A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of mobile nodes forming a dynamic net... more A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of mobile nodes forming a dynamic network and communicating over wireless links. Owing to its uniqueness such as easy deployment and self-organizing ability, it has shown great potential in many civil and military applications. As MANETs are gaining popularity, their need to support real time and multimedia applications is rising as well. Such applications have Quality of Service (QoS) requirements like bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter and energy. Consequently, it becomes very necessary for MANETs to have an efficient routing and QoS mechanism to support these applications. A number of QoS routing protocols with distinguishing features have been proposed recently. This paper presents a thorough overview of some of the QoS routing protocols along with their strengths and weaknesses. A comparative study of the QoS routing protocols is done and in addition, the current issues and future challenges that are involved in this exciting area of research are also included.
2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2014
Various WSN applications use hierarchical routing protocol for routing sensed data to the sink. L... more Various WSN applications use hierarchical routing protocol for routing sensed data to the sink. LEACH is one of the widely used hierarchical, distributed clustering protocol in WSN. In LEACH, Non-Cluster head Nodes decide to join a cluster head based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) of receiving HELLO packets from CHs making it vulnerable to HELLO Flood attack. A laptop-class adversary node can broadcast packets advertising it as cluster head with higher signal strength, all sensor nodes will select it as cluster head and send join packet into it, thinking that the adversary is in their range and thus, the whole network will be in a state of confusion. Existing solutions for detection of HELLO flood attack are either cryptographic which are less suitable in terms of memory and battery power, or non-cryptographic which involves sending the test packet for detection. This increases communication overhead as the energy required for transmission of the packet is far more than the energy required for processing/calculation. Based on these facts, a non-cryptographic solution for HELLO flood attack detection is proposed in this paper in which the no. of times the test packet is transmitted is greatly reduced. The simulation results showed detection of adversary nodes with minimal communication overhead as the number of test packets sent for detection is reduced from 20-35 to 10-14 (approx.).
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), known as an abundant, non-histone architec... more High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), known as an abundant, non-histone architectural chromosomal protein, is highly conserved across different species. Homologues of HMGB1 were identified and cloned from malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Sequence analyses showed that the P. falciparum HMGB1 (PfHMGB1) exhibits 45, 23 and 18%, while PfHMGB2 shares 42, 21 and 17% homology with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human and mouse HMG box proteins respectively. Parasite PfHMGB1and PfHMGB2 proteins contain one HMG Box domain similar to B-Box of mammalian HMGB1. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) showed that recombinant PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 bind to DNA. Immunofluorescence Assay using specific antibodies revealed that these proteins are expressed abundantly in the ring stage nuclei. Significant levels of PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 were also present in the parasite cytosol at trophozoite and schizont stages. Both, PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 were found to be potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha from mouse peritoneal macrophages as analyzed by both reverse transcription PCR and by ELISA. These results suggest that secreted PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 may be responsible for eliciting/ triggering host inflammatory immune responses associated with malaria infection.
Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are kn... more Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, pr...
Rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes in cities cause an increase in the demand for ... more Rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes in cities cause an increase in the demand for electricity by altering the local climate. The present study aims to examine the variations in total energy and cooling energy demand in a calibrated building energy model, caused by urban heat island formation over Delhi. The study used Sentinel-2A multispectral imagery for land use and land cover (LULC) of mapping of Delhi, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for land surface temperature (LST) mapping during March 2018. It was observed that regions with dense built-up areas (i.e., with built-up area greater than 90%) had a higher annual land surface temperature (LST), i.e., 293.5 K and urban heat island intensity (UHII) ranging from 0.9 K–5.9 K. In contrast, lower annual values of LST (290K) and UHII (0.0–0.4 K) were observed in regions with high vegetation cover (53%). Statistical analysis reveals that a negative correlation exists between vegetation and ...
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the presence of dense str... more Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the presence of dense stroma that is enriched in hyaluronan (HA), with increased HA levels associated with more aggressive disease. Increased levels of the HA-degrading enzymes hyaluronidases (HYALs) are also associated with tumor progression. In this study, we evaluate the regulation of HYALs in PDAC. Methods: Using siRNA and small molecule inhibitors, we evaluated the regulation of HYALs using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and ELISA. The binding of BRD2 protein on the HYAL1 promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Mice with xenograft tumors were treated with BET inhibitors. The expression of HYALs in tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and by qRT-PCR. Results: We show that HYAL1, HYAL2, and HYAL3 are expressed in PDAC tumors and in PDAC and pancreatic stellate cell lines. We demonstrate that inhibito...
Therapy for bacteremia caused by is often ineffective, even when treatment conditions are optimal... more Therapy for bacteremia caused by is often ineffective, even when treatment conditions are optimal according to experimental protocols. Adapted subclones, such as those bearing mutations that attenuate -mediated virulence activation, are associated with persistent infection and patient mortality. To identify additional alterations in -defective mutants, we sequenced and assembled the complete genomes of clone pairs from colonizing and infected sites of several patients in whom demonstrated a within-host loss of function. We report that events associated with inactivation result in blood and nares strain pairs that are enriched in mutations compared to pairs from wild-type controls. The random distribution of mutations between colonizing and infecting strains from the same patient, and between strains from different patients, suggests that much of the genetic complexity of -defective strains result from prolonged infection or therapy-induced stress. However, in one of the defective in...
Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 2017
White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different co... more White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different concentrations of common salt (sodium chloride) i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 25% and sugar solution i. e. 50, 60 and 70°B and dried in hot-air oven at 55 ± 2 °C. There were about 31.2, 29.4, 27.2 and 24.4% reduction in weight with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt solutions and 35.4, 38.3 and 38.8% with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. It took about 240, 220, 200 and 180 minutes to dry samples after osmotic treatment with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt concentration and 240, 220 and 220 minutes with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. The untreated samples took about 340 minutes for complete drying. The colour was brighter for samples dried after OT with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations having lowest optical density (OD) values. The dried products were packed in 200 gauge polypropylene bags and stored at ambient condition for one year. The chemical, microbial and organoleptic changes were...
This study reports on the possibility or suitability of ketchup preparation using mushroom pulp w... more This study reports on the possibility or suitability of ketchup preparation using mushroom pulp with tomato pulp. The pulp was extracted from mature and sound tomatoes and button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) and subsequently used for preparation of Tomato-Mushroom ketchup. Different combinations of mushroom pulp with tomato pulp were made for ketchup preparation. The ketchup prepared with 50 % tomato pulp and 50 % mushroom pulp obtained highest organoleptic scores and was preferred than other treatments. The organoleptic score for ketch-up prepared by 100 % mushroom pulp was lowest. There was significant increase in protein, crude fibre and ash content whereas TSS, acidity, total sugars and vitamin C decreased significantly with increase in level of mushroom pulp. TSS increased significantly from 27.32 °B to 31.03 °B during storage for 12 months. Whereas acidity value decreased from 2.22 % to 2.10 %. There was significant decrease in total sugars and increase in reducing sugars d...
Feature selection methods play a significant role during classification of data having high dimen... more Feature selection methods play a significant role during classification of data having high dimensions of features. The methods select most relevant subset of features that describe data appropriately. Mutual information (MI) based upon information theory is one of the metrics used for measuring relevance of features. This paper analyses various feature selection methods for (1) reduction in number of features; (2) performance of Naïve Bayes classification model trained on reduced set of features. Research gaps identified are: (1) computation of MI from the whole sample space instead of unclassified sample subspace; (2) consideration of relevance of features only or tradeoff between relevance and redundancy, but class conditional interaction of features is ignored.In this paper, we propose a general evaluation function using MI for feature selection. The proposed evaluation function is implemented which use dynamically computed MI values from unclassified instances. Effectiveness of...
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of mobile nodes forming a dynamic net... more A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of mobile nodes forming a dynamic network and communicating over wireless links. Owing to its uniqueness such as easy deployment and self-organizing ability, it has shown great potential in many civil and military applications. As MANETs are gaining popularity, their need to support real time and multimedia applications is rising as well. Such applications have Quality of Service (QoS) requirements like bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter and energy. Consequently, it becomes very necessary for MANETs to have an efficient routing and QoS mechanism to support these applications. A number of QoS routing protocols with distinguishing features have been proposed recently. This paper presents a thorough overview of some of the QoS routing protocols along with their strengths and weaknesses. A comparative study of the QoS routing protocols is done and in addition, the current issues and future challenges that are involved in this exciting area of research are also included.
2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2014
Various WSN applications use hierarchical routing protocol for routing sensed data to the sink. L... more Various WSN applications use hierarchical routing protocol for routing sensed data to the sink. LEACH is one of the widely used hierarchical, distributed clustering protocol in WSN. In LEACH, Non-Cluster head Nodes decide to join a cluster head based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) of receiving HELLO packets from CHs making it vulnerable to HELLO Flood attack. A laptop-class adversary node can broadcast packets advertising it as cluster head with higher signal strength, all sensor nodes will select it as cluster head and send join packet into it, thinking that the adversary is in their range and thus, the whole network will be in a state of confusion. Existing solutions for detection of HELLO flood attack are either cryptographic which are less suitable in terms of memory and battery power, or non-cryptographic which involves sending the test packet for detection. This increases communication overhead as the energy required for transmission of the packet is far more than the energy required for processing/calculation. Based on these facts, a non-cryptographic solution for HELLO flood attack detection is proposed in this paper in which the no. of times the test packet is transmitted is greatly reduced. The simulation results showed detection of adversary nodes with minimal communication overhead as the number of test packets sent for detection is reduced from 20-35 to 10-14 (approx.).
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), known as an abundant, non-histone architec... more High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), known as an abundant, non-histone architectural chromosomal protein, is highly conserved across different species. Homologues of HMGB1 were identified and cloned from malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Sequence analyses showed that the P. falciparum HMGB1 (PfHMGB1) exhibits 45, 23 and 18%, while PfHMGB2 shares 42, 21 and 17% homology with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human and mouse HMG box proteins respectively. Parasite PfHMGB1and PfHMGB2 proteins contain one HMG Box domain similar to B-Box of mammalian HMGB1. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) showed that recombinant PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 bind to DNA. Immunofluorescence Assay using specific antibodies revealed that these proteins are expressed abundantly in the ring stage nuclei. Significant levels of PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 were also present in the parasite cytosol at trophozoite and schizont stages. Both, PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 were found to be potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha from mouse peritoneal macrophages as analyzed by both reverse transcription PCR and by ELISA. These results suggest that secreted PfHMGB1 and PfHMGB2 may be responsible for eliciting/ triggering host inflammatory immune responses associated with malaria infection.
Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are kn... more Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, pr...
Rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes in cities cause an increase in the demand for ... more Rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes in cities cause an increase in the demand for electricity by altering the local climate. The present study aims to examine the variations in total energy and cooling energy demand in a calibrated building energy model, caused by urban heat island formation over Delhi. The study used Sentinel-2A multispectral imagery for land use and land cover (LULC) of mapping of Delhi, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for land surface temperature (LST) mapping during March 2018. It was observed that regions with dense built-up areas (i.e., with built-up area greater than 90%) had a higher annual land surface temperature (LST), i.e., 293.5 K and urban heat island intensity (UHII) ranging from 0.9 K–5.9 K. In contrast, lower annual values of LST (290K) and UHII (0.0–0.4 K) were observed in regions with high vegetation cover (53%). Statistical analysis reveals that a negative correlation exists between vegetation and ...
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the presence of dense str... more Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the presence of dense stroma that is enriched in hyaluronan (HA), with increased HA levels associated with more aggressive disease. Increased levels of the HA-degrading enzymes hyaluronidases (HYALs) are also associated with tumor progression. In this study, we evaluate the regulation of HYALs in PDAC. Methods: Using siRNA and small molecule inhibitors, we evaluated the regulation of HYALs using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and ELISA. The binding of BRD2 protein on the HYAL1 promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Mice with xenograft tumors were treated with BET inhibitors. The expression of HYALs in tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and by qRT-PCR. Results: We show that HYAL1, HYAL2, and HYAL3 are expressed in PDAC tumors and in PDAC and pancreatic stellate cell lines. We demonstrate that inhibito...
Therapy for bacteremia caused by is often ineffective, even when treatment conditions are optimal... more Therapy for bacteremia caused by is often ineffective, even when treatment conditions are optimal according to experimental protocols. Adapted subclones, such as those bearing mutations that attenuate -mediated virulence activation, are associated with persistent infection and patient mortality. To identify additional alterations in -defective mutants, we sequenced and assembled the complete genomes of clone pairs from colonizing and infected sites of several patients in whom demonstrated a within-host loss of function. We report that events associated with inactivation result in blood and nares strain pairs that are enriched in mutations compared to pairs from wild-type controls. The random distribution of mutations between colonizing and infecting strains from the same patient, and between strains from different patients, suggests that much of the genetic complexity of -defective strains result from prolonged infection or therapy-induced stress. However, in one of the defective in...
Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 2017
White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different co... more White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different concentrations of common salt (sodium chloride) i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 25% and sugar solution i. e. 50, 60 and 70°B and dried in hot-air oven at 55 ± 2 °C. There were about 31.2, 29.4, 27.2 and 24.4% reduction in weight with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt solutions and 35.4, 38.3 and 38.8% with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. It took about 240, 220, 200 and 180 minutes to dry samples after osmotic treatment with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt concentration and 240, 220 and 220 minutes with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. The untreated samples took about 340 minutes for complete drying. The colour was brighter for samples dried after OT with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations having lowest optical density (OD) values. The dried products were packed in 200 gauge polypropylene bags and stored at ambient condition for one year. The chemical, microbial and organoleptic changes were...
This study reports on the possibility or suitability of ketchup preparation using mushroom pulp w... more This study reports on the possibility or suitability of ketchup preparation using mushroom pulp with tomato pulp. The pulp was extracted from mature and sound tomatoes and button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) and subsequently used for preparation of Tomato-Mushroom ketchup. Different combinations of mushroom pulp with tomato pulp were made for ketchup preparation. The ketchup prepared with 50 % tomato pulp and 50 % mushroom pulp obtained highest organoleptic scores and was preferred than other treatments. The organoleptic score for ketch-up prepared by 100 % mushroom pulp was lowest. There was significant increase in protein, crude fibre and ash content whereas TSS, acidity, total sugars and vitamin C decreased significantly with increase in level of mushroom pulp. TSS increased significantly from 27.32 °B to 31.03 °B during storage for 12 months. Whereas acidity value decreased from 2.22 % to 2.10 %. There was significant decrease in total sugars and increase in reducing sugars d...
Feature selection methods play a significant role during classification of data having high dimen... more Feature selection methods play a significant role during classification of data having high dimensions of features. The methods select most relevant subset of features that describe data appropriately. Mutual information (MI) based upon information theory is one of the metrics used for measuring relevance of features. This paper analyses various feature selection methods for (1) reduction in number of features; (2) performance of Naïve Bayes classification model trained on reduced set of features. Research gaps identified are: (1) computation of MI from the whole sample space instead of unclassified sample subspace; (2) consideration of relevance of features only or tradeoff between relevance and redundancy, but class conditional interaction of features is ignored.In this paper, we propose a general evaluation function using MI for feature selection. The proposed evaluation function is implemented which use dynamically computed MI values from unclassified instances. Effectiveness of...
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Papers by Krishan Kumar