Papers by Journal of Infertility and Reproductive Biology
Age and semen quality can significantly affect the outcome of intrauterine insemination treatment... more Age and semen quality can significantly affect the outcome of intrauterine insemination treatment. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of age, semen cryopreservation, and washing on intrauterine insemination outcomes. The current study evaluates the effects of woman age and semen donor age, semen processing, and freezing on intrauterine insemination outcomes. Significant negative correlations were found between semen donors' age and sperm concentration, progressive motility, and normal morphology. Donors aged less than or equal to 30 years had better semen quality compared to those aged above 30 years. Significant higher semen viscosity, semen volume, total sperm count, progressive motility, total progressively motile count, normal morphology, and total normal sperm count were observed in fresh semen samples of donors who had positive pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. Furthermore, significantly higher post-wash progressive motility was obtained in donors who had positive pregnancies after intrauterine insemination. The results of this study provide insight into the eligibility in terms of age and semen characteristics of patients seeking intrauterine insemination.
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Portulaca oleracea Linn. has a history of extensive use as a medicinal plant and is frequently us... more Portulaca oleracea Linn. has a history of extensive use as a medicinal plant and is frequently used by traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria. Different parts of P. oleracea L. have been studied for their effect on the reproductive physiology of animals but there is a paucity of information on the stem as it relates to male fertility. This study, therefore, investigated the sub-chronic effect of oral administration of P.oleracea stem extract on male fertility indices (semen analysis, testosterone concentration, and testicular histology) in Wistar rats. Twenty animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group A(Control) received 0.5 ml of olive oil(vehicle) while Groups B, C & D received 125, 250 & 500 mg/kg of extract respectively for 21 days by oral gavage. In the end, the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected for testosterone assay, caudal epididymis for semen analysis, and testes for histology. P.oleracea stem extract had no significant (p>0.05) effect on serum testosterone concentration, testicular histoarchitecture, and sperm viability, morphology & motility relative to control. However, there was a significant (p=0.014) reduction in the sperm cell count of rats exposed to the highest dose (500mg/kg) in relation to the control. Oral administration of P.oleracea stem extract as used in this study may harm male fertility; thus further study is recommended to ascertain if prolonged exposure will validate this finding.
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To describe the features of women seeking assisted reproductive technique (ART) in the Gabonese R... more To describe the features of women seeking assisted reproductive technique (ART) in the Gabonese Republic (sub-Saharan Africa) and investigate In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) success in this sub-Saharan setting. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data of women on their first IVF round from January 1 st , 2019, to December 31 st , 2020. The Analyzed data included antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle count (AFC), number of mature oocytes collected, myomas, tubal obstruction, partner abnormality in the spermogram, and history of urogenital infection and pelvic surgery. Women seeking assisted reproductive techniques were characterized by a high prevalence of tubal obstructions (73.4%), myomas (39%), and a history of urogenital infection (35.5%). We retrieved a total of 1662 oocytes of which 1439 mature oocytes. The average serum AMH concentration was 2.33(+/-2.71) ng/ml while the average AFC WAS 14.63 (5+/-11.37). In up to 50% of infertile couples, a male factor plays a role. The rate of IVF procedures leading to live birth was 31%. Women who had gynecologic surgery had better odds to give live birth (2.7 odds; p-value = 0.01). Our study showed that a high and combined burden of fallopian tubal obstructions, urogenital infection, and myomas characterize IVF candidates in Gabonese Republic. Also, the IVF success rate in this setting is close to what is observed globally.
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Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide produced by syncytiotrophoblast cells, has been hypothesized to regula... more Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide produced by syncytiotrophoblast cells, has been hypothesized to regulate successful placental formation. Several studies have shown a positive correlation between maternal serum kisspeptin levels and successful pregnancy outcomes in second and third-trimester pregnancy, but trends in early pregnancy have not been well-established. In this prospective case-control study, we examine whether kisspeptin levels correlate with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (bhCG), progesterone, or pregnancy outcomes at the time of pregnancy testing in cis-gendered females (n= undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Pregnancy testing occurred at an average of 33 days after the last menstrual period for non-IVF protocols and an average of 12 days after blastocyst transfer for IVF protocols. Outcome groups included: viable first-trimester pregnancy (n=18), early miscarriage (n=12), ectopic pregnancy (n=5), biochemical pregnancy (n=16), and not pregnant (n=12). Descriptive statistics including Chi-squared or Fisher's Exact, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized. Kisspeptin values did not show a significant difference between outcome groups. A weak positive correlation was demonstrated between kisspeptin and bhCG in biochemical and viable pregnancy but not for other outcomes. In contrast, a significant correlation between kisspeptin and measured progesterone value or exogenous progesterone, regardless of administration route, was not observed. In this study population, a single serum measurement of kisspeptin very early in pregnancy was not significantly different between pregnancy outcomes. The utility of kisspeptin as a pregnancy biomarker in the first trimester remains unclear. Additional studies are needed to further investigate the relationship between viable intrauterine pregnancy and serum kisspeptin concentration in the early first trimester and the current findings suggest that it may prove useful in combination with bhCG.
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This study was conducted to determine the preservative effects of pineapple juice on the progress... more This study was conducted to determine the preservative effects of pineapple juice on the progressive motility (PM) and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) of chilled bull semen. Semen samples obtained from bred Holstein bulls were diluted in egg yolk citrate extender (EYC) and firstly substituted with pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) at four levels of substitution; 0.25ml, 0.50ml,0.75ml, and 1ml of pineapple juice (PJ) in five treatments; T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively with T1 being the control. Secondly, pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) was added at four levels of addition; 0.25ml, 0.50ml,0.75ml, and 1ml of pineapple juice (PJ) in five treatments; T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively with T1 being the control. The diluted semen samples were preserved at a temperature of 5 0 C and microscopic evaluation was done each day for PMI and PM until all the sperm cells died. The results obtained indicate a higher progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity for both the substitution and addition of pineapple juice in the EYC extender compared to the control. It was therefore evident that the substitution of egg yolk in the EYC extender with pineapple juice at 25% led to higher PMI and PM. Substitution of egg yolk in egg yolk citrate extender at 75% and 50% did not show a significant difference with the control while a 100% substitution resulted in a rapid drop in PMI and PM values. There was a higher (P<0.05) PMI and PM at all levels of addition as compared to the control with the highest PMI and PM obtained from T2, T3, T4, and T5 but shows no statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between them. It is therefore evident pineapple juice in the EYC extender has a significant positive effect on plasma membrane integrity as compared to the control with no pineapple juice.
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The effects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei on testicular/epididymal mor... more The effects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei on testicular/epididymal morphometry of 20 adult male rabbits (bucks) were determined over a 12 weeks study period. Ten rabbit bucks were infected with 1 ml of the parasites containing 1 X 10 6 trypanosomes, while the other 10 bucks served as control post-infection. At the end of the experiment, two bucks from each of the groups were sacrificed and their testes were harvested for the determination of testicular/epididymal morphometry. The mean paired testicular weights for the control and the infected rabbit bucks were 1.81 ± 0.11 g and 1.82 ± 0.05 g. The mean paired epididymal weights of the control and the infected rabbit bucks were 3.19 ± 0.03 g and 2.83 ± 0.18 g, respectively. The mean paired testicular lengths for the control rabbit bucks were 8.09 ± 0.56 g, while the mean paired testicular lengths for the infected rabbit bucks were 7.79 ± 0.71 g respectively. This study has shown that T. brucei brucei is pathogenic to rabbit bucks causing serious reproductive disorders thereby exerting a negative effect on rabbit production and the socioeconomic wellbeing of the tsetse endemic areas in the country and that the animals could serve as reservoirs of infection to other animals.
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Fertilization, an important phase of reproduction, is physiologically the union of the male and f... more Fertilization, an important phase of reproduction, is physiologically the union of the male and female gamete. This progression involves the fusion of an oocyte with a sperm, leading to generation of a single diploid cell, the zygote, from which a new individual organism develops. The elucidation of the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of fertilization has enthralled researchers of relevance for several years. This overview embodies this fascinating progression at physiological, biochemical and molecular level. A number of molecules have been recognized to play a key role in each step of this interesting process pertaining to the sperm magnetism from the oocyte, the sperm maturation, the sperm and oocyte union and the two gamete pronuclei fusion leading to the development of zygote. The compilation of data and salient hypotheses covered by this review provides new insights into perception of the causes of fertility issues due to fertilization disorders using the platform of in silico studies.
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Cesarean section is a daily practice with the incidence in Egypt exceeding 40 percent, surgical s... more Cesarean section is a daily practice with the incidence in Egypt exceeding 40 percent, surgical site infection is uncommon morbidity, and efforts made extensively to lower the infection rate the presented work aimed at lowering surgical site infection in cesarean section with the use of gentamycin solution preclosure to reduce CS-SSI rates. The presented work was a controlled trial involving 200 cases of elective cesarean section done in Zinat Alhyat hospital for delivery in Benha city. Two hundred cases recruited from Zinat al-Hayat hospital in Benha were divided into two groups: group one [gentamycin group] hundred cases receiving pre-closure irrigation of the subcutaneous tissue with gentamycin vial 40mg diluted in 10 ml syringes then closing the wound with prolene sutures. Group 2 hundred cases not [control non-intervention] receiving gentamycin infiltration and taken as the control group the wound closed with prolene sutures without infiltration with gentamycin. Written consent was signed by all participants in the trial. The study gave the following. Cesarean section surgical site infection dropped from 8 percent in the control group to 1 percent in the trial group with gentamycin. Surgical site infection post-cesarean section can be reduced by subcutaneous infiltration with gentamycin saline solution.
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Infertility is defined as the unable to conceive despite having one year of regular unprotected i... more Infertility is defined as the unable to conceive despite having one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It affects both genders globally. The increase in incidence is also due to delaying the start of families in many couples. Infertility is generally classified into two categories when a couple is unable to conceive after at least 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse is termed primary, while any couple who has conceived previously but is not unable to conceive again is called secondary. The couple should consider the evaluation, if either partner has any known risk factor for infertility (e.g., advanced female age, male with a history of undescended testicles), or if the couple has concerns about their fertility potential. In most cases, it is recommended that both partners be evaluated simultaneously to prevent any delays in successful treatment. According to the WHO report on reproductive health, infertility may affect 15% of couples per year globally, of these, 20% will have a male factor that is solely responsible; male factors will contribute to an additional 30% of cases. When a man has any problem with his reproductive system it can lead to male infertility. Exposure to toxic substances, chemotherapy, radiation, and physical problems with the testes. Lifestyle, notably poor health habits and conditions (smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, use of drugs, testosterone, or anabolic steroids) may cause infertility in both sexes. Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), Past inflammation of the prostate or past genital infections and/or high fever, Injury to or Torsion (constricted blood flow to a testicle), exposure to certain medications, pesticides, and other toxins, injury to the spinal cord, prostate surgery, hormone problems, genetic or chromosomal conditions testicular cancer, vasectomy, sexually transmitted diseases, varicocele (dilated veins in the scrotum), Ejaculatory disturbances Early or late puberty, Exposure of the genitals to high temperatures, Hernia repair can cause infertility.
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The balanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, inv(9) despite being considered a normal vari... more The balanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, inv(9) despite being considered a normal variant has been frequently observed and reported in individual partners with spontaneous abortions. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of this chromosomal abnormality in both partners of a non-consanguineous marriage. This report highlights that inv(9) in both partners may be leading to unbalanced rearrangements in the fetus thereby leading to spontaneous abortions.
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This study was designed to determine the interaction between parasitaemia, haemato-biochemical in... more This study was designed to determine the interaction between parasitaemia, haemato-biochemical indices and gross reproductive pathologies of 20 adult rabbits (bucks), experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei over 12 weeks. Ten out of the 20 rabbit bucks were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1ml of saline-diluted blood containing 1 x 10 6 trypanosomes T. brucei brucei, while the remaining ten rabbit bucks were left uninfected. The infected rabbit bucks were monitored for nine weeks, while the others served as control post-infection. Parasitaemia was present at day six in the group A animals with mean values of 2.90±0.31, after which there were fluctuations in the levels of parasitaemia. Peak parasitaemia was attained at day 10 post-infection having a mean value of 3.00±0.33. The overall mean parasitaemia was 1.99 ± 0.25. There was a progressive decrease in PCV with mean values of 40.07 ± 0.49 % and 36.42 ± 1.15 % for the control and infected groups, respectively. Haemoglobin concentrations had mean values of 14.31 ± 1.01 a g/dl and 12.21 ± 0.39 b g/dl for the control and infected groups, respectively, while plasma protein concentrations of infected and control groups had mean values of 6.48 ± 0.08 a gms/100ml and 6.41 ± 0.17 b gms/100ml, respectively. The study revealed a significant decrease (p˂0.05) in haematological values and plasma protein concentrations of rabbit bucks infected with Trypanosoma brucei when compared to the control. It is therefore concluded that the metabolism and health status of rabbits infected with T. brucei brucei is altered which might lead to increased mortality, infertility and or sterility.
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The study aimed to elucidate serum and testicular oxidative stress changes induced by bisphenol A... more The study aimed to elucidate serum and testicular oxidative stress changes induced by bisphenol A (BPA) and their amelioration by Azanza garckeana (AG) pulp extract and melatonin. Adult New Zealand White rabbit bucks (n = 42), with an average live weight of 1.2 ± 0.03 kg and aged 10-18 months were fed ad libitum on a commercial diet. They were randomly divided into seven groups of six (6) bucks each. Group A was administered distilled water (1.5 mL); group B, BPA (100 mg/kg); group C, AG (500 mg/kg); group D, melatonin (1.0 mg/kg); group E was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg), then AG (500 mg/kg) for another six weeks; group F was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg), then melatonin (1.0 mg/kg) for another six weeks; and group G was pre-dosed for six weeks with BPA (100 mg/kg), then AG (500 mg/kg) and melatonin(1.0 mg/kg) for another six weeks. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the activities of both serum and testicular superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as a decrease in MDA concentration in treatment groups. The percentage of dead sperm, and spermatozoa abnormalities such as detached sperm heads, and free, coiled, and bent tails in the groups exposed to BPA increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to controls. It is concluded that BPA-induced oxidative stress. The administration of AG only ameliorated these negative effects better than melatonin. However, optimum results were seen when both substances were administered synergistically.
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A cross-sectional study using systematic random sampling was conducted on ante mortem and postmor... more A cross-sectional study using systematic random sampling was conducted on ante mortem and postmortem examination of 602 intact bulls slaughtered at the Ngaoundere (201), Garoua (200) and Maroua (201) municipal abattoirs from April 2021 to September 2021 to determine prevalence and associated risk factors of gross reproductive pathologies observed in the reproductive tract. After slaughter and evisceration, the entire genital tract of each male was thoroughly inspected for gross pathological abnormalities. Visual inspection, palpation, serial and systematic dissections into the parenchyma of the testes and scrotum were performed to determine the presence and the extent of gross pathological changes via post mortem examination. The overall mean age (year), weight (kg) and BCS (body condition score) of bulls were 6.8±2.63, 173.80±16.08 and 2.4±0.3, respectively. Out of the 602 intact bulls examined, 165 (27.4%) were affected by one or more gross genital abnormalities. The genital part with the greatest rate of occurrence of reproductive disorder was testes (19.3%), followed by the penis (11.8%), the scrotum (1.5%) and the ducts (0.2%). Ngaoundere, Garoua and Maroua municipal slaughterhouses had prevalences of 26.9%, 35%, 14.4% respectively. Scrotal ectoparasitism was the most common disorder with an overall prevalence rate of 3.8% (n=23/602) followed by balanoposthitis (3,3%; n=20/602), unilateral testicular hypoplasia (3.0%; n=18/602), bilateral hypoplasia (2.8%; n=17/602), unilateral atrophy (2,7%; n=16/602), testicular degeneration (2,5%; n=16/602), balanitis (2.5%; n=14/602). At the Ngaoundere, Garoua and Maroua municipal abattoirs, scrotal ectoparasitism (ticks) (9%; n=18/201), balanoposthitis (5.5%; n=11/200) and bilateral hypoplasia, unilateral and bilateral atrophy (2.5%; n=5/201), were the most common disorder, respectively. Weight and BCS did not vary significantly with genital-tract abnormalities (P>0.05).
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Humans are exposed to tobacco smoke and various tobacco related components while smoking, chewing... more Humans are exposed to tobacco smoke and various tobacco related components while smoking, chewing, or through environmental/secondhand tobacco smoke etc. Tobacco usage causes huge mortality and morbidity. The literature was collected through searching the internet using various keywords and appropriate articles were included. The impact of tobacco smoking, chewing, or environmental/secondhand tobacco smoke on reproductive health and pregnancy outcome is summarized in this overview. Based upon data available, tobacco smoking might relate to erectile dysfunction, deterioration of semen quality, sperm DNA damage, impairment of hormones production and circulation, fertility potential impairment, in male and male-mediated hostile birth outcomes. While data on other forms of tobacco usage with regards to semen quality/ male reproduction is less documented than smoking. The data on females insinuated that tobacco usage affects the mensuration cycle, sexual pleasure, hormone production and release, fertility potential, etc. Prenatal tobacco exposure affects the pregnancy or outcome, birth weight, developmental parameters, menarche, puberty age, etc. In conclusion, the data available suggest that tobacco usage in any manner is harmful to the reproductive health of both sexes and affect pregnancy outcome.
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Sperm cryopreservation has been considered as an efficient procedure for management of male ferti... more Sperm cryopreservation has been considered as an efficient procedure for management of male fertility. Different freezing protocols have been developed to maximize the post freeze quality. The current study investigates the differences between sperm preparation before and after freeze. 120 Semen analysis reports from 18 sperm donors were analysed. 60 semen analysis reports were from samples that were frozen then washed (Group 1: Post-wash) while the other 60 semen analysis reports were obtained from samples that were washed then frozen (Group 2: Pre-wash). Sperm concentration and progressive motility were evaluated for each group and compared. Sperm concentration was higher in the pre-wash group compared to post-wash (33.05 ±12.9 vs 26.13 ±13.36, respectively). Progressive motility was higher in the post-wash group (82.3 ±14.9 vs 51.6 ±8.2). There was a significant decrease in sperm concentration between fresh samples and both (post-and pre-wash) results. Significant decreases in progressive motility were found in both methods. Sperm freeze using fresh semen samples and washed samples resulted in significant decrease in post freeze progressive motility. However, fresh samples had a higher post freeze recovery rate compared to washed samples (72.15% vs 56.32%). Semen preparation by density gradient centrifugation before freezing resulted in better sperm concentration, while the preparation of spermatozoa after freezing had a higher progressive motility. Therefore, sperm freezing methods should be adapted according to semen samples quality.
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Carbon disulfide is one of the important solvents and is utilized in the manufacture of carbon te... more Carbon disulfide is one of the important solvents and is utilized in the manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, cellophane, rayon, rubber and is used extensively as a solvent in various processes etc. The long-term exposure to CS2 might be related to certain adverse health outcomes. The data were gathered with respect to CS2 exposure and human reproductive health and outcome through the internet by searching various websites. The data available pointed out that women workers who were exposed to CS2 in the workplace for a longer duration of time may experience adverse effects on menstruation patterns and might affect the reproductive health of the exposed workers. While its exposure may deteriorate the semen quality based upon the studies available mainly on viscose rayon factory workers exposed to CS2 occupationally. Some inadequate data are also available on alterations in reproductive hormonal levels in CS2 exposed workers. However, more data are necessary on the impact of CS2 exposure on human reproduction and pregnancy outcomes as additional precise data are needed with regards to exposure and affect parameters with reverence to CS2 exposure. However, positive hostile impact data on CS2 exposure on certain reproductive endpoints indicate reducing/checking/preventing workers from exposure to CS2 in the workplace to protect the worker's reproductive health or pregnancy outcome.
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Obesity is a neglected risk factor for male infertility, although its impact on male infertility ... more Obesity is a neglected risk factor for male infertility, although its impact on male infertility is still controversial. Defects in sperm cell development may cause adverse effects on enzyme activities in the seminal fluid. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between seminal plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and body mass index (BMI) among males investigated for infertility. A total of 185 men, age range 26-60yrs were randomly recruited from among subjects investigated for infertility. Anthropometric data and semen analysis were measured according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Seminal plasma CK and MDA were determined using the spectrophotometric method. Continuous data were analyzed using chi-square while Student's-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze discrete variables. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between measured variables. The results indicate that 68(36.8%) of the study participants had normal BMI while 55(29.7%) and 62(33.5%) were overweight and obese respectively. Of the 185 infertile men evaluated, 110(59.5%) were normozoospermia, 45(24.3%) were mild oligozoospermia, 12(6.5%) were severe oligozoospermia while 18(9.7%) were azoospermia. Seminal plasma CK activity and MDA concentration increased with decreasing sperm quality parameters and increasing BMI. Body mass index correlated positively (R=0.669, p<0.001) with CK activity and MDA (R=0.619, p<0.001). The findings indicate adverse effects of BMI on sperm quality parameters, CK activity, and lipid peroxidation of seminal fluid. Obesity may have a negative impact on male fertility and weight reduction among infertile men may improve fertility, general health, and well-being.
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In this manuscript, we review the various criteria used to diagnose PCOS and discuss how the spec... more In this manuscript, we review the various criteria used to diagnose PCOS and discuss how the specific diagnostic criteria used can impact recruitment for PCOS studies. PCOS is a common diagnosis but with several differing definitions. We were interested in addressing these differing stringencies and application in a clinical trial, such as our group's PCOS diet study. For our study on the effects of diets to alter insulin resistance, we adopted the one using more stringent criteria, consisting of biochemical abnormalities, menstrual abnormalities, insulin resistance, and abnormal ovarian size and structure. Our study actively recruits from PCOS clinics in the Bay Area. We reported some women successfully recruited using our PCOS diagnosis stringency, and how these numbers differ from women referred to PCOS clinics in the Bay Area. We also report the reasons patients did not fit our diagnosis criteria to shed insight into how diagnoses differ between healthcare professionals. To our surprise, the vast majority of subjects seen in the tertiary referral PCOS center at UCSF did not qualify for the study. The definition of PCOS may be important in study design and can impact the ability to recruit for the study.
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Background: Infertility especially male factor infertility is on a rising trend all over the worl... more Background: Infertility especially male factor infertility is on a rising trend all over the world due to numerous factors including environmental, lifestyle factors, occupation-related, faulty dietary habits, etc. The present study aims at establishing a correlation between various demographic features of male partners of infertile couples with their semen analysis report. Methodology: Present retrospective observational study was conducted in the infertility clinic of a rural tertiary care center of Southern India over one year (August 2019 to July 2020). A total of 114 male partners of infertile couples fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The impact of socio-demographic features including age, BMI, occupation, religion, duration, type of infertility, and history of addiction on semen parameters was studied. Results: Of 114 participants, 82 (71.9%) had primary infertility and 32 (28.1%) secondary. Of these 39(34.2%) had male factor infertility. The average (mean±SD) sperm concentration, total motility, dead and morphologically normal sperm of all participants were 47.51±37.5 million/ml, 46.96±22.8, 27.18±17.9, and 65.77±35.4 respectively. The most common abnormality on semen analysis was the combination of different abnormalities (25.6%), followed by azoospermia (23.07%), oligozoospermia (17.9%), and teratozoospermia (17.9%). A significant inverse correlation was observed between body mass index and personal addiction with sperm motility. No significant correlation was found between male partner's age, occupation, religion, duration, and type of infertility with semen parameters. Conclusion: Various modifiable factors harm male fertility including smoking, alcohol, obesity, occupational exposure to heat, and chemicals. The impact of male partners' age on semen parameters could not be established.
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Natural surface waters are normally characterized by the presence of suspended solids and pathoge... more Natural surface waters are normally characterized by the presence of suspended solids and pathogens, whereas groundwater is generally hard. A decentralized water supply system (supply and treat) is an alternative to the centralized system owing to the benefits like the use of natural coagulants in the small-scale application, minimum possibility of contamination during distribution, and enhanced effectiveness in treatment. The centralized and conventional water treatment system is not an appropriate and economical option for remote and rural localities. It is necessary to develop a Point of Use (PoU) purifier for turbidity removal. In the present study, Integrated Portable Water Treatment System (IPWTS) for household application is developed and assessed for its operation and effectiveness for turbidity and organic matter reduction under different operational conditions. The treatability studies with coagulation using Moringa oleifera (MO) and Aloe vera (AV), flocculation/ballasted flocculation with sand/Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and settling (referred to as pre-treatment study), and filtration by sand/GAC/Clay candle filter (referred as post-treatment study) were extensively carried using IPWTS. The developed IPWTS is facilitated with the provision for coagulation, flocculation/ballasted flocculation, sand filtration/GAC filtration/candle filtration, and backwashing. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess the performance of IPWTS by analyzing the residual turbidity and COD of raw, settled, and filtered water. The turbidity can be removed to an extent of 85% after settling coagulated-flocculated water with MO or MO-AV, 93% for coagulated-ballasted flocculated water with MO and sand, and 95% for coagulated-ballasted flocculated water with MO and PAC. Sand ballasted flocculation and sand-GAC filter configuration were found appropriate to treat surface water for turbidity removal. Post-treatment of settled water for turbidity and COD removal (100%) can be effectively achieved by the sand-GAC filter. The length of the sand-GAC filter run can be enhanced by increasing the depth of the GAC bed. The developed IPWTS is i) easy to operate; ii) more convenient to carry out coagulation/flocculation/ballasted flocculation manually; iii) less power-intensive; iv) flexible for incorporating all the operations/processes required for water treatment and v) suitable for application particularly for remote/rural population.
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