El término engagement se refiere al grado de compromiso de un usuario con una marca. Las redes so... more El término engagement se refiere al grado de compromiso de un usuario con una marca. Las redes sociales incrementan la presencia de las marcas en internet, mejoran su reputación, potencian ventas y refuerzan la lealtad de sus clientes. Por ello, resultan importantes las estrategias para incrementar seguidores, medir su interacción y conectarse emocionalmente con la marca. La presente investigación analiza aspectos relacionados con el marketing, las estrategias y los contenidos, identifica las empresas más valiosas a nivel económico del mundo y compara el número de seguidores y el engagement de estas empresas en las redes sociales Facebook, Instagram, YouTube y TikTok. Los resultados indican que las empresas más valiosas a escala planetaria en su mayoría pertenecen al sector tecnológico: Apple, Amazon y Google. De las 10 empresas bajo análisis, Facebook mostró un mayor número de seguidores; en Instagram y YouTube lidera Apple, y en TikTok, Samsung. En Facebook la empresa Apple tiene ...
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Aug 1, 2022
Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 ... more Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 from the roots of wheat plants growing in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. It produces indole-3-acetic acid in the presence of l-tryptophan as a precursor, grows at 20–38 °C (optimal 38 °C), and the cells are curved or spiral-shaped, with diameters ranging from 0.5–0.9 to 1.8–2.2 µm. They contain C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c/ω6c as the main fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that this strain belongs to the genus Azospirillum , showing a close relationship with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245T, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7T and Azospirillum formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Housekeeping gene analysis revealed that Az39T, together with five strains of the genus (Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036), form a cluster apart from A. baldaniorum Sp245T, A. brasilense Sp7T and A. formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) between Az39T and the aforementioned type strains revealed values below 96 %, the circumscription limit for the species delineation (ANI: 95.3, 94.1 and 94.0 %; dDDH: 62.9, 56.3 and 55.6 %). Furthermore, a phylogeny evaluation of the core proteome, including 809 common shared proteins, showed an independent grouping of Az39T, Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036. The G+C content in the genomic DNA of these six strains varied from 68.3 to 68.5 %. Based on the combined phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic characterization presented here, we consider that strain Az39T, along with strains Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036, are members of a new Azospirillum species, for which the name Azospirillum argentinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Az39T (=LBPCV39T=BR 148428T=CCCT 22.01T).
Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present.... more Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present. These bacteria are able to colonize hundreds of plant species and significantly improve their growth, development and productivity under field conditions. Besides nitrogen fixation, the most studied mechanism proposed for Azospirillum to explain plant growth promotion of inoculated plants has been related to its ability to produce several phytohormones, mainly auxins and particularly indole-3-acetic acid. Although different capacities have been described to explain the plant growth regulation by Azospirillum one single mechanism is not quite extensive to explain the full effect observed on inoculated plants. The bacterial mode of action is currently better explained as the result of additive and selective effects. One of the most important achievements obtained thus far is the utilization of azospirilla as commercial inoculants in approximately 7.0 million doses and 5.0 million ha, mainly cultivated with cereal crops and legumes in South America. Different inoculation practices (farmer applied or industrial seed treatments, in-furrow, foliar or soil sprayed applications) have been developed and improved in the last two decades for a wide range of crops, in field conditions. Particularly, the combined inoculation of legumes with rhizobia and azospirilla, could over improve the performance of the plants compared with a single inoculation, due to the complementary biological processes of both microbes. The development and validation of specific novel methodologies for identification of A. brasilense, and particularly the strain Az39 in both bio-products and inoculated samples (i.e. soil, rhizosphere, seeds or plant tissues) offer a precise tool to evaluate the functionality and traceability of these microorganisms in the environment. In this chapter, we explore some classical mechanisms of plant growth promotion in A. brasilense Az39, one of the most widely used PGPR strains for inoculant production in South America. Additionally, we discuss some novel molecular tools designated to identify this strain in both bio-products and field conditions.
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 ... more Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 from the roots of wheat plants growing in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. It produces indole-3-acetic acid in the presence of l-tryptophan as a precursor, grows at 20–38 °C (optimal 38 °C), and the cells are curved or spiral-shaped, with diameters ranging from 0.5–0.9 to 1.8–2.2 µm. They contain C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c/ω6c as the main fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that this strain belongs to the genus Azospirillum , showing a close relationship with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245T, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7T and Azospirillum formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Housekeeping gene analysis revealed that Az39T, together with five strains of the genus (Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036), form a cluster apart from A. baldaniorum Sp245T, A. brasilense Sp7T and A. formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA h...
Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present.... more Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present. These bacteria are able to colonize hundreds of plant species and significantly improve their growth, development and productivity under field conditions. Besides nitrogen fixation, the most studied mechanism proposed for Azospirillum to explain plant growth promotion of inoculated plants has been related to its ability to produce several phytohormones, mainly auxins and particularly indole-3-acetic acid. Although different capacities have been described to explain the plant growth regulation by Azospirillum one single mechanism is not quite extensive to explain the full effect observed on inoculated plants. The bacterial mode of action is currently better explained as the result of additive and selective effects. One of the most important achievements obtained thus far is the utilization of azospirilla as commercial inoculants in approximately 7.0 million doses and 5.0 million ha, mainly cultivated with cereal crops and legumes in South America. Different inoculation practices (farmer applied or industrial seed treatments, in-furrow, foliar or soil sprayed applications) have been developed and improved in the last two decades for a wide range of crops, in field conditions. Particularly, the combined inoculation of legumes with rhizobia and azospirilla, could over improve the performance of the plants compared with a single inoculation, due to the complementary biological processes of both microbes. The development and validation of specific novel methodologies for identification of A. brasilense, and particularly the strain Az39 in both bio-products and inoculated samples (i.e. soil, rhizosphere, seeds or plant tissues) offer a precise tool to evaluate the functionality and traceability of these microorganisms in the environment. In this chapter, we explore some classical mechanisms of plant growth promotion in A. brasilense Az39, one of the most widely used PGPR strains for inoculant production in South America. Additionally, we discuss some novel molecular tools designated to identify this strain in both bio-products and field conditions.
Food security is the pillar of nutritional wellbeing for food availability, and is necessary to s... more Food security is the pillar of nutritional wellbeing for food availability, and is necessary to satisfy all physiological needs to thus maintain the general wellbeing of populations. However, global agricultural deficiencies occur due to rapid population growth, causing an increase in competition for resources; such as water, land, and energy, leading to the overexploitation of agro-ecosystems, and the inability to produce a suitable quantity of efficient food. Therefore, the development of sustainable agro-biotechnologies is vital to increase crop yield and quality, reducing the negative impacts caused by intensive non-sustainable agricultural practices. In this way, the genetic and metabolic diversity of soil and plant microbiota in agro-ecosystems are a current and promising alternative to ensure global food security. Microbial communities play an important role in the improvement of soil fertility and plant development by enhancing plant growth and health through several direct ...
El término engagement se refiere al grado de compromiso de un usuario con una marca. Las redes so... more El término engagement se refiere al grado de compromiso de un usuario con una marca. Las redes sociales incrementan la presencia de las marcas en internet, mejoran su reputación, potencian ventas y refuerzan la lealtad de sus clientes. Por ello, resultan importantes las estrategias para incrementar seguidores, medir su interacción y conectarse emocionalmente con la marca. La presente investigación analiza aspectos relacionados con el marketing, las estrategias y los contenidos, identifica las empresas más valiosas a nivel económico del mundo y compara el número de seguidores y el engagement de estas empresas en las redes sociales Facebook, Instagram, YouTube y TikTok. Los resultados indican que las empresas más valiosas a escala planetaria en su mayoría pertenecen al sector tecnológico: Apple, Amazon y Google. De las 10 empresas bajo análisis, Facebook mostró un mayor número de seguidores; en Instagram y YouTube lidera Apple, y en TikTok, Samsung. En Facebook la empresa Apple tiene ...
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Aug 1, 2022
Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 ... more Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 from the roots of wheat plants growing in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. It produces indole-3-acetic acid in the presence of l-tryptophan as a precursor, grows at 20–38 °C (optimal 38 °C), and the cells are curved or spiral-shaped, with diameters ranging from 0.5–0.9 to 1.8–2.2 µm. They contain C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c/ω6c as the main fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that this strain belongs to the genus Azospirillum , showing a close relationship with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245T, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7T and Azospirillum formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Housekeeping gene analysis revealed that Az39T, together with five strains of the genus (Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036), form a cluster apart from A. baldaniorum Sp245T, A. brasilense Sp7T and A. formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) between Az39T and the aforementioned type strains revealed values below 96 %, the circumscription limit for the species delineation (ANI: 95.3, 94.1 and 94.0 %; dDDH: 62.9, 56.3 and 55.6 %). Furthermore, a phylogeny evaluation of the core proteome, including 809 common shared proteins, showed an independent grouping of Az39T, Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036. The G+C content in the genomic DNA of these six strains varied from 68.3 to 68.5 %. Based on the combined phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic characterization presented here, we consider that strain Az39T, along with strains Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036, are members of a new Azospirillum species, for which the name Azospirillum argentinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Az39T (=LBPCV39T=BR 148428T=CCCT 22.01T).
Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present.... more Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present. These bacteria are able to colonize hundreds of plant species and significantly improve their growth, development and productivity under field conditions. Besides nitrogen fixation, the most studied mechanism proposed for Azospirillum to explain plant growth promotion of inoculated plants has been related to its ability to produce several phytohormones, mainly auxins and particularly indole-3-acetic acid. Although different capacities have been described to explain the plant growth regulation by Azospirillum one single mechanism is not quite extensive to explain the full effect observed on inoculated plants. The bacterial mode of action is currently better explained as the result of additive and selective effects. One of the most important achievements obtained thus far is the utilization of azospirilla as commercial inoculants in approximately 7.0 million doses and 5.0 million ha, mainly cultivated with cereal crops and legumes in South America. Different inoculation practices (farmer applied or industrial seed treatments, in-furrow, foliar or soil sprayed applications) have been developed and improved in the last two decades for a wide range of crops, in field conditions. Particularly, the combined inoculation of legumes with rhizobia and azospirilla, could over improve the performance of the plants compared with a single inoculation, due to the complementary biological processes of both microbes. The development and validation of specific novel methodologies for identification of A. brasilense, and particularly the strain Az39 in both bio-products and inoculated samples (i.e. soil, rhizosphere, seeds or plant tissues) offer a precise tool to evaluate the functionality and traceability of these microorganisms in the environment. In this chapter, we explore some classical mechanisms of plant growth promotion in A. brasilense Az39, one of the most widely used PGPR strains for inoculant production in South America. Additionally, we discuss some novel molecular tools designated to identify this strain in both bio-products and field conditions.
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 ... more Strain Az39T of Azospirillum is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated in 1982 from the roots of wheat plants growing in Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. It produces indole-3-acetic acid in the presence of l-tryptophan as a precursor, grows at 20–38 °C (optimal 38 °C), and the cells are curved or spiral-shaped, with diameters ranging from 0.5–0.9 to 1.8–2.2 µm. They contain C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c/ω6c as the main fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that this strain belongs to the genus Azospirillum , showing a close relationship with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245T, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7T and Azospirillum formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Housekeeping gene analysis revealed that Az39T, together with five strains of the genus (Az19, REC3, BR 11975, MTCC4035 and MTCC4036), form a cluster apart from A. baldaniorum Sp245T, A. brasilense Sp7T and A. formosense CC-Nfb-7T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA h...
Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present.... more Azospirillum is one of the best studied genus of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at present. These bacteria are able to colonize hundreds of plant species and significantly improve their growth, development and productivity under field conditions. Besides nitrogen fixation, the most studied mechanism proposed for Azospirillum to explain plant growth promotion of inoculated plants has been related to its ability to produce several phytohormones, mainly auxins and particularly indole-3-acetic acid. Although different capacities have been described to explain the plant growth regulation by Azospirillum one single mechanism is not quite extensive to explain the full effect observed on inoculated plants. The bacterial mode of action is currently better explained as the result of additive and selective effects. One of the most important achievements obtained thus far is the utilization of azospirilla as commercial inoculants in approximately 7.0 million doses and 5.0 million ha, mainly cultivated with cereal crops and legumes in South America. Different inoculation practices (farmer applied or industrial seed treatments, in-furrow, foliar or soil sprayed applications) have been developed and improved in the last two decades for a wide range of crops, in field conditions. Particularly, the combined inoculation of legumes with rhizobia and azospirilla, could over improve the performance of the plants compared with a single inoculation, due to the complementary biological processes of both microbes. The development and validation of specific novel methodologies for identification of A. brasilense, and particularly the strain Az39 in both bio-products and inoculated samples (i.e. soil, rhizosphere, seeds or plant tissues) offer a precise tool to evaluate the functionality and traceability of these microorganisms in the environment. In this chapter, we explore some classical mechanisms of plant growth promotion in A. brasilense Az39, one of the most widely used PGPR strains for inoculant production in South America. Additionally, we discuss some novel molecular tools designated to identify this strain in both bio-products and field conditions.
Food security is the pillar of nutritional wellbeing for food availability, and is necessary to s... more Food security is the pillar of nutritional wellbeing for food availability, and is necessary to satisfy all physiological needs to thus maintain the general wellbeing of populations. However, global agricultural deficiencies occur due to rapid population growth, causing an increase in competition for resources; such as water, land, and energy, leading to the overexploitation of agro-ecosystems, and the inability to produce a suitable quantity of efficient food. Therefore, the development of sustainable agro-biotechnologies is vital to increase crop yield and quality, reducing the negative impacts caused by intensive non-sustainable agricultural practices. In this way, the genetic and metabolic diversity of soil and plant microbiota in agro-ecosystems are a current and promising alternative to ensure global food security. Microbial communities play an important role in the improvement of soil fertility and plant development by enhancing plant growth and health through several direct ...
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