Due to social defiance, there was a controversial issue regarding the development of new high-vol... more Due to social defiance, there was a controversial issue regarding the development of new high-voltage overhead power lines (HVOPL) in electricity companies. In developing the infrastructure of new power infrastructure design, the psychological aspects of the country culture need to be considered and accept its advancement as part of important components in the physical environment of the community. Species of the tropical tree such as Aquilaria malaccensis and Dipterocarpus concavus was listed as Critically Endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Therefore, this paper is to overcome the issues of transmission line siting to avoid endangered tree species. Due to the rising demand for power supply, site exploration and automated technology development have become necessary. One of the suitable sites to set up the transmission line is in the tropical forest area, resulting in forest clearing for transmission Right-Of-Way (ROW) that threatens endangered tree species. This study aims to propose the optimization power transmission line sitting using geospatial data at the tropical forest in avoiding the endangered tree species. Previously, the best route for transmission line siting in a particular location was determined based on expert opinion and drawn manually on paper. Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies with the optimize least-cost path (LCP) siting by considering the related multi-criteria features including endangered tree species, slope, average wind speed, and human mask was introduced. The transmission line siting optimization using the reclassification algorithm to weigh the relevant multi-criteria and LCP tools carried out data processing on the Model Builder platform. Finally, mapping suitable power transmission line siting development using geospatial data in avoided endangered tree species in tropical forest areas. The output will be the guideline or reference for any utility company for transmission line siting development at tropical forest area using GIS.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Over the last few decades, forests have been the victims of over logging and deforestation. Uncon... more Over the last few decades, forests have been the victims of over logging and deforestation. Uncontrolled of this activity gave an impact to the tree species to be endangered. A detailed inventory of tree species is needed to manage and plan the forest on a sustainable basis. Many techniques had been done to identify the tree species, but in the recent three decades, remote sensing technique was widely used to study the distribution of tree species. In this study, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) with a combination of high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery (WV-2) and airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data was tested for classification of individual tree crowns of tropical tree species at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) forest, Selangor. LiDAR data was taken using fixed-wing aircraft with Gemini Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) laser with 0.15m and 0.25 resolution for horizontal and vertical. WV-2 was captured with a 0.5m spatial resolution. In this study, hy...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Remote sensing technology is the most common method used in monitoring conservation and restorati... more Remote sensing technology is the most common method used in monitoring conservation and restoration at mangrove areas. This study aims to classify the mangrove family at Bagan Datuk, Perak, using object-based image analysis techniques based on Pleiades’ image with 0.63m spatial resolution obtained from the Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM). The segmentation was done by choosing a suitable scale and merge level. Two classifiers namely support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) were used to classify the mangrove family. The mangrove family map was produced from the higher accuracy of the classification. The results show that the overall accuracy of SVM is 63.81% (kappa = 0.55) while KNN is 59.83% (kappa = 0.50). In conclusion, SVM outperformed K-NN for mangrove family classification.
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become a common tool for predicting forest attributes. Fo... more Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become a common tool for predicting forest attributes. Forest attributes estimation such as aboveground biomass (AGB), crown width and tree height for forest inventories using areabased approach have reached the operational status, while methods using the individual tree-based approach still remain a great challenge. In this study, we present a step by step approach in developing predictive LiDAR-AGB model derived at tree level and how this model can be used to validate the results on automatic delineation of individual trees at the landscape level. The methodology in this study arranged according to the following order: (1) Pre-processing: LiDAR normalization, LiDAR metrics extraction and LiDAR-field individual tree extraction, (2) Individual tree crown delineation and crown assessment (3) Predictive model assessment (4) Forest attributes assessment. The automated method correctly delineated about 84% and 88% of the tree crowns in two forest ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Assessing tree biomass is essential for observing carbon stock and forest biodiversity which are ... more Assessing tree biomass is essential for observing carbon stock and forest biodiversity which are an important indicator in climate change monitoring. The most accurate assessment involved ground data collection, including its data processing. In certain condition, it is extremely challenging, due to the difficulties of accessing dense forest and variation of terrain, tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, due to these limitations, remote sensing might become a better approach in measuring this information. The focus of this study is to estimate the tree stump height for biomass estimation after selective logging practices. In this study, we utilize remotely sensed canopy height model (CHM) derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to quantify tree stump height after felling logs at a local scale. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing UAV imagery to derive a canopy height model (CHM) for preparing parameters in assessing timber tree biomass. CHM is the referenc...
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is one of the key parameters for carbon accounting in a forest area. Ho... more Aboveground biomass (AGB) is one of the key parameters for carbon accounting in a forest area. However, estimating this parameter by using remote sensing approach has been challenging as the interpretation of remotely sensed has been challenging as the interpretation of remotely sensed complex tropical forest ecosystem. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor system has its potential in obtaining acceptable AGB estimation but several issues such as complex forest structure and saturation at certain biomass levels remain unanswered and continuously being studied. This study was carried out to identify factors that contribute to the variation of backscattering properties on forest biomass. The sensitivity of L-band backscatter from Alos Palsar satellite with a wavelength of about 23 cm to the forest biomass was examined. Natural and logged forests of Dungun Timber Complex in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia were selected as the study area. AGB at a number of sample plots were measured on...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The Improving Connectivity in the Central Forest Spine (IC-CFS) is funded by the Malaysian Govern... more The Improving Connectivity in the Central Forest Spine (IC-CFS) is funded by the Malaysian Government (GOM) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The IC-CFS main objective is to re-establish, maintain, and improve the connectivity within the corridors and create linkages between the fragmented forests. The carbon stock assessment component is required to evaluate the corridors. The study was conducted at Primary Linkages in Pahang (C-PL1), A-PL1 in Perak, and J-PL2 in Johor, with an extent of 4,355 ha, 24,759 ha, and with 6,791 ha, respectively. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) tool was applied for assessing the carbon stock within these landscapes together with satellite images between the years 2010 and 2020 to produce land use classifications. Carbon stock in J-PL2 indicated depletion by -592,599 Mg C over ten years. On the other hand, C-PL1 and A-PL1 indicated an increase amounted 22,129 and 695,689 Mg C, respectively. These changes evid...
Canopy height is a fundamental parameter for determining forest ecosystem functions such as biodi... more Canopy height is a fundamental parameter for determining forest ecosystem functions such as biodiversity and above-ground biomass. Previous studies examining the underlying patterns of the complex relationship between canopy height and its environmental and climatic determinants suffered from the scarcity of accurate canopy height measurements at large scales. NASA’s mission, the Global Ecosystem Dynamic Investigation (GEDI), has provided sampled observations of the forest vertical structure at near global scale since late 2018. The availability of such unprecedented measurements allows for examining the vertical structure of vegetation spatially and temporally. Herein, we explore the most influential climatic and environmental drivers of the canopy height in tropical forests. We examined different resampling resolutions of GEDI-based canopy height to approximate maximum canopy height over tropical forests across all of Malaysia. Moreover, we attempted to interpret the dynamics unde...
Selective logging can cause significant impacts on the residual stands, affecting biodiversity an... more Selective logging can cause significant impacts on the residual stands, affecting biodiversity and leading to environmental changes. Proper monitoring and mapping of the impacts from logging activities, such as the stumps, felled logs, roads, skid trails, and forest canopy gaps, are crucial for sustainable forest management operations. The purpose of this study is to assess the indicators of selective logging impacts by detecting the individual stumps as the main indicators, evaluating the performance of classification methods to assess the impacts and identifying forest gaps from selective logging activities. The combination of forest inventory field plots and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB and overlapped imaged were used in this study to assess these impacts. The study area is located in Ulu Jelai Forest Reserve in the central part of Peninsular Malaysia, covering an experimental study area of 48 ha. The study involved the integration of template matching (TM), object-based ima...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The Improving Connectivity of the Central Forest Spine Project (IC-CFS) under the United Nations ... more The Improving Connectivity of the Central Forest Spine Project (IC-CFS) under the United Nations of Development Programme (UNDP) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Malaysian Government (GOM) is aimed at increasing capacity at the Federal and State level to execute the CFS Master Plan. Currently there are 37 CFS corridors that have been identified and prescribed in the CFS Master Plan. Out of this, 17 corridors are classified as Primary Linkages (PL) and 20 as Secondary Linkages (SL), with amounted a total extent of 507,976 ha. The study areas involved three PL corridors, which summing a total area of 35,905 ha, which are PL-1 in Pahang (4,355 ha), PL-2 in Perak (24,759 ha) and PL-3 in Johor (6,791 ha). Accurate assessment and efficient management of these corridors landscape require a systematic geospatial tool. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) tool, developed by the Natural Capital Project were chosen to assess the carbon dy...
The use of remote sensing imagery, to some extends geographic information system (GIS), have been... more The use of remote sensing imagery, to some extends geographic information system (GIS), have been identified as the most recent and effective technologies to assess forest biomass. Depending on the approaches and methods employed, estimating biomass by using these technologies sometimes can lead to uncertainties. The study was conducted to investigate appropriate methods for estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) by using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. A total of 60187 ha in Dungun Timber Complex (DTC) were selected as the study area. Thirty seven sample plots, measuring 30×30 m were established in early 2012 covering both natural and logged forests. Phase Array Type L-Band SAR (Palsar) images that were acquired in 2010 were used as primary remote sensing input and shapefile polygons comprised logging records was used as supporting information. By using these data, two estimation methods, which were ‘stratify and multiply’ (SM) and ‘direct remote sensing’ (DR) have been adopted ...
Rapid growth of Malaysia’s economy recently is often associated with various environmental distur... more Rapid growth of Malaysia’s economy recently is often associated with various environmental disturbances, which have been contributing to depletion of forest resources and thus climate change. The need for more spaces for numerous land developments has made the existing forests suffer from deforestation. This chapter presents an overview and demonstrates how remote sensing data is used to map and quantify changes of tropical forests in Malaysia. The analysis dealt with image processing that produce seamless mosaics of optical satellite data over Malaysia, within 15 years period, with 5-year intervals. The challenges were about the production of cloud-free images over a tropical country that always covered by clouds. These datasets were used to identify eligible areas for carbon offset in land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector in Malaysia. Altogether 580 scenes of Landsat imagery were processed to complete the observation period and came out with a seamless, wall to wa...
Due to the high price of Ramin Melawis tree, it suffers from uncontrollable logging activities. T... more Due to the high price of Ramin Melawis tree, it suffers from uncontrollable logging activities. To help reducing declination of Ramin Melawis tree species, up to date and accurate tree species information is important to ensure the success of forest planning and management for Ramin Melawis tree. Discriminating tree species in mixed tropical peat swamp forest has been challenging due to the similar spectral reflectance of neighbouring trees. This study focus on classifying Ramin Melawis tree using hyperspectral image (HySpex VNIR 1600) and object based image analysis. Two segmentation algorithm, Multiresolution segmentation and watershed segmentation were used to delineate tree crown from hyperspectral image. Both algorithms has been successfully delineate tree crown in coniferous and temperate deciduous forest. Therefore, these segmentation algorithms will be tested to delineate tree crown in mixed peat swamp forest. Spectral reflectance and spectral indices in hyperspectral image ...
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor * Corresponding author: khali@fr... more Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Mangrove is one of the forest type found in Malaysia. The habitat of mangroves normally occurs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, notably in the coasts of Perak, Selangor, Johor, and Kedah. This forest type plays an important role in protecting the coastlines from the wave actions and acts as a buffer for the surrounding communities as well as a source of income for the state. However, due to various human activities, the mangroves areas are rapidly depleting. Land development including for urban and settlement, establishment of shrimp farms, and expansion of agricultural lands have been identified as the main factors that contribute to the depletion of mangrove areas. In addition, natural phenomena such as tsunami, el-nino and la-nina and coastal erosion have also significantly deteriorating the prominence of mangroves in the region. This study is carried out to detect changes in terms of magnitude and extent that occurred on the mangrove areas along the coast of Selangor for the last two decades. Several sets of Landsat -TM, -ETM+ and SPOT -XS satellite images dated between February 1989 and March 2007 were utilised to identify distribution and areas of currently existing mangroves and changes that have undergone within that period. Digital post classification change detection technique has been applied to the images and analysis was performed in GIS platform. From the study, it was found that the mangrove in Selangor has decreased from 28,954.6ha in 1989 to 19,456.1ha in 2007, a reduction of about 9,498.5ha or 32.8% with the average loss of some 527.7ha per year. If this trend continues, the impacts will not only affect the mangrove itself but also to the environment and communities as a whole. Urban and settlement developments and establishment of shrimp ponds were identified respectively in Klang and Sabak Bernam areas as the major reason for the mangrove loss. Hence, necessary management actions should be undertaken to minimise the mangrove reduction area in the near future. Key words: Mangroves, remote sensing, GIS, Selangor
Due to social defiance, there was a controversial issue regarding the development of new high-vol... more Due to social defiance, there was a controversial issue regarding the development of new high-voltage overhead power lines (HVOPL) in electricity companies. In developing the infrastructure of new power infrastructure design, the psychological aspects of the country culture need to be considered and accept its advancement as part of important components in the physical environment of the community. Species of the tropical tree such as Aquilaria malaccensis and Dipterocarpus concavus was listed as Critically Endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Therefore, this paper is to overcome the issues of transmission line siting to avoid endangered tree species. Due to the rising demand for power supply, site exploration and automated technology development have become necessary. One of the suitable sites to set up the transmission line is in the tropical forest area, resulting in forest clearing for transmission Right-Of-Way (ROW) that threatens endangered tree species. This study aims to propose the optimization power transmission line sitting using geospatial data at the tropical forest in avoiding the endangered tree species. Previously, the best route for transmission line siting in a particular location was determined based on expert opinion and drawn manually on paper. Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies with the optimize least-cost path (LCP) siting by considering the related multi-criteria features including endangered tree species, slope, average wind speed, and human mask was introduced. The transmission line siting optimization using the reclassification algorithm to weigh the relevant multi-criteria and LCP tools carried out data processing on the Model Builder platform. Finally, mapping suitable power transmission line siting development using geospatial data in avoided endangered tree species in tropical forest areas. The output will be the guideline or reference for any utility company for transmission line siting development at tropical forest area using GIS.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Over the last few decades, forests have been the victims of over logging and deforestation. Uncon... more Over the last few decades, forests have been the victims of over logging and deforestation. Uncontrolled of this activity gave an impact to the tree species to be endangered. A detailed inventory of tree species is needed to manage and plan the forest on a sustainable basis. Many techniques had been done to identify the tree species, but in the recent three decades, remote sensing technique was widely used to study the distribution of tree species. In this study, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) with a combination of high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery (WV-2) and airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data was tested for classification of individual tree crowns of tropical tree species at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) forest, Selangor. LiDAR data was taken using fixed-wing aircraft with Gemini Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) laser with 0.15m and 0.25 resolution for horizontal and vertical. WV-2 was captured with a 0.5m spatial resolution. In this study, hy...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Remote sensing technology is the most common method used in monitoring conservation and restorati... more Remote sensing technology is the most common method used in monitoring conservation and restoration at mangrove areas. This study aims to classify the mangrove family at Bagan Datuk, Perak, using object-based image analysis techniques based on Pleiades’ image with 0.63m spatial resolution obtained from the Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM). The segmentation was done by choosing a suitable scale and merge level. Two classifiers namely support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) were used to classify the mangrove family. The mangrove family map was produced from the higher accuracy of the classification. The results show that the overall accuracy of SVM is 63.81% (kappa = 0.55) while KNN is 59.83% (kappa = 0.50). In conclusion, SVM outperformed K-NN for mangrove family classification.
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become a common tool for predicting forest attributes. Fo... more Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become a common tool for predicting forest attributes. Forest attributes estimation such as aboveground biomass (AGB), crown width and tree height for forest inventories using areabased approach have reached the operational status, while methods using the individual tree-based approach still remain a great challenge. In this study, we present a step by step approach in developing predictive LiDAR-AGB model derived at tree level and how this model can be used to validate the results on automatic delineation of individual trees at the landscape level. The methodology in this study arranged according to the following order: (1) Pre-processing: LiDAR normalization, LiDAR metrics extraction and LiDAR-field individual tree extraction, (2) Individual tree crown delineation and crown assessment (3) Predictive model assessment (4) Forest attributes assessment. The automated method correctly delineated about 84% and 88% of the tree crowns in two forest ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Assessing tree biomass is essential for observing carbon stock and forest biodiversity which are ... more Assessing tree biomass is essential for observing carbon stock and forest biodiversity which are an important indicator in climate change monitoring. The most accurate assessment involved ground data collection, including its data processing. In certain condition, it is extremely challenging, due to the difficulties of accessing dense forest and variation of terrain, tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, due to these limitations, remote sensing might become a better approach in measuring this information. The focus of this study is to estimate the tree stump height for biomass estimation after selective logging practices. In this study, we utilize remotely sensed canopy height model (CHM) derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to quantify tree stump height after felling logs at a local scale. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing UAV imagery to derive a canopy height model (CHM) for preparing parameters in assessing timber tree biomass. CHM is the referenc...
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is one of the key parameters for carbon accounting in a forest area. Ho... more Aboveground biomass (AGB) is one of the key parameters for carbon accounting in a forest area. However, estimating this parameter by using remote sensing approach has been challenging as the interpretation of remotely sensed has been challenging as the interpretation of remotely sensed complex tropical forest ecosystem. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor system has its potential in obtaining acceptable AGB estimation but several issues such as complex forest structure and saturation at certain biomass levels remain unanswered and continuously being studied. This study was carried out to identify factors that contribute to the variation of backscattering properties on forest biomass. The sensitivity of L-band backscatter from Alos Palsar satellite with a wavelength of about 23 cm to the forest biomass was examined. Natural and logged forests of Dungun Timber Complex in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia were selected as the study area. AGB at a number of sample plots were measured on...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The Improving Connectivity in the Central Forest Spine (IC-CFS) is funded by the Malaysian Govern... more The Improving Connectivity in the Central Forest Spine (IC-CFS) is funded by the Malaysian Government (GOM) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The IC-CFS main objective is to re-establish, maintain, and improve the connectivity within the corridors and create linkages between the fragmented forests. The carbon stock assessment component is required to evaluate the corridors. The study was conducted at Primary Linkages in Pahang (C-PL1), A-PL1 in Perak, and J-PL2 in Johor, with an extent of 4,355 ha, 24,759 ha, and with 6,791 ha, respectively. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) tool was applied for assessing the carbon stock within these landscapes together with satellite images between the years 2010 and 2020 to produce land use classifications. Carbon stock in J-PL2 indicated depletion by -592,599 Mg C over ten years. On the other hand, C-PL1 and A-PL1 indicated an increase amounted 22,129 and 695,689 Mg C, respectively. These changes evid...
Canopy height is a fundamental parameter for determining forest ecosystem functions such as biodi... more Canopy height is a fundamental parameter for determining forest ecosystem functions such as biodiversity and above-ground biomass. Previous studies examining the underlying patterns of the complex relationship between canopy height and its environmental and climatic determinants suffered from the scarcity of accurate canopy height measurements at large scales. NASA’s mission, the Global Ecosystem Dynamic Investigation (GEDI), has provided sampled observations of the forest vertical structure at near global scale since late 2018. The availability of such unprecedented measurements allows for examining the vertical structure of vegetation spatially and temporally. Herein, we explore the most influential climatic and environmental drivers of the canopy height in tropical forests. We examined different resampling resolutions of GEDI-based canopy height to approximate maximum canopy height over tropical forests across all of Malaysia. Moreover, we attempted to interpret the dynamics unde...
Selective logging can cause significant impacts on the residual stands, affecting biodiversity an... more Selective logging can cause significant impacts on the residual stands, affecting biodiversity and leading to environmental changes. Proper monitoring and mapping of the impacts from logging activities, such as the stumps, felled logs, roads, skid trails, and forest canopy gaps, are crucial for sustainable forest management operations. The purpose of this study is to assess the indicators of selective logging impacts by detecting the individual stumps as the main indicators, evaluating the performance of classification methods to assess the impacts and identifying forest gaps from selective logging activities. The combination of forest inventory field plots and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB and overlapped imaged were used in this study to assess these impacts. The study area is located in Ulu Jelai Forest Reserve in the central part of Peninsular Malaysia, covering an experimental study area of 48 ha. The study involved the integration of template matching (TM), object-based ima...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The Improving Connectivity of the Central Forest Spine Project (IC-CFS) under the United Nations ... more The Improving Connectivity of the Central Forest Spine Project (IC-CFS) under the United Nations of Development Programme (UNDP) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Malaysian Government (GOM) is aimed at increasing capacity at the Federal and State level to execute the CFS Master Plan. Currently there are 37 CFS corridors that have been identified and prescribed in the CFS Master Plan. Out of this, 17 corridors are classified as Primary Linkages (PL) and 20 as Secondary Linkages (SL), with amounted a total extent of 507,976 ha. The study areas involved three PL corridors, which summing a total area of 35,905 ha, which are PL-1 in Pahang (4,355 ha), PL-2 in Perak (24,759 ha) and PL-3 in Johor (6,791 ha). Accurate assessment and efficient management of these corridors landscape require a systematic geospatial tool. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) tool, developed by the Natural Capital Project were chosen to assess the carbon dy...
The use of remote sensing imagery, to some extends geographic information system (GIS), have been... more The use of remote sensing imagery, to some extends geographic information system (GIS), have been identified as the most recent and effective technologies to assess forest biomass. Depending on the approaches and methods employed, estimating biomass by using these technologies sometimes can lead to uncertainties. The study was conducted to investigate appropriate methods for estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) by using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. A total of 60187 ha in Dungun Timber Complex (DTC) were selected as the study area. Thirty seven sample plots, measuring 30×30 m were established in early 2012 covering both natural and logged forests. Phase Array Type L-Band SAR (Palsar) images that were acquired in 2010 were used as primary remote sensing input and shapefile polygons comprised logging records was used as supporting information. By using these data, two estimation methods, which were ‘stratify and multiply’ (SM) and ‘direct remote sensing’ (DR) have been adopted ...
Rapid growth of Malaysia’s economy recently is often associated with various environmental distur... more Rapid growth of Malaysia’s economy recently is often associated with various environmental disturbances, which have been contributing to depletion of forest resources and thus climate change. The need for more spaces for numerous land developments has made the existing forests suffer from deforestation. This chapter presents an overview and demonstrates how remote sensing data is used to map and quantify changes of tropical forests in Malaysia. The analysis dealt with image processing that produce seamless mosaics of optical satellite data over Malaysia, within 15 years period, with 5-year intervals. The challenges were about the production of cloud-free images over a tropical country that always covered by clouds. These datasets were used to identify eligible areas for carbon offset in land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector in Malaysia. Altogether 580 scenes of Landsat imagery were processed to complete the observation period and came out with a seamless, wall to wa...
Due to the high price of Ramin Melawis tree, it suffers from uncontrollable logging activities. T... more Due to the high price of Ramin Melawis tree, it suffers from uncontrollable logging activities. To help reducing declination of Ramin Melawis tree species, up to date and accurate tree species information is important to ensure the success of forest planning and management for Ramin Melawis tree. Discriminating tree species in mixed tropical peat swamp forest has been challenging due to the similar spectral reflectance of neighbouring trees. This study focus on classifying Ramin Melawis tree using hyperspectral image (HySpex VNIR 1600) and object based image analysis. Two segmentation algorithm, Multiresolution segmentation and watershed segmentation were used to delineate tree crown from hyperspectral image. Both algorithms has been successfully delineate tree crown in coniferous and temperate deciduous forest. Therefore, these segmentation algorithms will be tested to delineate tree crown in mixed peat swamp forest. Spectral reflectance and spectral indices in hyperspectral image ...
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor * Corresponding author: khali@fr... more Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Mangrove is one of the forest type found in Malaysia. The habitat of mangroves normally occurs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, notably in the coasts of Perak, Selangor, Johor, and Kedah. This forest type plays an important role in protecting the coastlines from the wave actions and acts as a buffer for the surrounding communities as well as a source of income for the state. However, due to various human activities, the mangroves areas are rapidly depleting. Land development including for urban and settlement, establishment of shrimp farms, and expansion of agricultural lands have been identified as the main factors that contribute to the depletion of mangrove areas. In addition, natural phenomena such as tsunami, el-nino and la-nina and coastal erosion have also significantly deteriorating the prominence of mangroves in the region. This study is carried out to detect changes in terms of magnitude and extent that occurred on the mangrove areas along the coast of Selangor for the last two decades. Several sets of Landsat -TM, -ETM+ and SPOT -XS satellite images dated between February 1989 and March 2007 were utilised to identify distribution and areas of currently existing mangroves and changes that have undergone within that period. Digital post classification change detection technique has been applied to the images and analysis was performed in GIS platform. From the study, it was found that the mangrove in Selangor has decreased from 28,954.6ha in 1989 to 19,456.1ha in 2007, a reduction of about 9,498.5ha or 32.8% with the average loss of some 527.7ha per year. If this trend continues, the impacts will not only affect the mangrove itself but also to the environment and communities as a whole. Urban and settlement developments and establishment of shrimp ponds were identified respectively in Klang and Sabak Bernam areas as the major reason for the mangrove loss. Hence, necessary management actions should be undertaken to minimise the mangrove reduction area in the near future. Key words: Mangroves, remote sensing, GIS, Selangor
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