Methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a sign of carcinogenesis progression and there... more Methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a sign of carcinogenesis progression and therefore tests that detect methylation could be used in the diagnosis or staging of malignant diseases. In the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix which are almost 100% caused by long-term infection with highrisk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a highly specific marker of advanced dysplastic lesions and appears to result from aberrant activation of the methyltransferase DNMT1 by viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. A methylation test performed on a cervicovaginal cytology specimen allows to increase the diagnostic value of this non-invasive test and to select patients with severe squamous cell lesions for follow-up. Other less frequent anogenital malignancies that are induced by HR-HPV to a lesser extent can also be detected by cytological examination - glandular lesions of various origins, most commonly cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas and anal carcinoma. The aim of our pilot study was to evaluate the utility of a methylation test for the diagnosis of these malignancies in a cohort of 50 liquid-based cervicovaginal cytologies with glandular lesion and 74 liquid-based anal cytologies from HIV-positive men having sex with men who are at high risk for anal cancer development.
Cell cycle progression is governed by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) that are activated by cyclin... more Cell cycle progression is governed by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) that are activated by cyclin binding and inhibited by CDK inhibitors. Protein p27Kip1 functions as a CDK inhibitor, which controls the progression from G1 to S phase. Further, p27Kip1 may have a positive regulative influence. In nonneoplastic tissues and in the majority of tumors investigated so far, the immunohistochemical positivity of p27Kip1 showed an inversely proportional relationship to the proliferation index. Among B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the exceptions to this rule are represented by mantle cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and the immunoblastic Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane antigen positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in AIDS patients. The loss of p27Kip1 expression is a negative prognostic factor in numerous tumors, including the majority of B-cell lymphomas.
Angiolipoma is a distinct, benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in young males as m... more Angiolipoma is a distinct, benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in young males as multiple small, subcutaneous, tender to painful nodules with predilection for the forearms. We report a case of angiolipoma that developed within a lymph node. The patient was a 67-year-old man who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with diagnostic pelvic lymphadenectomy because of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The prostate and 3 lymph nodes located in the obturator fossa were removed. On gross examination, the cut surface of 1 of the lymph nodes revealed an 8 x 5 mm, ovoid, sharply demarcated, nonencapsulated, gray lesion being suspicious for adenocarcinoma metastasis. Microscopically, the major portion of the lymph node was replaced by mature metaplastic adipose tissue. The angiolipoma was seen as a well-demarcated, nonencapsulated lesion composed of numerous small blood vessels lined by monomorphous flattened or spindled endothelial cells. Many vascular lumina were filled with fibrin thrombi. There were scanty mature adipocytes. Focally, areas with increased cellularity and a suggestion of solid growth of the endothelial cells were seen. Lymph nodes are known to be a rare primary site of various tumors usually occurring in other organs. The knowledge of these tumors is important in order not to interpret them as metastatic lesions. The most recognized examples are pigmented nevi, palisading myofibroblastoma, various benign epithelial inclusions, serous cystic tumors of borderline malignancy, and hyperplastic mesothelial inclusions. As we present in this report, angiolipoma is another neoplasm whose primary occurrence in the lymph node should not be misinterpreted as a metastatic tumor or malignant vascular tumor.
Dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes (DCNWPR) is a recently proposed variant of neurof... more Dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes (DCNWPR) is a recently proposed variant of neurofibroma with a distinctive microscopic appearance that is produced by a pseudorosette pattern formed by small, dark, lymphocyte-like cells (Type I cells) arranged concentrically around larger cells, with pale-staining vesicular nuclei and copious faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm (Type II cells). Although DCNWPR appears not to be associated with neurofibromatosis (NF), 1 patient with DCNWPR has been described and suggested to have a form of NF because of multiple skin lesions, with 2 of them being DCNWPR as confirmed histologically. The aim of this study was to find out whether the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene is mutated in DCNWPR. Seven histologically proven cases of DCNWPR, from which a substantial amount of archival paraffin-embedded material was available, were selected for this study. Three cases have been previously reported, including the intraneural lesion, and 4 cases were newly identified. There were 3 female and 4 male patients, ranging in age from 30 to 61 years (median, 48 yrs). All patients clinically presented with a small solitary lesion that was clinically diagnosed as fibroma or neurofibroma, and none of the patients had signs of NF. Follow-up was known for 6 patients (range, 1-5 yrs; median, 2.5 yrs) and was uneventful in each case. Microscopically, all lesions fulfilled the criteria for DCNWPR. Exons 1 to 15 of the NF2 gene were amplified by PCR using primers previously published. The amplified fragments were purified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were computer analyzed and compared with the data of the GenBank database. No mutation was identified in 5 analyzed samples from which suitable DNA had been extracted. DCNWPR appears to have no mutation in exons 1-15 of the NF2 gene. Given the relatively small number of cases studied, it seems premature to declare that a mutation of the NF2 gene is not involved in DCNWPR, as the possibility cannot be excluded that mutations were present but remained undetected because they occurred in exons that were not examined.
Endolymphatic sac tumor (Heffner tumor) (ELST) is a very rare nonmetastasizing, locally aggressiv... more Endolymphatic sac tumor (Heffner tumor) (ELST) is a very rare nonmetastasizing, locally aggressive low-grade adenocarcinoma of endolymphatic sac origin, which is linked to von-Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD). VHLD is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by an inherited genetic abnormality of the VHL gene located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p26-p25). VHL gene mutations have been shown both in ELSTs associated with VHLD and in sporadic cases. Because of the rarity of ELST, only a small number of cases have been subjected to molecular genetic analysis. We have encountered two patients with ELST, one of whom presented with a medical and family history of VHLD. The second was a sporadic case, the patient having no symptoms of VHLD. The tissues obtained from Heffner tumor and cerebellar hemangioblastoma from the patient with inherited VHLD possess a point mutation in exon 1 of VHL gene. This mutation is a C to T exchange at position 194, resulting in amino acid exchange S65L. No mutation was found in any of the three exons analyzed and in the exon-intron junctions of the VHL gene in the sporadic case.
... Vladimir Treska . Tomas Vanecek . Radek Sima . ... of the pancreatic head in a 70-year-old wo... more ... Vladimir Treska . Tomas Vanecek . Radek Sima . ... of the pancreatic head in a 70-year-old woman exhibiting all diagnostic histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features, which has not yet been proper-ly documented in this location. Although Neto et al. ...
<p>(A) Differential expression/representation of Tudor-SN and Ago genes/proteins in <i&g... more <p>(A) Differential expression/representation of Tudor-SN and Ago genes/proteins in <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> nymphs, adult female guts and salivary glands in response to infection with <i>A</i>. <i>phagocytophilum</i>. Data was obtained from transcriptomics and proteomics analyses and values are shown as infected/uninfected Log2-fold ratio (P<0.05). Abbreviations:-, down-regulated/under-represented in infected ticks; +, up-regulated/over-represented in infected ticks; NS, no significant difference between infected and uninfected ticks; NF, not found in trascriptomics or proteomics data. (B) <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels in <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> ISE6 cells in response to early (day 6) and late (day 13) infections with <i>A</i>. <i>phagocytophilum</i>. Five independent experiments were conducted for each early and late infection. <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR in uninfected and infected cells and the infected-to-uninfected ratio of Ct values normalized against tick <i>16S rRNA</i> and <i>cyclophilin</i> are shown in arbitrary units (Ave+SD). Normalized <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were compared by Student’s t-test with unequal variance and were not statistically different between infected and uninfected cells (P = 0.05; N = 5). (C) <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels in <i>I</i>. <i>ricinus</i> ticks during TBEV infection. <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR in the guts and salivary glands of female ticks (N = 10 ticks for each time point) uninfected and artificially infected with TBEV and fed on mice for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days. <i>Tudor-SN</i> Ct values normalized against tick <i>16S rRNA</i> are shown in arbitrary units (Ave±SD) and were used to calculate infected/uninfected ratios and compared between Days 1–5 and Day 0 by Student’s t-test with unequal variance (*P<0.05; N = 10).</p
The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Oct 1, 2008
We studied 53 cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, all of which manifested hair follicle hype... more We studied 53 cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, all of which manifested hair follicle hyperplasia. There were 42 cases conforming to the description of pseudolymphomatous folliculitis (PLF) and 11 cases of authentic lymphomas including mycosis fungoides, CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell small cell lymphoma/leukemia, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. All patients with PLF clinically presented with a solitary nodule preferentially involving the face. Beside hair follicle hyperplasia, the typical features were a dense infiltrate of small well-differentiated lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, plasma cells, and epithelioid histiocytes forming tiny granulomas. Some unusual or worrisome features recognized included eccrine/apocrine duct hyperplasia, subcutis/muscle infiltration, lymphocyte &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;smudging,&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; single file infiltration, and large atypical cells. Immunohistochemically, T-cell predominant cases dominated in the series. All 34 tested cases revealed a polyclonal pattern of kappa and lambda immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain expression. In 4 cases, scattered CD30+ cells were identified. Monoclonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor (TCR) and IgH genes were detected in 19 and 3 cases respectively, including 1 case with dual T-cell receptor/IgH rearrangement. Three of 30 tested cases proved positive for herpes simplex virus-1, whereas herpes simplex virus-2 always tested negative. Of 31 cases tested for Borrelia burgdorferi, 30 specimens were negative. In 9 cases, fluorescent in situ hybridization for t(11;18) and t(14;18) revealed none of the above translocations. The most common treatment modality was surgical removal. Forty patients with a mean follow-up of 3.7 years included 39 patients with no evidence of disease and 1 individual with local recurrence. The comparison of &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;clonal cases of PLF&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; and those with polyclonal population or in which clonality remained undetermined revealed no differences between the 2 groups in the clinical presentation, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features. We conclude that hyperplasia of hair follicles and other adnexa can be seen not only in the condition currently known as PLF, but also in genuine cutaneous lymphomas and may be just a happenstance secondary to a basic pathologic process.
Methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a sign of carcinogenesis progression and there... more Methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a sign of carcinogenesis progression and therefore tests that detect methylation could be used in the diagnosis or staging of malignant diseases. In the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix which are almost 100% caused by long-term infection with highrisk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), methylation silencing of certain cellular genes is a highly specific marker of advanced dysplastic lesions and appears to result from aberrant activation of the methyltransferase DNMT1 by viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. A methylation test performed on a cervicovaginal cytology specimen allows to increase the diagnostic value of this non-invasive test and to select patients with severe squamous cell lesions for follow-up. Other less frequent anogenital malignancies that are induced by HR-HPV to a lesser extent can also be detected by cytological examination - glandular lesions of various origins, most commonly cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas and anal carcinoma. The aim of our pilot study was to evaluate the utility of a methylation test for the diagnosis of these malignancies in a cohort of 50 liquid-based cervicovaginal cytologies with glandular lesion and 74 liquid-based anal cytologies from HIV-positive men having sex with men who are at high risk for anal cancer development.
Cell cycle progression is governed by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) that are activated by cyclin... more Cell cycle progression is governed by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) that are activated by cyclin binding and inhibited by CDK inhibitors. Protein p27Kip1 functions as a CDK inhibitor, which controls the progression from G1 to S phase. Further, p27Kip1 may have a positive regulative influence. In nonneoplastic tissues and in the majority of tumors investigated so far, the immunohistochemical positivity of p27Kip1 showed an inversely proportional relationship to the proliferation index. Among B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the exceptions to this rule are represented by mantle cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and the immunoblastic Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane antigen positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in AIDS patients. The loss of p27Kip1 expression is a negative prognostic factor in numerous tumors, including the majority of B-cell lymphomas.
Angiolipoma is a distinct, benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in young males as m... more Angiolipoma is a distinct, benign soft tissue tumor that most commonly occurs in young males as multiple small, subcutaneous, tender to painful nodules with predilection for the forearms. We report a case of angiolipoma that developed within a lymph node. The patient was a 67-year-old man who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with diagnostic pelvic lymphadenectomy because of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The prostate and 3 lymph nodes located in the obturator fossa were removed. On gross examination, the cut surface of 1 of the lymph nodes revealed an 8 x 5 mm, ovoid, sharply demarcated, nonencapsulated, gray lesion being suspicious for adenocarcinoma metastasis. Microscopically, the major portion of the lymph node was replaced by mature metaplastic adipose tissue. The angiolipoma was seen as a well-demarcated, nonencapsulated lesion composed of numerous small blood vessels lined by monomorphous flattened or spindled endothelial cells. Many vascular lumina were filled with fibrin thrombi. There were scanty mature adipocytes. Focally, areas with increased cellularity and a suggestion of solid growth of the endothelial cells were seen. Lymph nodes are known to be a rare primary site of various tumors usually occurring in other organs. The knowledge of these tumors is important in order not to interpret them as metastatic lesions. The most recognized examples are pigmented nevi, palisading myofibroblastoma, various benign epithelial inclusions, serous cystic tumors of borderline malignancy, and hyperplastic mesothelial inclusions. As we present in this report, angiolipoma is another neoplasm whose primary occurrence in the lymph node should not be misinterpreted as a metastatic tumor or malignant vascular tumor.
Dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes (DCNWPR) is a recently proposed variant of neurof... more Dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes (DCNWPR) is a recently proposed variant of neurofibroma with a distinctive microscopic appearance that is produced by a pseudorosette pattern formed by small, dark, lymphocyte-like cells (Type I cells) arranged concentrically around larger cells, with pale-staining vesicular nuclei and copious faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm (Type II cells). Although DCNWPR appears not to be associated with neurofibromatosis (NF), 1 patient with DCNWPR has been described and suggested to have a form of NF because of multiple skin lesions, with 2 of them being DCNWPR as confirmed histologically. The aim of this study was to find out whether the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene is mutated in DCNWPR. Seven histologically proven cases of DCNWPR, from which a substantial amount of archival paraffin-embedded material was available, were selected for this study. Three cases have been previously reported, including the intraneural lesion, and 4 cases were newly identified. There were 3 female and 4 male patients, ranging in age from 30 to 61 years (median, 48 yrs). All patients clinically presented with a small solitary lesion that was clinically diagnosed as fibroma or neurofibroma, and none of the patients had signs of NF. Follow-up was known for 6 patients (range, 1-5 yrs; median, 2.5 yrs) and was uneventful in each case. Microscopically, all lesions fulfilled the criteria for DCNWPR. Exons 1 to 15 of the NF2 gene were amplified by PCR using primers previously published. The amplified fragments were purified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were computer analyzed and compared with the data of the GenBank database. No mutation was identified in 5 analyzed samples from which suitable DNA had been extracted. DCNWPR appears to have no mutation in exons 1-15 of the NF2 gene. Given the relatively small number of cases studied, it seems premature to declare that a mutation of the NF2 gene is not involved in DCNWPR, as the possibility cannot be excluded that mutations were present but remained undetected because they occurred in exons that were not examined.
Endolymphatic sac tumor (Heffner tumor) (ELST) is a very rare nonmetastasizing, locally aggressiv... more Endolymphatic sac tumor (Heffner tumor) (ELST) is a very rare nonmetastasizing, locally aggressive low-grade adenocarcinoma of endolymphatic sac origin, which is linked to von-Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD). VHLD is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by an inherited genetic abnormality of the VHL gene located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p26-p25). VHL gene mutations have been shown both in ELSTs associated with VHLD and in sporadic cases. Because of the rarity of ELST, only a small number of cases have been subjected to molecular genetic analysis. We have encountered two patients with ELST, one of whom presented with a medical and family history of VHLD. The second was a sporadic case, the patient having no symptoms of VHLD. The tissues obtained from Heffner tumor and cerebellar hemangioblastoma from the patient with inherited VHLD possess a point mutation in exon 1 of VHL gene. This mutation is a C to T exchange at position 194, resulting in amino acid exchange S65L. No mutation was found in any of the three exons analyzed and in the exon-intron junctions of the VHL gene in the sporadic case.
... Vladimir Treska . Tomas Vanecek . Radek Sima . ... of the pancreatic head in a 70-year-old wo... more ... Vladimir Treska . Tomas Vanecek . Radek Sima . ... of the pancreatic head in a 70-year-old woman exhibiting all diagnostic histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features, which has not yet been proper-ly documented in this location. Although Neto et al. ...
<p>(A) Differential expression/representation of Tudor-SN and Ago genes/proteins in <i&g... more <p>(A) Differential expression/representation of Tudor-SN and Ago genes/proteins in <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> nymphs, adult female guts and salivary glands in response to infection with <i>A</i>. <i>phagocytophilum</i>. Data was obtained from transcriptomics and proteomics analyses and values are shown as infected/uninfected Log2-fold ratio (P<0.05). Abbreviations:-, down-regulated/under-represented in infected ticks; +, up-regulated/over-represented in infected ticks; NS, no significant difference between infected and uninfected ticks; NF, not found in trascriptomics or proteomics data. (B) <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels in <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> ISE6 cells in response to early (day 6) and late (day 13) infections with <i>A</i>. <i>phagocytophilum</i>. Five independent experiments were conducted for each early and late infection. <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR in uninfected and infected cells and the infected-to-uninfected ratio of Ct values normalized against tick <i>16S rRNA</i> and <i>cyclophilin</i> are shown in arbitrary units (Ave+SD). Normalized <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were compared by Student’s t-test with unequal variance and were not statistically different between infected and uninfected cells (P = 0.05; N = 5). (C) <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels in <i>I</i>. <i>ricinus</i> ticks during TBEV infection. <i>Tudor-SN</i> mRNA levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR in the guts and salivary glands of female ticks (N = 10 ticks for each time point) uninfected and artificially infected with TBEV and fed on mice for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days. <i>Tudor-SN</i> Ct values normalized against tick <i>16S rRNA</i> are shown in arbitrary units (Ave±SD) and were used to calculate infected/uninfected ratios and compared between Days 1–5 and Day 0 by Student’s t-test with unequal variance (*P<0.05; N = 10).</p
The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Oct 1, 2008
We studied 53 cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, all of which manifested hair follicle hype... more We studied 53 cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, all of which manifested hair follicle hyperplasia. There were 42 cases conforming to the description of pseudolymphomatous folliculitis (PLF) and 11 cases of authentic lymphomas including mycosis fungoides, CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell small cell lymphoma/leukemia, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. All patients with PLF clinically presented with a solitary nodule preferentially involving the face. Beside hair follicle hyperplasia, the typical features were a dense infiltrate of small well-differentiated lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, plasma cells, and epithelioid histiocytes forming tiny granulomas. Some unusual or worrisome features recognized included eccrine/apocrine duct hyperplasia, subcutis/muscle infiltration, lymphocyte &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;smudging,&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; single file infiltration, and large atypical cells. Immunohistochemically, T-cell predominant cases dominated in the series. All 34 tested cases revealed a polyclonal pattern of kappa and lambda immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain expression. In 4 cases, scattered CD30+ cells were identified. Monoclonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor (TCR) and IgH genes were detected in 19 and 3 cases respectively, including 1 case with dual T-cell receptor/IgH rearrangement. Three of 30 tested cases proved positive for herpes simplex virus-1, whereas herpes simplex virus-2 always tested negative. Of 31 cases tested for Borrelia burgdorferi, 30 specimens were negative. In 9 cases, fluorescent in situ hybridization for t(11;18) and t(14;18) revealed none of the above translocations. The most common treatment modality was surgical removal. Forty patients with a mean follow-up of 3.7 years included 39 patients with no evidence of disease and 1 individual with local recurrence. The comparison of &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;clonal cases of PLF&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; and those with polyclonal population or in which clonality remained undetermined revealed no differences between the 2 groups in the clinical presentation, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features. We conclude that hyperplasia of hair follicles and other adnexa can be seen not only in the condition currently known as PLF, but also in genuine cutaneous lymphomas and may be just a happenstance secondary to a basic pathologic process.
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