Engineering and Technology Journal

The Effect of Calcium Carbonate-Nanoparticle on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymers Utilizing Different Types of Mixing and Surface Pre-Treatment: A Review Paper https://lnkd.in/dh5BvQy9 Abstract The effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3) on the mechanical and thermal properties of various polymers was investigated in this review. The results were compared to scholarly research published between 2002-2022. Different polymers were evaluated, including Polypropylene (PP), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyethylene (PE), and natural rubber (NR). Through this work, the effect of CaCO3 nanoparticles that act as fillers in polymeric materials has been reviewed. It can be concluded that mechanical and thermal properties can be decreased, increased, or unchanged by increasing and decreasing the fillers to obtain optimal results. It is reasonable to conclude that most papers with nano-CaCO3 showed improvements in appreciable mechanical and thermal properties. In general, the term "surface modification of inorganic fillers" refers to the coating of the fillers with organic materials, which can be done by physical and chemical interactions between the modifiers and the fillers. The reviewed articles revealed that modification of CaCO3 nanoparticles with surface pre-treatment fillers caused enhancement of the mechanical properties of the polymeric matrix twice and prevented the agglomeration of particles in the matrix. Various mixing methods have been used, the most significant being a twin screw extruder, mechanical stirrer, and two-roll mill. Highlights: - he nano-CaCO3 showed appreciable mechanical and thermal properties - The modification of CaCO3 nanoparticles with surface pre-treatment caused enhancement of the mechanical properties twice - Surface pre-treatment prevented the agglomeration of particles in the matrix - The twin screw extruder method showed appreciable results Keywords: - CaCO3 filler - Polymer matrix - Nanocomposite - Thermo-mechanical properties - Surface pre-treatment Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/dT_dExMF ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Improvement of Formability of AISI 1006 Sheets by Hydroforming with Die in Square Deep Drawing https://lnkd.in/d6bT2wXa Abstract An effort has been made to improve the formability of (1006) AISI steel alloy sheets in deep drawing of square-shaped parts with flat bases through hydroforming. To achieve this goal, the manufacturing process involved the use of a newly developed experimental setup for sheet hydroforming with a die, which was created by the researchers. The key design features of this setup aimed for simplicity and modularity, allowing for potential utilization with oil pressures of up to 100 MPa. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional deep drawing. Both processes were examined under specific conditions to form identical cups up to the full depth of the provided die. Indicators of formability considered for comparison included the minimum possible corner radius, the maximum achievable depth without failure, and the maximum percentage of thinning at the corners. This study demonstrates that hydroforming can enhance the formability of low-carbon steel alloy sheets by improving the flow of metal into the die cavity and reducing thinning at critical regions, when compared to conventional deep drawing processes. In conventional deep drawing, only 70% of the full depth could be achieved before failure due to high local deformations resulting in significantly higher thinning at the corners. Highlights: - A new hydroforming setup with a die was designed, made, and assembled. - The new setup enhances the formability of (1006) AISI steel in square deep drawing. - The hydroforming deep drawing was compared to the conventional one for cup forming. - Hydroforming enhances low-carbon steel formability by reducing thinning. - Conventional deep drawing only reaches 70% depth due to corner thinning. Keywords - Hydroforming with die - Conventional forming Steel alloy - Thinning - Formability Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/dNwFFX7J ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Study of Physical Properties of Biocomposite Based on the Polymer Blends Used for Denture Base Applications https://lnkd.in/dQdhC7ga Abstract In this study, two different types of polymers—Polyamide (PA) type (6) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) type (K30), each added separately with a different weight fraction (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) heat-cured resin as blend matrix—have been blended with heat-cured PMMA resin to develop the PMMA resin properties used for prosthesis complete denture. Sisal and coconut powder, two natural powders, were added separately to the polymer blend matrices with varying weight fractions (2%, 4%, 6%) to create composite specimens. Testing for density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, FTIR, and DSC were included in this study. The results show that adding reinforcing powders and polymer blends increases density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity, except PA powder, which lowers density values. The ultimate thermal conductivity and the most negligible density value were (0.289 W/m. k and 1.182 gm/cm3), respectively, for (PMMA-6% PA). The highest water absorption value was (1.007%)for (PMMA-2% PA-6% coconut). According to FTIR and DSC tests, the miscibility between blend constituents is good, and no additional materials are formed in specimens. These findings lead to the conclusion that one of the promising composite materials that can be used for improving some physical properties of a denture base, and they are, is composed of a blended matrix and natural materials reinforcement. The materials which are used in this search are an introduction to future research in the applications of dental and other applications. Highlights: - Using natural particles to produce safe and healthy working environments is essential - It was necessary to improve the properties of PMMA resin by reinforcing it with natural powders - Composite denture base properties varied with components' types and weight fractions Keywords: - Sisal - Coconut - Natural powder - Physical properties - Complete dentures Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/duWaYXA8 ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Investigation and Prediction of the Impact of FDM Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of PLA Prints https://lnkd.in/dHSECWKj Abstract Complex geometry components can be produced using FDM-based additive manufacturing (AM). In this study, the compressive and tensile strength were investigated, considering variations in layer thickness (0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), density (40%, 60%, and 80%), and infill pattern (tri-hexagon, zig-zag, and gyroid). The experiment was designed using the Taguchi technique and carried out on a commercial FDM 3D printer, involving nine specimens with different processing settings. The compression standard ASTM D695 and tension standard ASTM D638-02a were used for evaluation. The results indicated that infill density significantly impacted compressive and tensile strength, contributing to 65% and 60% of the variations. Based on the S/N ratio analysis, the optimal parameters for achieving high compressive and tensile strength were 80% infill density, a Gyroid infill pattern, and a layer thickness of 0.3 mm. With these settings, the maximum compression strength reached 45.23 MPa, and the maximum tensile strength was 44.03 MPa. Regression prediction modeling proved to be a powerful tool for predicting the compression and tensile strengths of PLA samples and optimizing the 3D printing process. Accurate and reliable predictions can be achieved by carefully selecting relevant features, preprocessing the data, training, and evaluating the model. These predictions can greatly assist in process design and manufacturing, with a percentage error of approximately 2.79% for compression strength and 3.35% for tensile strength. Highlights: - Nine specimens were 3D printed using various parameters and ASTM standards (D695, D638-02a). - Influence of printing parameters, such as infill pattern, density, and layer thickness, on strength was explored. - Infill density was found to significantly affect both compressive and tensile strength. Keywords: -3D Printing - Compression - Tensile - Regression Model - Prediction Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/djeF_X86 ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Synthesis and Characterization of NiP-TiC-SiC Nanocomposite Coating via Electroless Process on Alumina Substrate https://lnkd.in/gFaU4BqW Abstract Present-day industrial need high surface engineering quality since it deals with many material properties that are applied in modern applications. Autocatalytic plating of material surfaces enhances their mechanical and chemical properties. This study used electroless plating to create (NiP-TiC-SiC) nanocomposite coatings on alumina ceramic under various time and temperature deposition conditions to get the best performances of nanocomposite coatings. Different coating morphologies have been created, as seen in (FESEM) images. The (EDX) results show that the (NPs) were effectively integrated and that the main elements of the coating are nickel and phosphorus. The (XRD) pattern validates the existence of metallic nickel and the phases (NiP, Ni2P, and Ni3P). The hydrophobic properties of the (NiP-TiC-SiC) NCCS generated at (95⁰C for 30 minutes) increased to (127.260). The corrosion behavior was studied via the electrochemical method, which was done in the (3.5 wt%) NaCl at (25⁰C) and the results showed that the addition of (TiC) together with (SiC) nanoparticles shows a significant enhancement in the polarization resistance, the maximum polarization resistance value was obtained for (NiP-TiC-SiC) prepared at (60 minutes 85⁰C) and it is equal to (56.31419 kΩ.cm). Highlights: - The morphology of the coating was changed by the addition of nanoparticles. - The best contact angle was obtained for the coating prepared at (95⁰C for 30 minutes). - Polarization resistance was improved notably for coating produced at (85⁰C for 60 minutes). Keywords: - Electroless NiP - Coating - Nanoparticles - Contact angle - Corrosion Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/gv7dxrxa ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

The Influence of the Inclusion of Nano Ceramic Particles on the PMMA Composite Properties for Biomaterials Applications https://lnkd.in/gw9cmqVx Abstract This study examines the effects of reinforcing PMMA acrylic resin with different Nanoparticle types: Silica (SiO2) (67.8nm), Titania (TiO2) (57.3nm), and Talc powders (TP) (80.1nm). This was done by using the ultrasonic mixing method for dispersing the nano-powder in the matrix and using them at three different proportions (0. 5, 1, and 1.5%) to improve the properties of PMMA composite materials for medical applications. The characteristic functional groups associated with Nano-ceramic particles and PMMA in the composite specimens were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Also, this research investigates some mechanical properties, including (tensile strength, compression strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and surface roughness), some physical properties (density and water absorption), and biological properties (antibacterial activity). The experimental work was performed on prepared specimens that may be employed for cartilaginous joint applications. The results revealed that all mechanical properties enhanced as the nanoparticles concentration was increased till it reached a maximum of 1.5%. The proportion of tensile strength and elastic modulus enhancement for 1.5% of (SiO2, TiO2, and Talc) is equal to (66.5%, 47.55% and 59.38%), (261.5, 315.38 and 388.4%), respectively. The compressive strength of composites increased by (49.3, 36.66, and 40.5%) for 1.5% (SiO2, TiO2, and Talc). The physical properties manifested that the increased content of reinforcing nanoparticles led to the raised water absorption, while the density values of PMMA nanocomposite decreased. Additionally, the biological results elucidated that the increased concentration led to the increased antibacterial activity of nanocomposite. Furthermore, the results concluded that adding 1.5% of SiO2 to a PMMA matrix improves the properties obtained. Highlights - Applying ceramic nanoparticles as reinforcement to PMMA soft acrylic resin. - Using the ultrasonic mixing method to dispersion nanoparticles into the matrix. - Study the mechanical and physical characteristics of the nanocomposite samples. Identifying the biological activity of PMMA/Nano-ceramic powder by determining the antibacterial activity. Keywords: - PMMA - TiO2 - SiO2 - Talc - Bio nanocomposites - Nanoparticles - Mechanical properties - Physical properties Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/gv_U3U_g ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Experimental and Theoretical Analysis to Produce Pentagonal Cup in Deep Drawing Process https://lnkd.in/d3FMfrVP Abstract The manufacturing industry heavily relies on deep drawing due to its remarkable ability to produce intricate symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes with accuracy and efficiency. This research aimed to create a deep drawing tool capable of producing a pentagonal cup measuring 41mm in diameter and 30mm in height. This was achieved by conducting numerical simulations and experimental tests using two different methods. The first method involved converting an 80mm diameter circular blank into a pentagonal cup through a drawing operation, while the second method involved redrawing a cylindrical cup into a pentagonal shape. The study also analyzed the impact of these methods on the drawing load, stress/strain distributions, and thickness distributions. The finite element method software, ANSYS 20, was employed for numerical simulations. The results showed that the first method had a significantly higher punch load than the second method. However, the pentagonal cup produced using the first method had a greater thickness reduction towards the cup wall curvature compared to those produced using the second method. Therefore, the second method was considered ideal for manufacturing a pentagonal cup because it resulted in a lower degree of thinning at the cup curvature and a more uniform distribution of thickness, stress, and strain. In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of deep drawing in the manufacturing industry and emphasizes the need to choose the appropriate forming method to achieve optimal results. Highlights: - Fabricate pentagonal cups using two different methods: the direct technique and the conversion technique. - The second forming method is the best method to produce a pentagonal cup. - Complex shapes in the deep drawing process can be produced using the second forming method. Keywords: - Pentagonal cup - Deep drawing - Cup wall - Drawing force - Strain thickness Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dpm9x4PB Article: https://lnkd.in/d8WVS36H ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Applying Nanocomposite Coatings to Improve Orthopedic Alloys by Using Multiple Flame Spray https://lnkd.in/d7sgM8A2 Abstract Due to their excellent mechanical and biocompatibility characteristics, CoCr-based alloys are frequently employed in orthopaedic implant applications. It is necessary to maximize their general characteristics, corrosion resistance, and ion release. Despite several benefits, coating with torch flame spray has weaker adherence. As a result, powder metallurgy was employed to combine Si and Nb elements with CoCr alloys. CoCrNb and CoCrSi alloys were sprayed with multiple torch flames to apply two different kinds of Nano-coatings (A: 75% HAP+ 25% SiC, and B: 75% Zeolite+ 25% ZrO2). In two samples, alloying elements Nb and Si were added at a concentration of 5 wt.%. Various characterization methods are employed, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), an ion release test, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a wear test, corrosion measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and an adhesion strength test. According to the results, coating (type A) and (type B) increase the wear resistance of CoCr alloy. The zeolite+ZrO2 (type B) and HAP+SiC (type A) coating layers act as barriers to the release of Co and Cr ions from CoCr alloys. There were varying degrees of roughness in the coated samples, which resulted in corrosion pitting. According to tensile pull-out tests, the two-torch flame spraying technique provided a stronger bond with the substrate than the single-torch flame spraying technique. In general, CoCrSi coated type B are the best to be implanted where the cytotoxicity is 0% in the human body, thus an excellent biocompatibility. Highlights: - CoCrNb and CoCrSi alloys were sprayed with multiple torch flames to apply of Nano-coatings (A: 75% HAP+ 25% SiC, and B: 75% Zeolite+ 25% ZrO2) - The zeolite+ZrO2 (type B) and HAP+SiC (type A) coating layers act as barriers to the release of Co and Cr ions from CoCr alloys. - CoCrSi coated type B are the best to be implanted where the cytotoxicity is 0% in the human body Keywords: - CoCrNb - CoCrSi - Coating - HAP+SiC -Zeolite+ZrO2 Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dEQhJCR8 Article: https://lnkd.in/dCaCpQvX ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Oxidation Behavior of Inconel 625 Alloy through Aliminide Diffusion Method Using Y2O3 and ZrO2 Nanoparticles https://lnkd.in/dBh6y7-P Abstract The pack cementation process was used to create a type of Y2O3+ZrO2 doped Cr-Co-modified aluminide coating that takes advantage of the synergistic effects of nano Y2O3 and ZrO2 particles. A Ni-based superalloy (type IN625 type) was coated with pack powder containing: Al as a source of aluminum; Cr as a source of chromium, Co as a source of cobalt, NH4Cl as a source of activator; nano Y2O3-ZrO2 as a source of reactive element oxide; and Al2O3 as a source of filler metal. The process was carried out for 6 hours at 1100oC temperature. The microstructure characterization of the coating was performed by SEM, EDS, and XRD. It was found that the cross-section of the coating obtained was uniform and free from cracking. The maximum hardness value was found at the outer layer (997H.V.) and decreased toward the core sample core (366H.V.). The coating's microstructure consists of an outer layer, a transition layer, and an IDZ. The average coating thickness is 132.37, 36.11, and 37.65µm for the outer layer, transition layer, and IDZ, respectively. The XRD analysis of the coating system after 6 hours at 1100oC revealed phases formed by AlNi3, CoO, Al-Cr-Co, and Cr4NiZr. The n (growth rate time constant) and Kp (parabolic rate constant) values increase with increased oxidation temperature. It was found that adding Zr and Y to the Cr-Co-modified aluminide coating might increase the oxidation resistance. Highlights: - Nano Y2O3 and ZrO2 particles were used in diffusion coating by the single-step pack cementation process. - Effects of Y2O3 and ZrO2 on mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of coated Inconel 625 superalloy were analyzed. - Microstructure of coated IN625 superalloy consists of an outer layer, a transition layer, and an interdiffusion zone. - Adding Y2O3 and ZrO2 to the Cr-Co-modified aluminide coating might increase the oxidation resistance. Keywords: - Pack cementation - Ni-based superalloy - NanoY2O3-ZrO2 particle - Aluminide coating - Oxidation resistance Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dEQhJCR8 Article: https://lnkd.in/dG_yThsP ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj

Promote Osseointegration Through Surface Functionalization of Ti-Zr Alloy by Nano Composite Fiber https://lnkd.in/dtWmsxGT Abstract Using bioactive and biocompatible coatings to biofunctionalized metallic implant surfaces for enhanced bone regeneration while resisting bacterial infection has attracted materials scientists' interest. Bio-metallic Ti-25Zr disc sample was prepared using powder metallurgy and then coated using an electrospinning method to form a nanocomposite fiber as a coating layer over the surface of the metal alloy substrate. Three nano-compounds (Nano-hydroxyapatite, Nano-Titanium dioxide, Nano-strontium titanite) were added individually to the Polycaprolactone/Chitosan blend to prepare the electrospinning solutions. The results show a significant improvement in biocompatibility for the coated samples after seven days of (MC3T3-E1) cell culture. Cell viability percentages were significantly higher for the coated samples compared to uncoated ones, with values of PCL/Chitosan/nHA (HA1) has 239.45±17.95%, PCL/Chitosan/nSrTiO3 (SR1) has170.09±8.12%, and PCL/Chitosan/nTiO2 (TI1) has 117.19±19.42%, while bare Ti-25Zr has 80.52±1.97%. Cell proliferation also shows a remarkable increase with time for coated samples, and the enhancement reaches 197.76% for (HA1), 111.38% (SR1), and 45.81 % (TI1) in comparison with (bare Ti-25Zr). For the antibacterial test, no inhibition zone for the control sample (bare Ti-25Zr) was observed, while the coated samples showed a suitable and comparable inhibition zone. The coating procedure is simple and inexpensive, and composite nano-fiber has high biocompatibility and promise in orthodontic and orthopedic bone regeneration. Highlights: - Bio-metallic Ti-25Zr sample was prepared using powder metallurgy. - Ti-25Zr alloy was coated using an electrospinning method to form a Nano-composite coating film. - The coated sample significantly improves cell activity and resists bacterial infection. Keywords: - Composite - coat Ti - 25Zr nano - fiber electrospinning nSrTiO polycaprolactone Journal: https://lnkd.in/dgnvtdte Issue: https://lnkd.in/dEQhJCR8 Article: https://lnkd.in/dAUs3E9M ETJ LinkedIn: https://lnkd.in/d_8SPqAt #Engineering_and_Technology_Journal #UOT #engineering #technology #etj