Papers by Tatiana Bazarova
Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4, История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. – 2023. – Т. 28, № 2. – С. 15–26., 2023
Annotation. Introduction. The Peace of Adrianople (June 13, 1713) ended the Russian-Turkish war o... more Annotation. Introduction. The Peace of Adrianople (June 13, 1713) ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713. The Prut (1711) and Constantinople (1712) treaties signed by the Russian ambassadors were not ratified by the Turkish side. In Adrianople, there were also problems related to the confirmation of the treaty. Methods and materials. The source base was formed by documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (F. 89 "Relations between Russia and Turkey"), as well as in the Scientific and Historical Archive of the Saint Petersburg Institute of History of RAS (F. 83 "Field Chancellery of Alexander D. Menshikov"). A comprehensive study of archival and published materials, a comparison of the information contained in them made it possible to formulate and analyze the main problems associated with the signing and ratification of the peace treaty. Analysis. The basis of the Adrianople peace, which the ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary P. Shafirov and M. Sheremetev concluded with the Sublime Porte, was the provisions of the Peace Treaty of Constantinople (April 5, 1712). The additions made by the Ottoman ministers related to the Polish and Crimean problems did not meet the interests of Peter I. The wording "on the Crimean payment" was the result of a long diplomatic struggle and left the problem open. On June 22, 1713, Russian ambassadors and Ottoman ministers exchanged by the texts of the treaty. The countdown of the delivery time (90 days) of the confirmation of the peace agreement by Peter I began on June 13. The demand to send an ambassador with the ratification is also connected with the intention of the Sublime Porte to continue negotiations on Crimean payments. Results. The Russian ambassadors managed to prevent the revision of the agreement confirmed by the tsar. The Sublime Porte was no less interested than Russia in ending the war. The provisions of the Adrianople peace reflected the interests of the Ottoman government, which refused to support by force the demands of the Crimean Khan.
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Воронцово поле. Вестник фонда "История отечества", 2020
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The diplomatic activity of Peter the Great covered the relations between Russia and the Ottoman E... more The diplomatic activity of Peter the Great covered the relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the context of the Great Northern War. The main task of the Russian delegates at Sublime Porte was to maintain peace between the two powers. Diplomatic contacts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire became regular. Under the Treaty of Constantinople (1700) the tsar was allowed to delegate an ambassador to Istanbul esidence. The ambassador Pyotr Tolstoy (1702–1710) and the resident Ivan Neplyuyev (1721–1735) remained at Sublime Porte as regular delegates of Peter the Great. After analyzing the records and papers of Posolsky Prikaz (the Ambassadorial Department) and the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, we have managed to establish members of all embassies sent by Peter the Great to Istanbul, as well as to discover tasks set before ambassadors and their solutions, and learn more about the life of ambassadors at the Ottoman court. In the Petrine period, the Russian delegates in Istanbul became full members of the European diplomatic corps.
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В статье прослеживается архивная судьба девяти лейбкомпанских дипломов, подписанных Елизаветой П... more В статье прослеживается архивная судьба девяти лейбкомпанских дипломов, подписанных Елизаветой Петровной в 1745 и 1747 гг., которые вводятся в научный оборот. Елизавета Петровна вступила на российский престол в ночь на 25 ноября 1741 г. при содействии гренадерской роты Преображенского полка. Новая императрица наградила тех, кто ей помог прийти к власти. Гренадерскую роту выделили из полка и преобразовали в лейбкомпанию. Елизавета Петровна указала Герольдмейстерской конторе разработать гербы и приготовить для лейбкомпанцев дипломы на дворянство. Первые дипломы были подписаны императрицей 19 октября 1745 г. Их получили гвардейцы, которые пришли к ней во дворец вечером 24 ноября 1741 г. Через несколько лет по указу Елизаветы Петровны в текст дипломов внесли правку. Двенадцать дипломов надлежало вернуть в Герольдмейстерскую контору. Там они были расшиты и переданы на хранение в Архив Правительствующего Сената. Историки полагали, что эти дипломы были безвозвратно утрачены. Удалось установить, что первые дипломы, выданные в 1745 и 1747 гг., ныне хранятся в Архиве СПбИИ РАН
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Статья посвящена русско-голландским контактам в Стамбуле в 1710-1720 гг., в том числе роли голлан... more Статья посвящена русско-голландским контактам в Стамбуле в 1710-1720 гг., в том числе роли голландского посла Я. Кольера и переводчика В. Телса во время русско-турецких мирных переговоров. Прослеживаются дальнейшие контакты В. Телса и его сыновей с русскими дипломатами.
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Статья посвящена материалам, касающимся русско-голландских отношений в первой четверти XVIII в., ... more Статья посвящена материалам, касающимся русско-голландских отношений в первой четверти XVIII в., хранящимся в Архиве СПбИИ РАН
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Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, Sep 1, 2017
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History, 2020
The article discusses the problem of establishing a permanent diplomatic mission of Peter I in th... more The article discusses the problem of establishing a permanent diplomatic mission of Peter I in the Sublime Porte. At the initiative of the envoy E. I. Ukraintsev, an article, enabling the tsar to send an ambassador for a permanent residence in Istanbul, was included in the Treaty of Constantinople (1700). After the envoy’s departure, only the Non-diplomatic ministers of the Ambassadorial prikaz (chancellery), namely translator S. F. Lavretsky, podyachy (clerk) Gr. Yudin (died in December 1700) and interpreter D. Petrov, stayed in the Ottoman capital. Translator S. Lavretsky became the head of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1701, a messenger M. Larionov arrived in Istanbul with the tsar’s charter. According to it translator and podyachy had to stay in Istanbul until the arrival of the plenipotentiary ambassador with ratification. On the basis of the archival documents stored in the RGADA (Moscow), the author analyzes the activities of diplomatic missions in 1700-1701. The main ta...
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Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology
The aim of the paper is to study the language of letters from the Field Chancellery of A. D. Mens... more The aim of the paper is to study the language of letters from the Field Chancellery of A. D. Menshikov. Approximately 700 documents for 1703–1705 are investigated. All of them are kept now in the archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main attention in the article is focused on the correspondence of the associates of Peter the Great with A. D. Menshikov and their “linguistic world”. The authors of the paper revealed the formulas used in the letters for naming A. D. Menshikov, wishing him health, and making requests. In order to analyze the language of letters, the authors compare two methodologies. In the framework of the theory of patronage, words about mutual loyalty and affection are interpreted as evidence of the existence of a patron-client relationship between the influential person and his correspondent. This approach is opposed by researchers who point out the diversity of forms of interpersonal communication in the medieva...
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Tatiana Bazarova ‘For Keeping Peace in a Better and the Most Comprehensive Way…’: The Residency ... more Tatiana Bazarova ‘For Keeping Peace in a Better and the Most Comprehensive Way…’: The Residency of Russian Ambassador Pyotr Tolstoy at the Ottoman Court
The paper focuses on the work of the first Russian permanent ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Pyotr Tolstoy (1645–1729), to whom Peter I posed the task of keeping peace on Russia’s southern borders. Since 1702 on, for eight years, Pyotr Tolstoy had been mitigating issues arising between the two states, negotiating trade agreements, protecting interests of the tsar’s subjects in the Ottoman Empire, establishing contacts and exchanging information with foreign diplomats, etc. When Charles XII arrived in the Ottoman Empire with the remaining army after his defeat in the Battle of Poltava, it changed the political situation. On 9 November 1710 the sultan declared war on Russia. Pyotr Tolstoy was imprisoned and lost the ambassador plenipotentiary status.
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Труды Государственного Эрмитажа: Т. 107: Петровское время в лицах-2020. СПб., 2021. С. 52–63, 2021
Tatiana Bazarova. ‘They name it the Russian embassy yard’: Russian ambassadorial residence in Ist... more Tatiana Bazarova. ‘They name it the Russian embassy yard’: Russian ambassadorial residence in Istanbul during the first quarter of the eighteenth century
The Russian envoys to Istanbul in the fifteenth – seventeenth centuries were granted by the Sublime Porte a residence in the Greek quarter of Phanar on the southern side of the Golden Horn. This part of Istanbul was inhabited by Orthodox Christians and accommodated the official residence of the Patriarch of Constantinople as well as several Orthodox churches. In the period following the Russo–Turkish war (1686–1700), the Petrine diplomats were provided with residences in the old town, which were protected by dozens of Janissary guards. When necessary, the Porte restricted mobility and communication for the Russian ambassadors and their staff, severing any contacts they might develop with European diplomats and fellow-Christians. In 1710 Pyotr Tolstoy, the first permanent representative of Russia at the Ottoman court, enforced the implementation of the Constantinople Peace Treaty (1700) and demanded to be granted the same privileges as the resident ambassadors of Western European countries in Istanbul. Tolstoy received permission to transfer his residence to Pera, the area which housed several European embassies. However, after the next Russo-Turkish war (1710–1713) was declared, the Russian embassy had to return to the opposite side of the Golden Horn. The alleviation of tensions between Russia and the Ottoman Empire had an impact on the Russian diplomats’ way of life, which now closely resembled the lifestyle of their Western European counterparts. From 1720 onwards, the Russian embassy was based in Pera, rubbing shoulders with Western European embassies. The relocation to Pera may be considered as part of the Russian envoys’ integration in the European diplomatic corps in Istanbul.
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Quaestio Rossica, 2021
The elements of expert analysis established in Russian academic circles by the late nineteenth ce... more The elements of expert analysis established in Russian academic circles by the late nineteenth century, when auxiliary historical disciplines became an indispensable part of the academic base of historical knowledge, are described in this article with reference to a lost letter by Peter I to Georg Wilhelm de Henning sent on 24 December 1724. These elements include the study of the letter, the stages and methods of introducing it into scholarly circulation, and the assessment of its significance and value in monetary terms. It is established that the original of the letter ended up in a private collection in the early twentieth century and became inaccessible to historians. However, handwritten copies, a draft, and descriptions have survived. The article analyses the work with Peter I’s letter performed by the members of the commission for the publication of Peter the Great’s letters and papers, as well as by the first owner of the letter, N. K. Bogushevsky, the Parisian antiquarian ...
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Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4, История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. – 2021. – Т. 26, № 2. – С. 194–206. , 2021
Introduction. In January 1701, Prince D.M. Golitsyn was sent to Sultan Mustafa II for ratificatio... more Introduction. In January 1701, Prince D.M. Golitsyn was sent to Sultan Mustafa II for ratification of the Peace Treaty of Constantinople (July 3, 1700). He became the first Petrine diplomat sent to the Sublime Porte with the rank of grand ambassador. Methods and materials. The comprehensive study of archival sources (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts), comparison of the data they contain with published materials make it possible to analyze the mission of Golitsyn in the context of the policy of Peter I towards the Ottoman Empire in the early 18 th century. Analysis. Due to the hostilities by Narva, the dispatch of the embassy was delayed. The ambassador delivered the ratification of the peace treaty five months later than the agreed date. Golitsyn was the first Russian diplomat to wear a French dress during ceremonies at the Ottoman court. Besides, he not only followed the established ambassadorial custom, but also took into account the experience of his Western European colleagues. In addition to the ratification, Golitsyn had other tasks, the main of which was the conclusion of a trade agreement with the Sublime Porte. The conditions on which the ambassador was supposed to sign the agreement were fixed in a special instruction. The analysis of that instruction and reports of the ambassador showed that for Peter I the priority was not the development of mutually beneficial trade with the Ottoman Empire, but the opportunity to withdraw his fleet from the Azov to the Black Sea. Delivery of goods by Turkish ships or by dry route was considered only as an addition to the Russian Black Sea shipping. The conditions set in the instruction did not give to Golitsyn the opportunity to negotiate with the Sublime Porte, which categorically prohibited the entry of European ships into the Black Sea. Results. The sending of a grand ambassador by the tsar to the Ottoman sultan marked the transition of relations between the two states to a new level. Besides, a precedent was created for the reception of high-ranking Peter's diplomats by the Sublime Porte.
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The article discusses the problem of establishing a permanent diplomatic mission of Peter I in th... more The article discusses the problem of establishing a permanent diplomatic mission of Peter I in the Sublime Porte.
At the initiative of the envoy E. I. Ukraintsev, an article, enabling the tsar to send an ambassador for a permanent residence in Istanbul, was included in the Treaty of Constantinople (1700). After the envoy’s departure, only the Nondiplomatic ministers of the Ambassadorial prikaz (chancellery), namely translator S. F. Lavretsky, podyachy (clerk) Gr. Yudin (died in December 1700) and interpreter D. Petrov, stayed in the Ottoman capital. Translator S. Lavretsky became the head of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1701, a messenger M. Larionov arrived in Istanbul with the tsar’s charter. According to it translator and podyachy had to stay in Istanbul until the arrival of the plenipotentiary ambassador with ratification. On the basis of the archival documents stored in the RGADA (Moscow), the author analyzes the activities of diplomatic missions in 1700-1701. The main task of the translator and the ambassador was to
inform the Russian government about the political situation in the Ottoman Empire. Peter I sent the main forces of his state to the war with the Swedes, so he needed peace on the southern borders. The translator and podyachy maintained contact with ministers of the Sublime Porte, the Jerusalem Patriarch, agents, etc. They also monitored the preparation of the Sublime Porte for the arrival of the Russian plenipotentiary ambassador. Information collected from various sources regarding the situation in Istanbul, Crimea and other parts of the Ottoman Empire, as well as Western Europe, they sent to the Ambassadorial prikaz. The activities of Russian diplomats in 1700–1701 largely corresponded to the functions of the ambassadorial secretary (charge d’affaires).
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Н О В О Е П Р ОШ Л О Е / T H E N E W P A S T • №2 .2 0 2 0
In the first quarter of the 18th century, a system of permanent missions at European courts was f... more In the first quarter of the 18th century, a system of permanent missions at European courts was formed, and stateinye spiski as reporting documents of the Russian ambassadors began to lose their significance. The diplomats of Peter I did not transfer, or delayed for several years the transfer of their reports to the Ambassadorial office (prikaz) (later to Collegium of Foreign Affairs).
The first Permanent Representative of Peter I at the Sublime Port P.A. Tolstoy (from 1702 to 1710) handed over stateinye spiski and its short copies for 1701–1709, which previously stored in his office, to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs only in the spring of 1720. Currently, they are located in the RGADA in the fund 89 (Relations of Russia with Turkey). Tolstoy destroyed stateinyi spisok for 1710 in Istanbul before his arrest. Analysis of correspondence between P.A. Tolstoy and the College of Foreign Affairs gives the opportunity to suggest that work on restoring stateinyi spisok for 1710 began in 1721 in St Petersburg. In the archival collection of the Panins — the Bludovs (RGADA. f. 1274), fragments of stateinye spiski of 1709 and 1710 were preserved as a manuscript copy of the second half of the 18th century. Until 1914, the manuscript located in the Panins family library on the Dolgovo estate and was inaccessible to a wide range of researchers.
The codicological analysis and study of the text of the manuscript made it possible to conclude that in the second half of the 18th century, draft and incomplete versions of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy for 1709 and 1710 were copied. A study of the originals and copies of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy, as well as the associated set of archival documents, allows you to clarify the clerical practice of the Ambassadorial office (prikaz) (Collegium of Foreign Affairs) of Peter’s time.
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Новгородская земля, Санкт-Петербург и Швеция в XVII–XVIII вв. Сборник статей к 100-летию со дня рождения Игоря Павловича Шаскольского. СПб.: Нестор-История, 2018 С. 98–165 (Труды Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН; вып. 4 (20)). ISBN 978-5-4469-1479-1
One year from the history of the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga: The account-book of the state exchequ... more One year from the history of the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga: The account-book of the state exchequer of 1711–1712.
By the decree of Peter I at the beginning of the Great Northern
War, several small shipyards were founded on the Novgorod land.
Their contribution to the creation of the Russian fleet in the Baltic
became the subject of research by scientists. The least studied is the
early history of the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga, where “Vyborg”, the
first battleship of the Baltic Fleet, was built.
“The Account Book of the Great Tsar Exchequer…”, that was
deposited in the Scientific and Historical archive of Saint Petersburg Institute of History of RAS, is presented. It contains the information on artisans and cash payments made at the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga in the years 1711–1712. The published source preserved the most valuable information for researchers on the history of the organization and development of domestic shipbuilding in the Petrine era.
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Средневековая личность в письменных и археологических источниках: Московская Русь, Российская Империя и их соседи: Мат. межд. науч. конф. ИА РАН, ИРИ РАН; отв. ред.: Л.А. Беляев, Н.М. Рогожин; ред.: И.И. Елкина, С.М. Шамин. 2016. С. 21-28.
Главный герой статьи - переводчик Иван Суда. Он был принят на службу русским послом в Стамбуле П... more Главный герой статьи - переводчик Иван Суда. Он был принят на службу русским послом в Стамбуле П.А. Толстым. В качестве переводчика И. Суда участвовал в комиссии по разграничению земель в 1714 г.; был обвинен в ослушание и излишних контактах с османами и татарами. В 1715 г. Посольская канцелярия расследовала «противные поступки» Ивана Суды. Переводчика приговорили к ссылке в Казань. Освобождение И. Суды
напрямую связано с наметившимися изменениями русско-турецких отношений. В 1719 г. в Стамбул был направлен чрезвычайный посланник А.И. Дашков. Коллегия
иностранных дел снова ощутила нехватку опытных переводчиков с
турецкого, поэтому вспомнили о И. Суде. 5 мая 1720 г. он выехал из Казани в российскую столицу, где продолжил свою службу переводчиком.
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Санкт-Петербург и страны Северной Европы: Материалы восемнадцатой ежегодной международной научной конференции. — СПб., 2017. — С. 66-72
The article focuses on one of the problems associated with the repatriation of Russian prisoners ... more The article focuses on one of the problems associated with the repatriation of Russian prisoners of war in 1710. In the autumn of 1710 Russian and Swedish government failed to agree on the conditions of the exchange captured at Narva generals. However, an exchange of captured soldiers and officers on the principle of “rank on rank” took place. Due to the spread of the plague in Northern Europe the return of exchanged prisoners of war through Vyborg became difficult. On the ship, which was released in October 1710 from Stockholm, the plague started which killed one hundred Russian soldiers and officers. Swedish captain landed the surviving Russian soldiers on the shore land opposite Beryozovye Islands. For the same reason, the things former Russian resident at the Swedish court A.Ya. Khilkov could not be delivered to St. Petersburg. Stored in the Scientific and Historical Archives of the St. Petersburg Institute for History letters and orders of the commandant of Vyborg G.P. Chernyshev contain little known facts about the organization quarantine outposts in the territory entrusted to him, the isolation of infected people and victualling of former prisoners of war which lingered in the Finnish coastal villages.
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This study is devoted to the history of Ingria (Ingermanland) and St
Petersburg at the beginning ... more This study is devoted to the history of Ingria (Ingermanland) and St
Petersburg at the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Fundamental problems in the historiography of early St Petersburg are examined in essays based primarily on archival documents – some introduced into academic discussion for the first time. The essays are arranged in three thematic sections.
The first section addresses the history of the Russian state’s conquest
of the territory of Ingria, and the organisation of its defence, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Official propaganda of the Petrine era declared that the aim of the war was to regain the land ‘of our fathers and grandfathers’, lost in the previous century. However, the Russian military authorities in Ingria had not only to resolve military questions, but also to surmount the hostility of local inhabitants who considered themselves subjects of the Swedish king and supported the Finnish army. This section also addresses problems connected with the organisation of the construction of St Petersburg on the delta of the river Neva, and of the Kronshlot fort in the Gulf of Finland The second section brings together essays connected with the daily life and living conditions of residents in the developing Russian capital. These examine, amongst other things, the specific development of diverse islands in the Neva delta; the organisation of the 1708 visit by the imperial family and court to the new city; the first fires in St Petersburg history and the efforts of the governing authorities to prevent them; the literacy training of future naval officers.
Essays dedicated to research on Russian and foreign cartographic sources for the history of St Petersburg and its environs are collected in the third section. Particular attention is given to Swedish plans and maps from 1704–1708. They are closely connected with military activities on Ingermanland territory, therefore their authors – Swedish officers – paid especial attention to depicting Russian military fortifications rather than civilian buildings. However, in 1722 the former Swedish officer Carl Fredrik Coyet created a most detailed plan of the Petrine-era Russian capital, in which is depicted not only the central part of the city, but also its suburbs, including settlements and industrial enterprises. In this section there are also essays highlighting the problems of the absence of a unified plan for the construction of the capital and the Tsar’s intention to create an orderly town on Vasilevsky Island alone. One of these essays addresses the question of the reliability of plans reconstructing the Petrine St Petersburg which were published in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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Papers by Tatiana Bazarova
The paper focuses on the work of the first Russian permanent ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Pyotr Tolstoy (1645–1729), to whom Peter I posed the task of keeping peace on Russia’s southern borders. Since 1702 on, for eight years, Pyotr Tolstoy had been mitigating issues arising between the two states, negotiating trade agreements, protecting interests of the tsar’s subjects in the Ottoman Empire, establishing contacts and exchanging information with foreign diplomats, etc. When Charles XII arrived in the Ottoman Empire with the remaining army after his defeat in the Battle of Poltava, it changed the political situation. On 9 November 1710 the sultan declared war on Russia. Pyotr Tolstoy was imprisoned and lost the ambassador plenipotentiary status.
The Russian envoys to Istanbul in the fifteenth – seventeenth centuries were granted by the Sublime Porte a residence in the Greek quarter of Phanar on the southern side of the Golden Horn. This part of Istanbul was inhabited by Orthodox Christians and accommodated the official residence of the Patriarch of Constantinople as well as several Orthodox churches. In the period following the Russo–Turkish war (1686–1700), the Petrine diplomats were provided with residences in the old town, which were protected by dozens of Janissary guards. When necessary, the Porte restricted mobility and communication for the Russian ambassadors and their staff, severing any contacts they might develop with European diplomats and fellow-Christians. In 1710 Pyotr Tolstoy, the first permanent representative of Russia at the Ottoman court, enforced the implementation of the Constantinople Peace Treaty (1700) and demanded to be granted the same privileges as the resident ambassadors of Western European countries in Istanbul. Tolstoy received permission to transfer his residence to Pera, the area which housed several European embassies. However, after the next Russo-Turkish war (1710–1713) was declared, the Russian embassy had to return to the opposite side of the Golden Horn. The alleviation of tensions between Russia and the Ottoman Empire had an impact on the Russian diplomats’ way of life, which now closely resembled the lifestyle of their Western European counterparts. From 1720 onwards, the Russian embassy was based in Pera, rubbing shoulders with Western European embassies. The relocation to Pera may be considered as part of the Russian envoys’ integration in the European diplomatic corps in Istanbul.
At the initiative of the envoy E. I. Ukraintsev, an article, enabling the tsar to send an ambassador for a permanent residence in Istanbul, was included in the Treaty of Constantinople (1700). After the envoy’s departure, only the Nondiplomatic ministers of the Ambassadorial prikaz (chancellery), namely translator S. F. Lavretsky, podyachy (clerk) Gr. Yudin (died in December 1700) and interpreter D. Petrov, stayed in the Ottoman capital. Translator S. Lavretsky became the head of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1701, a messenger M. Larionov arrived in Istanbul with the tsar’s charter. According to it translator and podyachy had to stay in Istanbul until the arrival of the plenipotentiary ambassador with ratification. On the basis of the archival documents stored in the RGADA (Moscow), the author analyzes the activities of diplomatic missions in 1700-1701. The main task of the translator and the ambassador was to
inform the Russian government about the political situation in the Ottoman Empire. Peter I sent the main forces of his state to the war with the Swedes, so he needed peace on the southern borders. The translator and podyachy maintained contact with ministers of the Sublime Porte, the Jerusalem Patriarch, agents, etc. They also monitored the preparation of the Sublime Porte for the arrival of the Russian plenipotentiary ambassador. Information collected from various sources regarding the situation in Istanbul, Crimea and other parts of the Ottoman Empire, as well as Western Europe, they sent to the Ambassadorial prikaz. The activities of Russian diplomats in 1700–1701 largely corresponded to the functions of the ambassadorial secretary (charge d’affaires).
The first Permanent Representative of Peter I at the Sublime Port P.A. Tolstoy (from 1702 to 1710) handed over stateinye spiski and its short copies for 1701–1709, which previously stored in his office, to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs only in the spring of 1720. Currently, they are located in the RGADA in the fund 89 (Relations of Russia with Turkey). Tolstoy destroyed stateinyi spisok for 1710 in Istanbul before his arrest. Analysis of correspondence between P.A. Tolstoy and the College of Foreign Affairs gives the opportunity to suggest that work on restoring stateinyi spisok for 1710 began in 1721 in St Petersburg. In the archival collection of the Panins — the Bludovs (RGADA. f. 1274), fragments of stateinye spiski of 1709 and 1710 were preserved as a manuscript copy of the second half of the 18th century. Until 1914, the manuscript located in the Panins family library on the Dolgovo estate and was inaccessible to a wide range of researchers.
The codicological analysis and study of the text of the manuscript made it possible to conclude that in the second half of the 18th century, draft and incomplete versions of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy for 1709 and 1710 were copied. A study of the originals and copies of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy, as well as the associated set of archival documents, allows you to clarify the clerical practice of the Ambassadorial office (prikaz) (Collegium of Foreign Affairs) of Peter’s time.
By the decree of Peter I at the beginning of the Great Northern
War, several small shipyards were founded on the Novgorod land.
Their contribution to the creation of the Russian fleet in the Baltic
became the subject of research by scientists. The least studied is the
early history of the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga, where “Vyborg”, the
first battleship of the Baltic Fleet, was built.
“The Account Book of the Great Tsar Exchequer…”, that was
deposited in the Scientific and Historical archive of Saint Petersburg Institute of History of RAS, is presented. It contains the information on artisans and cash payments made at the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga in the years 1711–1712. The published source preserved the most valuable information for researchers on the history of the organization and development of domestic shipbuilding in the Petrine era.
напрямую связано с наметившимися изменениями русско-турецких отношений. В 1719 г. в Стамбул был направлен чрезвычайный посланник А.И. Дашков. Коллегия
иностранных дел снова ощутила нехватку опытных переводчиков с
турецкого, поэтому вспомнили о И. Суде. 5 мая 1720 г. он выехал из Казани в российскую столицу, где продолжил свою службу переводчиком.
Petersburg at the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Fundamental problems in the historiography of early St Petersburg are examined in essays based primarily on archival documents – some introduced into academic discussion for the first time. The essays are arranged in three thematic sections.
The first section addresses the history of the Russian state’s conquest
of the territory of Ingria, and the organisation of its defence, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Official propaganda of the Petrine era declared that the aim of the war was to regain the land ‘of our fathers and grandfathers’, lost in the previous century. However, the Russian military authorities in Ingria had not only to resolve military questions, but also to surmount the hostility of local inhabitants who considered themselves subjects of the Swedish king and supported the Finnish army. This section also addresses problems connected with the organisation of the construction of St Petersburg on the delta of the river Neva, and of the Kronshlot fort in the Gulf of Finland The second section brings together essays connected with the daily life and living conditions of residents in the developing Russian capital. These examine, amongst other things, the specific development of diverse islands in the Neva delta; the organisation of the 1708 visit by the imperial family and court to the new city; the first fires in St Petersburg history and the efforts of the governing authorities to prevent them; the literacy training of future naval officers.
Essays dedicated to research on Russian and foreign cartographic sources for the history of St Petersburg and its environs are collected in the third section. Particular attention is given to Swedish plans and maps from 1704–1708. They are closely connected with military activities on Ingermanland territory, therefore their authors – Swedish officers – paid especial attention to depicting Russian military fortifications rather than civilian buildings. However, in 1722 the former Swedish officer Carl Fredrik Coyet created a most detailed plan of the Petrine-era Russian capital, in which is depicted not only the central part of the city, but also its suburbs, including settlements and industrial enterprises. In this section there are also essays highlighting the problems of the absence of a unified plan for the construction of the capital and the Tsar’s intention to create an orderly town on Vasilevsky Island alone. One of these essays addresses the question of the reliability of plans reconstructing the Petrine St Petersburg which were published in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
The paper focuses on the work of the first Russian permanent ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Pyotr Tolstoy (1645–1729), to whom Peter I posed the task of keeping peace on Russia’s southern borders. Since 1702 on, for eight years, Pyotr Tolstoy had been mitigating issues arising between the two states, negotiating trade agreements, protecting interests of the tsar’s subjects in the Ottoman Empire, establishing contacts and exchanging information with foreign diplomats, etc. When Charles XII arrived in the Ottoman Empire with the remaining army after his defeat in the Battle of Poltava, it changed the political situation. On 9 November 1710 the sultan declared war on Russia. Pyotr Tolstoy was imprisoned and lost the ambassador plenipotentiary status.
The Russian envoys to Istanbul in the fifteenth – seventeenth centuries were granted by the Sublime Porte a residence in the Greek quarter of Phanar on the southern side of the Golden Horn. This part of Istanbul was inhabited by Orthodox Christians and accommodated the official residence of the Patriarch of Constantinople as well as several Orthodox churches. In the period following the Russo–Turkish war (1686–1700), the Petrine diplomats were provided with residences in the old town, which were protected by dozens of Janissary guards. When necessary, the Porte restricted mobility and communication for the Russian ambassadors and their staff, severing any contacts they might develop with European diplomats and fellow-Christians. In 1710 Pyotr Tolstoy, the first permanent representative of Russia at the Ottoman court, enforced the implementation of the Constantinople Peace Treaty (1700) and demanded to be granted the same privileges as the resident ambassadors of Western European countries in Istanbul. Tolstoy received permission to transfer his residence to Pera, the area which housed several European embassies. However, after the next Russo-Turkish war (1710–1713) was declared, the Russian embassy had to return to the opposite side of the Golden Horn. The alleviation of tensions between Russia and the Ottoman Empire had an impact on the Russian diplomats’ way of life, which now closely resembled the lifestyle of their Western European counterparts. From 1720 onwards, the Russian embassy was based in Pera, rubbing shoulders with Western European embassies. The relocation to Pera may be considered as part of the Russian envoys’ integration in the European diplomatic corps in Istanbul.
At the initiative of the envoy E. I. Ukraintsev, an article, enabling the tsar to send an ambassador for a permanent residence in Istanbul, was included in the Treaty of Constantinople (1700). After the envoy’s departure, only the Nondiplomatic ministers of the Ambassadorial prikaz (chancellery), namely translator S. F. Lavretsky, podyachy (clerk) Gr. Yudin (died in December 1700) and interpreter D. Petrov, stayed in the Ottoman capital. Translator S. Lavretsky became the head of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1701, a messenger M. Larionov arrived in Istanbul with the tsar’s charter. According to it translator and podyachy had to stay in Istanbul until the arrival of the plenipotentiary ambassador with ratification. On the basis of the archival documents stored in the RGADA (Moscow), the author analyzes the activities of diplomatic missions in 1700-1701. The main task of the translator and the ambassador was to
inform the Russian government about the political situation in the Ottoman Empire. Peter I sent the main forces of his state to the war with the Swedes, so he needed peace on the southern borders. The translator and podyachy maintained contact with ministers of the Sublime Porte, the Jerusalem Patriarch, agents, etc. They also monitored the preparation of the Sublime Porte for the arrival of the Russian plenipotentiary ambassador. Information collected from various sources regarding the situation in Istanbul, Crimea and other parts of the Ottoman Empire, as well as Western Europe, they sent to the Ambassadorial prikaz. The activities of Russian diplomats in 1700–1701 largely corresponded to the functions of the ambassadorial secretary (charge d’affaires).
The first Permanent Representative of Peter I at the Sublime Port P.A. Tolstoy (from 1702 to 1710) handed over stateinye spiski and its short copies for 1701–1709, which previously stored in his office, to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs only in the spring of 1720. Currently, they are located in the RGADA in the fund 89 (Relations of Russia with Turkey). Tolstoy destroyed stateinyi spisok for 1710 in Istanbul before his arrest. Analysis of correspondence between P.A. Tolstoy and the College of Foreign Affairs gives the opportunity to suggest that work on restoring stateinyi spisok for 1710 began in 1721 in St Petersburg. In the archival collection of the Panins — the Bludovs (RGADA. f. 1274), fragments of stateinye spiski of 1709 and 1710 were preserved as a manuscript copy of the second half of the 18th century. Until 1914, the manuscript located in the Panins family library on the Dolgovo estate and was inaccessible to a wide range of researchers.
The codicological analysis and study of the text of the manuscript made it possible to conclude that in the second half of the 18th century, draft and incomplete versions of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy for 1709 and 1710 were copied. A study of the originals and copies of stateinye spiski of Tolstoy, as well as the associated set of archival documents, allows you to clarify the clerical practice of the Ambassadorial office (prikaz) (Collegium of Foreign Affairs) of Peter’s time.
By the decree of Peter I at the beginning of the Great Northern
War, several small shipyards were founded on the Novgorod land.
Their contribution to the creation of the Russian fleet in the Baltic
became the subject of research by scientists. The least studied is the
early history of the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga, where “Vyborg”, the
first battleship of the Baltic Fleet, was built.
“The Account Book of the Great Tsar Exchequer…”, that was
deposited in the Scientific and Historical archive of Saint Petersburg Institute of History of RAS, is presented. It contains the information on artisans and cash payments made at the shipyard in Novaya Ladoga in the years 1711–1712. The published source preserved the most valuable information for researchers on the history of the organization and development of domestic shipbuilding in the Petrine era.
напрямую связано с наметившимися изменениями русско-турецких отношений. В 1719 г. в Стамбул был направлен чрезвычайный посланник А.И. Дашков. Коллегия
иностранных дел снова ощутила нехватку опытных переводчиков с
турецкого, поэтому вспомнили о И. Суде. 5 мая 1720 г. он выехал из Казани в российскую столицу, где продолжил свою службу переводчиком.
Petersburg at the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Fundamental problems in the historiography of early St Petersburg are examined in essays based primarily on archival documents – some introduced into academic discussion for the first time. The essays are arranged in three thematic sections.
The first section addresses the history of the Russian state’s conquest
of the territory of Ingria, and the organisation of its defence, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Official propaganda of the Petrine era declared that the aim of the war was to regain the land ‘of our fathers and grandfathers’, lost in the previous century. However, the Russian military authorities in Ingria had not only to resolve military questions, but also to surmount the hostility of local inhabitants who considered themselves subjects of the Swedish king and supported the Finnish army. This section also addresses problems connected with the organisation of the construction of St Petersburg on the delta of the river Neva, and of the Kronshlot fort in the Gulf of Finland The second section brings together essays connected with the daily life and living conditions of residents in the developing Russian capital. These examine, amongst other things, the specific development of diverse islands in the Neva delta; the organisation of the 1708 visit by the imperial family and court to the new city; the first fires in St Petersburg history and the efforts of the governing authorities to prevent them; the literacy training of future naval officers.
Essays dedicated to research on Russian and foreign cartographic sources for the history of St Petersburg and its environs are collected in the third section. Particular attention is given to Swedish plans and maps from 1704–1708. They are closely connected with military activities on Ingermanland territory, therefore their authors – Swedish officers – paid especial attention to depicting Russian military fortifications rather than civilian buildings. However, in 1722 the former Swedish officer Carl Fredrik Coyet created a most detailed plan of the Petrine-era Russian capital, in which is depicted not only the central part of the city, but also its suburbs, including settlements and industrial enterprises. In this section there are also essays highlighting the problems of the absence of a unified plan for the construction of the capital and the Tsar’s intention to create an orderly town on Vasilevsky Island alone. One of these essays addresses the question of the reliability of plans reconstructing the Petrine St Petersburg which were published in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.