonged dehydration.

B. Sunscreen on the job: Make sure to reapply sunscreen regularly at least every 80-90 minutes or after rigorous activity in the water.

C. Alert: Staying alert on the job is important. Surveillance of the pool area is often the most important job of a lifeguard. Constant breaks and rotations are keys to remaining alert. This will allow a lifeguard to have a change in motion and location as well as a period to refresh and stay alert.

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After (Mental health/improvements/in-service training)

A. Maintain Proper Mental Health: It is important to prepare yourself for work and keep yourself alert while on the job at all times. Almost equally important is keeping your mental health in check after it’s all over. Fatigue and the demand for everyday work can often create high levels of stress. This coupled with traumatic events such as possible drowning and death that may have occurred can often create an imbalance in the mental health of many professionals. Lifeguards that experience higher than normal levels of stress or may need further assistance when dealing with traumatic incidents should contact their supervisors for help. It is most important to express your feelings before they get the better of you and create further damage.

B. In-Service Training: One of the best things a lifeguard can do to make sure they are performing their duties correctly is to be constantly learning and progressing. If a lifeguard’s skills are not practiced or used on a normal basis, much can be forgotten. It is important to be sharp so that you know you are ready for any emergency that may arrive. In-service training is often the best way to do this. Managers will organize practice exercises that lifeguards must perform with fellow guards to make sure everyone can work well together. This will also allow lifeguards to become familiar with specific aspects of their pool that may not have been addressed before since all pool areas are different.

C. Safety Checks: Equipment checks should be conducted throughout the day. This includes before opening, during the day, and also conducted as part of the daily closing routine. Whenever damaged or missing equipment is noticed, corrective action should be taken either by the lifeguard or by contacting a supervisor. It is never good to wait until the end of the day or even a few minutes to take corrective action because an injury could occur at any time. It is also important for a lifeguard to ask individuals that may have been injured how they became injured. A reply such as being cut by a jagged edge of the pool, or on a sharp piece of the fence can quickly alert the lifeguard to what needs to be fixed so that no additional individuals are injured from the same object.

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D. Bringing your skills into everyday life: Lifeguards are equipped with the knowledge oflifesaving skills. They can carry these skills into everyday life from the home, school, and the workplace. Sometimes the most rewarding things come from helping someoneand possibly saving their life, expecting nothing in return.

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Legal

Laws by State/Consent/Good Samaritan/Duty to Act/Abandonment)

A. Duty to take Action

Although legal liability laws vary from state to state, it is generally accepted that all lifeguards are required to uphold a higher level of care and responsibility. In exchange for payment of any kind, whether it is monetary or not, a lifeguard is expected to uphold their basic duties and provide assistance in case of an emergency.

B. Abandonment and Negligence

If these basic duties are not followed to the minimal level, action is not taken, the lifeguard goes beyond their range of training, or if the victim is abandoned (left unattended without furtherassistance once contact has been made) a lifeguard can be found negligent under the law.Negligence carries serious legal repercussions when a lifeguard is found to be at fault.

C. Pool Rules

Pool Signage: Although lifeguards cannot and should not rely on pool area signs to convey rules and regulations, they are a good way to educate the public. Simple signs such as NO DIVING, NO RUNNING, NO HORSEPLAY, NO HOLDING BREATH can greatly cut down on the time a lifeguard may have to divert their attention from their primary duties to control unnecessary actions. Below is a list of common pool rules that should be posted: LIST POOL RULES (how rules and regulations help safety and how to enforce).

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SECTION 5

Lifeguards must also remember that legal responsibility exists at the pool at all times. Failure to lock gates and external doors that may lead to the pool area are sometimes the leading causes of injury. A lifeguard must always remember to securely lock up the facility at closing times and not allow individuals into the facility before posted opening times.

D. Getting Consent

Individuals must always get consent to give care to an individual before they can physically assist them. The following are the 3 main steps a lifeguard must take to properly get consent from an individual. Do not crowd the person, but get down to their level and in a calm tone follow the below steps:

STEP 1: Clearly state your name

STEP 2: State that you are a lifeguard trained in First Aid and CPR

STEP 3: Ask if you can help.

An example would be: “Hello. My name is Bernard Fisher. I’m trained in first aid. May I assist you?”

It is also good to tell the individual what you believe is wrong (looks like you have broken your arm, cut your hand, or twisted your ankle) and explain to them what care you intend to give them (apply a splint, apply a bandage, or immobilize the area).

Most individuals will give consent to the lifeguard, but some situations will arise in which individuals deny consent. This often occurs when the individual is in denial about their condition, afraid of going to the hospital in the case of small children not accompanied by adults. In these situations, it stays with the individual so that you may further assess the situation and possibly gain further knowledge of the injury. The lifeguard may also call 911 emergency personnel if they feel it is necessary in cases where individuals do not give consent. Note that it is not required to get consent in an active emergency such as drowning or a case in which an individual is unconscious. Lifeguards give what is called implied consent in these situations.

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E. Good Samaritan Laws

Lifeguards have the responsibility to uphold their primary duties while on the job, but we also have a responsibility as citizens to help when needed. Although individuals are not required to take action if they are not being compensated, it is sometimes one of the most rewarding things to do when you help someone without expecting anything in return. Individuals across the United States are covered by the Good Samaritan laws when they take action to help when an emergency occurs. Although the coverage from state to state does vary, it is often accepted that as long as an individual does not go above their level of training or abandon the victim, legal action will not be taken.

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Common Hazards

What You Can See (Pool Damage, Environmental, Weather)

Hazards exist in all areas of the pool. It is the responsibility of the lifeguard to prevent as many of these hazards as possible. The best way to prevent most of the hazards that exist is by simply making sure that you are familiar with the pool area and the space in which you work. This initial walk-through of the facility should not be done alone but in the presence of a pool manager or supervisor that is familiar with the pool area. From day one, a lifeguard supervisor or pool manager will be able to give you specific knowledge about the pool area that may be unique to that specific pool or pool area. The first day on the job it is best to make sure you know where all the emergency exits are, where the AED and first aid kit are stored, where outside phone access can be found and if any outside number such as zero or nine must be dialed before reaching an outside line. Just because it may be your first day or your first week doesn’t mean that nothing will go wrong, it is always best to be prepared, even from the start to ensure you are ready no matter what the emergency may occur.

A. Pool Structure:

One main hazard is the pool structure itself. Cracking in the pool surface, loose side ladders, jagged external fences, slippery pool decks, and unstable slides and play structures are often the leading causes of cuts, scrapes and bruises. It is the responsibility of the lifeguard to inspect these structures before the pool opens to make sure everything is in safe working order. If a lifeguard is alerted to the presence of structures or equipment that is not in good working order, he/she must correct it right away so that no one gets hurt.

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SECTION 6

B. Main Drain Entrapment

A common hazard that exists in the pool is the strong suction that is located at the main drain areas of the pool bottom. Missing, loose, or damaged main drain grates can cause great injury. The possibility of ENTRAPMENT is always a number one concern in safety.

C. Weather

Although lifeguards can usually control the existence of many hazards in the pool area, one thing they cannot control is the weather. Fast-moving storms can often carry heavy rain, hail, and lightning. High winds and heavy rains can often disrupt proper surveillance of the pool area. As a general rule, if weather conditions exist that prevent the lifeguard from clearly seeing the pool bottom or the presence of the main drain, the pool must be closed. Lightening carries a high risk of electrocution. It is generally accepted that the entire pool area must be clear of bathers at 30minute periods at the sound of thunder 45 minutes after a lightning strike has been sighted (source). Bathers must not only be cleared from the pool basin but also the pool deck and bathhouse. Individuals should stay clear of any conductive materials such as pipes and water located in showers, phone lines, and conductive metals. The use of a dry erase board or posted indicator should be used to indicate the possible changing or reopening of the pool facility in the case of lightning. In the event of a tornado, the lifeguard should direct individuals to the nearest stable structure or low-lying area such as a ditch. Lifeguards should also keep in mind that when loss of power occurs, filtration, recirculation and disinfection of the pool water are not occurring. Lifeguards should check with their pool operator before opening the poolback up to the public.

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D. Pump Room Dangers

Main poisonous and highly flammable chemicals are stored in the pump room of the pool facility. The facility’s Swimming Pool and Spa Operator should only handle these chemicals. If there is a fire in the pump room, make sure to clear the facility, keeping patrons at a safe distance. If someone is poisoned from ingesting chemicals, make sure to call poison control at 800-222-2212 or your local EMS. If chemicals are spilled on an individual, make sure to dilute the substance with large amounts of water for at least 15-20 minutes. Seek medical attention if you believe the injury to be a second- or third-degree burn. If it is a dry chemical, make sure to brush the chemical off first with a gloved hand away from the victim where there is no wind, then flush with large amounts of water. Chlorine gas leak. If chlorine gas is used as a disinfectant in the pool area and there is a chlorine gas leak, individuals should be directed to higher ground because chlorine gas is heavier than air and will collect in low-lying areas.

E. Distractions

Sometimes small distractions around the pool area can be the greatest hazard that might exist in the pool area. Since it sometimes only takes a few seconds for a life-threatening emergency to occur, it is key that the lifeguard always stays focused. Things such as talking to fellow lifeguards, using the facility phone or cell phone, reading, texting, listening to music on an mp3 player, or even daydreaming all add up to distractions that may exist on the job. (Article on Texting.) The best way to prevent these hazards is to simply avoid them. Make sure to leave all distractions such as cell phones in your locker or car so that they will not create a distraction. Inform fellow lifeguards, friends, or family that may be visiting the facility that you are on duty and cannot be distracted from your primary duties.

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What You Don’t See: (Germs, Diseases, etc.)

The pool environment is a suitable environment for the presence, growth, and transfer of many disease-carrying bacteria and viruses. These germs are not born from the water, but brought in by individual bathers on their clothes, skin, hair, toys, etc. It is often required that all individuals take a shower to remove some layers of dead skin and body oils before entering the pool area.

Although transmission of disease-carrying bacteria and viruses does occur in water, greater precautions should be taken when physical contact is made. Lifeguards will often be exposed to open wounds where the upper layers of skin have been torn and blood is present. Lifeguards should not be deterred from acting due to the presence of blood and other bodily fluids, but instead, take the proper precautions to protect themselves. These include:

• The first line of defense is the use of physical barriers such as latex gloves and breathing barriers

• Lifeguards should have gloves and a breathing mask with them at all times, but if not, simply try and contact blood a little as possible. Use an additional barrier between yourself and the wound should have a sterile gauze pad.

• Thoroughly wash all areas with soap and disinfectant that might have contacted external fluids. Especially refrain from eating, drinking, or touching any areas of the eyes or mouth until the areas have been cleansed.

Spa Hazards

One of the main hazards found in spas and hot tubes is right in the name, the presence of higher-than-normal temperatures. Although most hot tubes are regulated so that they do not exceed 104 degrees, this is still much higher than the body’s internal temperature of 98.6 degrees. Emersion in these hot waters for long periods can cause the body to go into hyperthermia. This coupled with medical conditions such as heart disease can cause heart attacks and heat stroke. Below are some basic rules that bather should adhere to while using the hot tube:

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• No food, drink, or alcohol is allowed.

• Maximum use should be limited to 10 minutes at a time.

• No immersion allowed.

• Individuals who have high blood pressure, heart disease or diabetes, who are pregnant, or who suffer from other medical conditions should not enter.

• Do not use soaps, oils, or lotions while in the hot tube.

• Children are not allowed.

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Primary Lifeguard Duties

Primary Duties (Enforce Rules, Surveillance, equipment, consent, part of a team)

The job of a lifeguard should not be taken lightly. The responsibilities that come along with the job are important. The primary job of a lifeguard is to watch over, prevent, and assist with injuries that may occur in the general pool area. This includes the pool basin, pool deck, and bathhouse facilities.

• Proper Surveillance and injury prevention actions

• Recognition of common signs and signals of an emergency

• Acting upon those signs and signals quickly and efficiently

• Continuation of care until further help arrives

A. Education and Corrective Action

One very important job a lifeguard has in accident prevention is through education. Pool signage is there for people’s safety, but people do not always take notice or follow the rules. Lifeguards must take corrective action in situations where an injury may occur if left unnoticed. In these cases, the lifeguard whistle is your best friend and should be used to prevent further actions that may cause injuries. Lifeguards should make sure to not just reprimand individuals but also educate them as to which specific rule has been broken and how they can avoid breaking such rules in the future. Make sure that you are swift and concise in your education andcorrective action so that you do not waste unnecessary time and become unnecessarily distracted. If an individual needs further education about pool rules, make sure to direct them to a fellow lifeguard or lifeguard manager.

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SECTION 7

B. Proper Surveillance over the facility

Constant vigilant surveillance of the pool area and its patrons is one of the most important duties of a lifeguard. Lifeguards must work together as a team to properly watch over all areas of the facility. Lifeguards must stay alert at all times and leave no blind spots unchecked by constantly scanning the areas in their designated stand or station.

How to Proper Scan:

Maintain Constant Motion: Lifeguards must ensure that they constantly and effectively scan all areas of their station. This means actively scanning with direct frontal contact with swimmers. Head rotation is a key to ensuring that direct surveillance is maintained. Lifeguards must focus on specific swimmers with frontal vision while looking out for movement and possible change with peripheral vision.

Keep Focused: Lifeguards must remain alert and focused on properly scanning at all times. The dangers of distractions must be ignored. Focus on your area of responsibility not activity outside the facility, on the pool deck, or noise and conversation that may be taking place near your position. Constant hydration breaks and the use of sunglasses are often effective ways to stay alert and focused as well.

Scan Proper Areas: Lifeguards must make sure to pay special attention to certain areas such as under diving boards, slides, main drains, underwater, ladders and steps. Also, take into account the progression of swimmers. Make note of those that are tiring or inexperienced since they may need assistance.

C. Coverage of Your Area of Responsibility:

Knowing your area of responsibility is key in securing the facility and working well with the lifeguard team. This will cut down on confusion and delay in the rescue sequence that can cause unnecessary injury. Whether your position is in an elevated lifeguard chair or on deck level,

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always keep in mind your area of responsibility. If certain areas of responsibility are obstructed, make sure to change position so that every area is visible. Lifeguards need to rotate from station to station as well as receive breaks in between to stay sharp. It is important to remember that during a rotation, at least one lifeguard should have their eyes on the pool at all times. Pass on any pertinent information about a possible swimmer that may need more attention to the lifeguard that fills your spot so that they may be better prepared or specific hazards that exist in that area of responsibility.

D. Recognition of Common Signs and Signals of an Emergency

• Distressed

• Active Drowning Victim

• Passive Drowning Victim

• Cramps/Distressed

Since proper victim recognition is a key element of facility surveillance, it is important to accurately assess these signals promptly. Sometimes the signs and signals to an emergency are easily recognized. Victims are sometimes able to call out, cry, or use physical movement such as splashing to indicate that they require assistance. Bystanders may also bring attention to those that need assistance. Lifeguards must be able to differentiate the difference between simple playful splashing to that of a distressed swimmer. That of someone simply out of breath and someone who may be having a heart attack. One can never be too cautious. A key indicator of victim recognition in the water is forward motion.

Normal Swimmer: Although different swimmers often swim at different speeds using different strokes, forward motion is key to staying afloat. Those individuals indicating progressive forward motion, nearly horizontal body position, and sustained breathing are classified as normal swimmers.

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Distressed Swimmer: Lifeguards should first recognize a swimmer that is in distress either from fatigue, muscle cramps, inexperienced swimming skills, or possible injury while entering the pool. Distressed swimmers differ from normal swimmers due to the presence of a more vertical position in the water. There will be little to no forward motion in the water. They may also call out for help and make eye contact with those around them.

Active Drowning: If assistance is not provided, victims may then progress into Active drowning in which they are no longer able to progress in a forward motion of any kind and are usually vertical in the water simply trying to get air and stay afloat. The instinct to capture short bursts of air will overcome the shouts and cries that may be present in a distressed swimmer.

Passive Drowning: If assistance still does not occur, the victim will progress into an inactive passive state. Passive victims are motionless with no forward motion or intentional movement of any kind. At this point, the victim has become unconscious and needs assistance immediately. Victims will often remain floating in the water and return to the horizontal position. If long periods have passed, victims may even become submerged.

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Progress often happens quickly. That is why it is the job of the lifeguard to act as soon as an emergency occurs. Acting upon those signs and signals quickly and efficiently: Assisting Victims

While surveying the pool area, lifeguards must not only be able to quickly and correctly identify when an emergency arises, but also know what specific action whether it be splinting an injury, applying a bandage, rescue breathing, or CPR. Lifeguards must know when to take action and what action should be taken depending on the circumstances such as location in the pool, possible head, neck, or back injuries, and severity of the injury. Wasting time activating the lifeguard team for a simple cut or bruise can also backfire when a lifeguard does not take proper care in stabilizing a head, neck, or back injury properly or summoning EMS personnel in the presence of a heart attack when they might believe it is simply heartburn. When the cause of injury is not known, make sure to initiate a head-to-toe survey of the victim. Check all areas of the body, even hard-to-see areas such as the scalp, ears and abdomen for possible internal damage. Ask the victim questions such as “What is the last thing you remember, what is the last thing you ate, are you taking any medication, are you allergic to any substances or insects.” Stay with the victim until assistance is given or further help arrives.

All other duties should be seen as secondary to these primary actions. Things like facility cleaning and maintenance, pool ID checks, and filling out report forms should all be seen as secondary to the above primary duties of education and corrective action, surveillance, recognizing signs and signals of an emergency, and taking proper action to assist victims.

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Emergency Action Procedure

When a lifeguard recognizes an emergency, it is not only his job to act, but to also signal to other lifeguards for assistance.

STEP 1: is when the lifeguard recognizes that there is an emergency. This most likely occurs through the use of one of the 5 senses. Most likely a lifeguard will visually recognize through sight that a victim needs assistance. Hearing a victim scream or cry out may also alert a lifeguard. The use of smell can also alert a lifeguard to the presence of a fire or gas leak. It is then up to the lifeguard to decide whether there is an emergency. Remember to take into account many aspects such as the facial features of the victim as well as body position to differentiate between simple horseplay and a true emergency.

STEP 2: Once the lifeguard determines that assistance is needed, they must then signal using a designated sign such as three short whistle blows. This signal will alert the other members of the lifeguard team that assistance is needed. Each individual that is part of the lifeguard team should start to prepare their specific tasks to backup and assist such as taking over the post of the primary lifeguard, clearing all other individuals from the pool and calling 911.

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SECTION 8

STEP 3: The lifeguard will then approach the victim to assist whether it is on land or in the water. Lifeguards should try and secure the victim and keep them calm but indicating who they are and reassuring them if they are conscious. Once the victim has been secured and brought to safety proper first aid and CPR procedures should be taken if needed. The use of breathing barriers and gloves should be used if needed.

STEP 4: Follow-up interviews and accident reports should be filled out no matter the severity of the emergency. This is important because in many cases, information for hospitals, lawyers, or families may be collected months down the road. Written reports will help individuals remember exactly what happened instead of relying solely on memory. All equipment used during the rescue should be assessed to make sure they have not been damaged and used supplies should be replaced. Just as the equipment is checked for damage, lifeguards should assess not only their physical condition but also their mental state whenever an emergency has occurred.

STEP 5: Learn from what happened. All aspects of the rescue from start to finish should be examined so that any problems that may have occurred may be corrected so that things only go as smoothly as possible. All individuals of the lifeguard team should share their input in this process to make sure all areas were covered as efficiently as possible.

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Entries

Lifeguards' main rescue equipment and lifeline can be found in their floatation rescue tubes. It should always be kept within arm’s length. Rescue tubes should be used not only as a floatation device but also as a barrier between the rescuer and the victim. The safety strap should be securely wrapped across one shoulder. It does not matter which shoulder, but the end of the safety line should match up with the same side of the tube. While on the pool surface, lifeguards must always have the excess safety line in one hand. This will prevent it from tangling or getting caught on any external objects including lifeguards’ legs.

A. External Stair Entry:

One of the safest ways to enter the water, not only for you but also for the victim, is by using the stairs. This will ensure that little to no movement of the water occurs which is key in rescues where a head, neck, or back injury is suspected. One key element to remember is to have your tube in position securely across your chest under your armpits with the excess line in hand. This line can easily be snagged on the stair railing causing unneeded motion and possible injury to therescuer.

B. External Side Entry:

One of the easiest ways to enter the pool environment at the start of rescue is by simply using the external side entry from the pool deck. The lifeguard should first make sure that the rescue tube is secure and attached across one shoulder. 1. Ease yourself at the edge of the pool so that you are seated on the edge of the pool deck.

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SECTION 9

2. Using both hands, lift your body so that you may securely slide into the water. Be cautious becausethe pool deck may be slippery. 3. Once in the water, secure your rescue tube under your armpits securely at your chest.

C. Deep Water Entry:

In the presence of water deeper than 5 feet, lifeguards should use the open leg entry technique. This will allow lifeguards to safely and quickly enter the water while staying afloat as much as possible. 1. Approach the edge of the pool with a rescue tube secured across one shoulder and an excess line secured in one hand. 2. Slightly lean forward with open legs, one leg in front of the other as if you were walking, to enter the water keeping your rescue tube in front for floatation. Do not jump or kick from the edge due to the possibility of slipping. 3. Do a strong kick, closing your legs as you hit the water. It is important not to close your legs before hitting the water, otherwise, you will sink further. 4. Make adjustments to your tube once in the water. If you submerge during the entry, quickly check to make sure the victim has not moved from their previous spot and continue with your rescue.

D. Shallow Water Entry:

In shallow water (shallow water should not go below 3 feet) and less than 5 feet or at heights from a rescue stand, it is important the lifeguard safely enter the water so as not to cause injury to their feet, knees, or legs. In shallow water, lifeguards must enter the water almost in a seated position with knees bent and feet flat to absorbthe impact if contacting the bottom.

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1. Approach the edge of the pool with a rescue tube secured across one shoulder and an excessline secured in one hand.

2. With secure footing, jump from the edge in the direction of the victim. This should not be used if the victim is close to the side or under the lifeguard stand.

3. With knees bent and feet flat, brace yourself for possible contact with the bottom. Do not leave backward due to possible impact with the side of the pool.

4. If you submerge during the entry, quickly check to make sure the victim has not movedfrom their previous spot and continue with your rescue.

External and Internal Tube Extensions

Lifeguards can often help a victim without even entering the pool. Through the use of external side extensions, a lifeguard can safely pull the victim to safety while remaining on the pool deck. The most basic extension is using the rescue tube.

1. Remove the strap from your shoulder. This will ensure that you are not pulled into the water by the struggling victim. 2. In a crouched position, extend the rescue tube to the victim. Be cautious not to throw the tube or hit the victim’s head. 3. If the victim does not grab on right away, shout to get their attention to the tube. 4. Using a hand-over- hand motion, pull victim to the nearest pool edge for assistance. Lifeguards may also use other equipment such as a shepherd’s crook or reaching pole to assist. Internal tube extensions may also be used in the water where the rescuer extends the tube to the victim and tows them to safety while in the water. This is a good technique to avoid possible confrontation with a drowning victim.

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Water Rescues

A. Active Drowning Victim

A good way for a lifeguard to prepare themselves for an active drowning victim rescue is to put themselves in the mindset of the victim. In many cases of active drowning victims, much of their basic reasoning skills no longer exist. They have one main motive, to get air to stay alive. A lifeguard should be prepared to deal with these survival instincts.

STEP 1: Activate the facility's Emergency Plan. Make sure your tube is securely at your side and always approach the victim from behind to avoid a struggle.

STEP 2: Position your arms in a hooking motion under the victim’s armpits. Make sure to secure the victim by holding on to their shoulders. Do not ball your hands up by closing your fists. Also, make sure to tell the victim that you are a lifeguard and you are there to help them, so that they may calm down.

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SECTION 10

STEP 3: Position the victim on the rescue tube by slightly leaning their body back over the tube for flotation. This will allow for easier movement of the victim in the waterand less dead weight.

STEP 4: Using strong circular kicking motions,move the victim to safety. If the victim can kick, they may assist you in reaching the edge.

STEP 5: If the victim seems to be fully conscious, do a spinning rotation so that once you reach the side of the pool, the victim may grasp onto the edge for support. Make sure to not release the victim until they are secure, especially in deepwater.

Often in the case of an active drowning victim, once the lifeguard brings the victim to the edge, they will quickly recover. In cases of a sudden cramp or simply a sudden moment of panic, their body will soon begin to recover. Assist the victim in their exit from either ladders or stairs located in the shallow end of the pool area. Stay with the victim and pay close attention to any signs or signals of illness or injury that may have been missed in your initial assessment.

B. Passive Drowning Victim

Approach on a passive drowning victim has many of the same maneuvers but in this case, we have to make sure to secure the victim's head and neck. Unlike the active drowning victim, passive drowning victims will possess no muscular strength or control in their neck and therefore will not pull their head out of the water. In securing a passive drowning victim, follow the same steps highlighted above, but make sure to slightly lean the victim's head back to one side sothat it may rest on the opposite side of the lifeguard.

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It is best to remove the victim from the water by a backboard. However, when dealing with a passive victim who is not breathing and a backboard is not immediately available and waiting to remove them to the deck will delay vital care, then performing in-water ventilation with the use of an airway mask is recommended. In addition, if you have rescued a victim who is passive and is smaller than you, and a backboard is not immediately available, you may lift them directly onto the deck without the use of the backboard. However, you cannot use this method if you suspect a spinal injury, and the victim is breathing.

C. Removal from the Water

Unlike the case of an active victim who is conscious and can usually be able to remove themselves with assistance after a few minutes of rest, passive victims that remain unconscious need further attention and assistance. Although time is always important in all rescue scenarios, it is always better to do things right the first time than rush and make mistakes. As with many rescues, it is often good to have two lifeguards. This allows for the proper execution of the rescue as well as shared knowledge to ensure that it is done correctly. In these rescues, communication is key. The steps outlined below will take off where our passive/active drowning rescues left off with the victims securely at the edge of the pool deck.

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STEP 1: Rescuer number 2 will come to the edge of the pool deck and grasp the wrist of the victim. Make sure to grasp the wrists, not the hands. Grasp the victim’s right wrist with your right hand, your left hand to the victim's left wrist. Make sure to have a low center of gravity so that you do not fall into the pool under the victim’s weight.

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STEP 2: As rescuer number 2 secures the victim's arms, rescuer number 1 will exit the pool to retrieve the backboard. Note that since we do not suspect a spinal injury, use of straps and head immobilizers are not needed.

STEP 3: Rescuer number 2 will slide the backboard into the water on the side of the victim that matches up with whichever hand rescuer number 1 has on top of his crossed hands. If rescuer number two has their left hand on top, the board goes to the left; if their right hand is on top, the board goes to the right. It is up to rescuer number 1 to indicate which side the board should go by clearly saying “Left Side” or “Right Side.”

STEP 4: Make sure to put the board in the water feet first (narrow side) straight up and down. Rescuer number 1 will ease the board into the water until the top of the board matches up with the victim’s head (there should be about 2-3 inches of space between the top of the victim's head and the top portion of the backboard).

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STEP 5: Once the board is secured in the water, rescuer number 2 will carefully rotate the victim by uncrossing his arms. Again, if the rescuer's right hand is on top, the victim is rotated (spun) to the right side. If the left hand is on top, the victim is rotated (spun) to the left side.

STEP 6: Once the victim is on the board, each rescuer will grab the wrist of the victim that is closest to them and their side of the board. Slightly pull the victim out of the water so that their body rests on the board.

STEP 7: Once the victim is evenly on the board, and both rescuers have indicated they are ready (saying I’ve got it or go) slowly pull them out to the pool deck. Make sure to gradually ease them down. NOTE: Pull any hair to the side so that it doesn’t get caught in between the board and the side of the pool. Leaving the victim on the board, the lifeguard will then conduct their primary survey assessing breathing and circulation.

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SECTION 11

A. Passive Submerged: Deepwater

Surface Dives

Often if left unnoticed, a victim will quickly slip under the water and become submerged. Lifeguards must therefore approach the victim underwater by using a pencil surface dive. The lifeguard will simply press their legs together to perform a pencil-like figure while using their arms to force themselves underwater. Make sure to still approach the victim from behind so thattheir back is to the lifeguard’s chest.

B. Passive Submerged

If the victim is not quickly rescued, they will often slip under the water. The lifeguard must completely submerge under the water using the submerged approach technique highlighted above.

STEP 1: The lifeguard should approach the victim on the surface until there are about two feet from the victim's back.

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STEP 2: Leaving your rescue tube at the surface either to the left or right side, and submerge using a surface pencil dive, submerge so that the lifeguard is at the victim’s level in the water, the victim’s back to the lifeguard’s chest. In waters less than 8 feet it is best to keep the rescue tube attached during the rescue

STEP 3: Secure the victim by reaching across the victim’s chest, under their arms with one arm. You should reach across the victim using the opposite arm opposite the side that you left the tube at the surface. (Tube to the left—grab with the right. Tube to the right grab with the left.) Make sure to secure the victim by reaching across their chest, not hooking under their armpit.

STEP 4: Once the victim is secure, kick up to the surface while pulling on the excess like of your tube with your free hand.

STEP 5: Once you hit the surface and have located your tube, grasp it about midway and force it underwater so that it floats up under the armpit of the arm that is still holding the victim. The tube will now be in between you and the victim.

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STEP 6: Place your other arm over the tube so that the tube rests under both of your armpits. Reach back under the victim with a hooking motion so that you are in your rescue starting position.

NOTE: Forcing the tube underwater is often difficult. You will have to use the weight of your body to force it under your armpit between the victim and yourself. If the tube slips out of your hand, simply retry but make sure to keep the victim’s mouth above water at all times. Also, before submerging, make sure to have your excess line to one side so it does not tangle around your neck or the victims.

C. Submerged Spinal

As with all rescues, there is the fear that the victim may have ensured their head, neck, or back either from a fall or contact with the pool floor. Greater care must always be taken in these situations to ensure no further damage is done. In the case of a submerged victim with a possible spinal injury, the lifeguard must not only bring the victim to the surface but also approach and secure them with the greatest amount of care.

STEP 1: Making as little motion as possible while approaching the victim. The lifeguard should use a side stair or deck entry into the water so that they don’t make waves that may come in contact with the victim.

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STEP 2: If the victim is face down, do a pencil dive down to the victim’s side and secure them using the head chin support. If you come from the right of the victim, your right hand will be on their chest. If you come from the left side of the victim, your left hand will be on their chest and your right hand on their back.

STEP 3: Once you have secured the victim, slowly kick up to the surface at an angle, rotating under the victim as you do this. The rotation under the victim and angular assent should be completed so that once you hit the surface, the victim has been fully rotated to your opposite side, face up.

STEP 4: Kick to the shallow end, supporting the victim to start backboarding for removal.

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A. Shallow Water

Although the dangers of shallow water diving are well known, many times individuals do not take the warnings of No Diving. If you see anyone diving into the pool area, whether it is an adult or a child, make sure to correct this behavior immediately. If it is left untouched, other individuals may assume that it is okay for them todo the same. This will continue until someone ultimately gets injured. Although spinal injuries can occur in the deepwater due to jumping off a diving board the wrong way or slipping on the side of the pool and falling into the water, a greater hazard exists in the shallow end. Below are the rescue techniques used to secure the inline stabilization of the head and neck of the victim to ensure that no further damage is done. Keep in mind, during these rescues, the victim should have a pulse and should be breathing. If the victim does not show signs of life, advanced medical care needs to be administered immediately.

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STEP 1: Approach the victim from the front so that their head is pointed toward your check making as little movement as possible.

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Clamp Face Up
Neck

STEP 2: Grasp the victim’s arms in between the elbow joint and the armpit. Position your hands so that the palms are facing up.

STEP 3: Once you have grasped the victim’s arms, slowly rotate the shoulders so that the arms clamp inward. Making a smaller and smaller angle (V position). Make sure to duck under the arms while clamping them inward so as not to make contact.

STEP 4: Securely clamp the victim’s arms so that they are touching the sides of the head. Slightly bring the victim to one side so that their head is directly above your elbow joint. Make sure they are not loose otherwise movement still can occur and further damage might be done.

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STEP 1: Approach the victim from the side making as little movement as possible.

STEP 2: Grasp the victim’s arms in between the elbow joint and the armpit. Position your hand so that the palms are facing down this time. You should be reaching over the victim with one arm (right to right left to left).

STEP 3: Slowly close the arms so that they clamp the sides of the victim’s head and neck.

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Neck Clamp Face Down

STEP 4: In a fluid forward motion, rotate the victim 180 degrees on their axis, pressing the arm closest to you underwater to rotate the victim face up. Note: Rescuers should not go underwater or change their standing position.

STEP 5: Make sure to be level with the victim in the water, continue a forward motion to keep the victim as horizontal as possible until help arrives.

NOTE: This Technique can also be used for a submerged victim in shallow water. The lifeguard will simply perform steps 2-4 underwater before bringing the victim to the surface.

STEP 1: Approach the victim from the sidemaking as little movement as possible.

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Head Chin Splint Face Up

STEP 2: Place the victim’s arms to their sides. Try to not push the victim underwater while doing so.

STEP 3: Place one arm underwater on the victim's back. Your forearm should be resting straight down the center of the victim’s spine. Your hand should be on the back of the victim’s head. Make sure not to place the hand on the victim’s neck.

STEP 4: Place the opposite arm straight down the victim’s chest with the hand on the victim’s chin, just below their mouth so that they may breathe. Make sure not to place the hand on thevictim’s mouth.

STEP 5: Make sure to be level with the victim in the water, their shoulder should be pressing on the center of your chest. Continue a forward motion to keep the victim as horizontal as possible until help arrives.

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Head Chin Splint Face Down

STEP 1: Approach the victim from the side making as little movement as possible.

STEP 2: Place the victim’s arms to their sides. Make sure not to push the victim underwater while doing so. Step 3. Place one arm underwater on the victim’s chest. Place your hand on the victim’s chin, just below their mouth.

STEP 3: Place the opposite arm on the victim's back. Your forearm should be resting straight down the center of the victim’s spine with a hand on the back of the head.

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STEP 4: Make sure the victim is secure. Rotate under the victim dunking underwater. Make sure to keep a tight splint during the rotation. When you surface, you should be on the opposite side of the victim and the victim should now be face up. It is key to maintain stabilization during the rotation so that rotation of the head or neck does not occur.

STEP 5: Make sure to be level with the victim in the water, their shoulder should be pressing on the center of your chest. Continue a forward motion to keep the victim as horizontal as possible until help arrives.

Backboarding

The above are rescue techniques used to secure the victim while in the water. What is equally important is how to safely remove the victim from the water. Since we suspect that a spinal injury may have occurred, more care must also be given in the removal. Remember, during these rescue techniques, the victim should be breathing and should have a pulse.

Communication is key. Rescuers should take their time to make sure they do not rush and make mistakes or further injure the victim.

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STEP 1: Rescuer #1 should secure the victim using the head chin support. Rescuer #1 should enter the water with the backboard in hand making as little water disturbance as possible. Rescuer #2 should position themselves on the opposite side of the victim compared torescuer #1.

STEP 2: Rescuer #1 should continue a forward motion so that the victim remains as horizontal as possible. Rescuer #2 should press the board underwater using a wide grip forcing it under the victim. Rescuer #2 may move the board underwater to better position it so that the victim’s head is level with the top of the board.

STEP 3: As the board begins to rise toward the victim, Rescuer #1 must cautiously remove their head from the back of the victim and place it on the back of the board, almost a mirror image of where it once was. It is important to be very gentle during this process due to possible movement of the head and neck.

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STEP 4: Supporting the victim and the board, both rescuers should move toward the edge of the pool, leaving enough space for rescuer #2 to position themselves on the edge of the pool with the head end of the board resting on their chest just above the collar bone. Keep in mind rescuer #2 should still be stabilizing the victim while moving.

STEP 5: Once the board has been positioned, rescuer #2 will take over stabilization of the head and neck by placing their forearms on the edge of the board and hands on each side ofthe head. This will allow rescuer #1 to secure the victim’s body. Rescuer #2 must also support the board by balancing the bottom with their legs. A tube can also be placed on either side of the board to help with floatation.

STEP 6: Rescuer #1 will drape the straps across the victim’s body starting from the top. The first strap will go across the victim’s chest, under their arms. The second strap goes across the victim’s waist securing the victim’s hands. The third strap goes across the victim’s thighs.

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STEP 7: Rescuer # 1 will then slowly move to the opposite side of the board and click the straps starting from the bottom and working their way to the top. Keep in mind that some of the straps may be under the victim. Extreme care should be taken when extracting these straps.

STEP 8: Rescuer # 1 will now locate the two head immobilizers. Each head immobilizer will have a straight side, slanted side, and an ear hole. Make sure to use the straight side against the victim’s face. Rescuer #1 will force rescuer #2 hands out of the way to place the head immobilizers on the Velcro pads. The position may need to be adjusted depending on the position of the victim’s head in relation to the board.

STEP 9: Rescuer #1 will finally secure the head using the head and chin strap. They would be tightly secured to minimize movement of the head and neck.

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STEP 1: Both rescuers should lift the head end of the board so that it rests on the side of the pool.

STEP 2: Rescuer #1 will exit the pool making as little movement as possible and position themselves at the head of the victim on the pool deck. Rescuer #2 will position themselves at the foot end of the board.

STEP 3: Slightly lifting the board, rescuer #1 will slowly pull the board out of the water withthe help of rescuer #2 pushing.

STEP 4: Once the victim’s upper body has been removed past the hips, the rescuers shouldswing the board so that it rotates to the side of the pool.

STEP 5: Begin continued assessment of the ABC until emergency assistance arrives.

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SECTION 13

A. Escapes

Lifeguards should never enter the water without their rescue tubes. But sometimes this is not enough. The panicking and blurred mental state of overactive drowning victims can often cause them to grab onto the closest thing for floatation, whether that be a rescue tube or a lifeguard. If a lifeguard finds themselves in a situation where a victim has grabbed on to them for flotation, it is key to stay calm. If possible, give the victim the rescue tube and tow them to the nearest edge or shallow area. If it is not possible to simply give them the rescue tube and they are actively latched onto you, follow these steps:

STEP 1: Keep calm and take a deep breath. Submerge underwater. Often once air is taken out of the equation, the victim will quickly let go and return to the surface. If this does not occur, grab closest to the victims elbows as possible and try and force them up and over

STEP 2: Swim a safe distance from the victim, regain your rescue tube, and reassess the situation. If it is possibly to simply use a tube extension, do so and tow the victim to the edge. If this is not possible, retry the rescue, always coming from behind the victim and

B. Taking it to Land

Introduction to Rescue Breathing and CPR

Once the victim has been brought to safety, their vital signs should be continuously monitored until EMS assistance arrives. This includes monitoring breathing and circulation through assessing the Airway, Breathing and Circulation. If an individual stops breathing or loses their pulse, rescue breathing and CPR should be initiated to ensure that they receive adequate oxygen and blood circulation until help arrives.

We ask that you visit the Mayo Clinic First Aid website at http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid for further information on first aid topics and treatments.

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American Lifeguard Association® Course Introduction

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Lifeguard Course

• Pre-Test Requirements

• Equipment

• Victim Recognition

• Emergency Action Plan

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In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Drowning Victim Rescue

• Unresponsive Victim Rescue

• Removal

• Initial Assessment

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American Lifeguard Association® Rescue Skills

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Shallow Water Rescues

• Arm Clamp Face Up

• Arm Clamp Face Down

• Forearm Clamp Face Up

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American Lifeguard Association® Spinal Rescue

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Underwater Approaches

• Submerged Victim Rescue

• Submerged Spinal

American Lifeguard Association® Submerged Victim Rescue `

59

American Lifeguard Association® Backboarding

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Backboarding

• Removal

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American Lifeguard Association® Primary Survey

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• CPR and First Aid

• Victim Age Groups

• Victim Recognition

• Primary Survey

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American Lifeguard Association® Primary assessment

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Calling 911 Assistance

• Airway

• Breathing

• Circulation

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In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Unconscious Choking Adult/Child

• Unconscious Choking Infant

American Lifeguard Association® Unconscious Choking `

63

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Conscious Choking Adult/Child

• Conscious Choking Infant

American Lifeguard Association® Conscious Choking `

64

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Rescue Breathing

• Using a Bag Valve Mask

American Lifeguard Association® Use of Bag Valve Mask `

65

American Lifeguard Association® One Man CPR

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

• Proper Compression Techniques

• Adult/Child CPR

• Infant CPR

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American Lifeguard Association® Two Man CPR

In this video, the following topic is covered:

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• Two Man CPR

American Lifeguard Association® Use of an AED

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

• AED Steps

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American Lifeguard Association® Secondary Assessment

In this video, the following topics are covered:

• Secondary Assessment Adult

• Secondary Assessment Child/Infant

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American Lifeguard AssociationLifeguard Course

In this video, the following topic is covered

• Overview of entries and approaches along with rescues

First Aid Basic Train

We ask that you visit the Mayo Clinic First Aid website athttp://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid for further information on first aid topics and treatments.

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