<p>List of field strains isolated from samples collected and isolated from 1990–2009 in Zim... more <p>List of field strains isolated from samples collected and isolated from 1990–2009 in Zimbabwe and the reference strains used in the study as well as their spp. identity, hosts and place of origin.</p
<p><b>Phylogenetic trees of (A) <i>Brucella suis</i> and (B) <i>B&l... more <p><b>Phylogenetic trees of (A) <i>Brucella suis</i> and (B) <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> using SNPs from whole genomes.</b> Dendrograms were generated using maximum likelihood with 500 bootstrap replicates, using 7104 and 4549 SNPs of <i>B</i>. <i>suis</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> genomes respectively.</p
<p>The dendrogram is based on 47 genotypes obtained from 54 strains. The color code reflect... more <p>The dendrogram is based on 47 genotypes obtained from 54 strains. The color code reflects the grouping of <i>Brucella</i> species using minimal spanning tree of MLVA8 (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007311#pntd.0007311.s003" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>) with white color-coded Zimbabwean <i>Brucella</i> strains, brown <i>B</i>. <i>canis</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>suis bv</i>. 3 and 4, red <i>B</i>. <i>suis</i> bv. 1, 2 and 5, yellow <i>B</i>. <i>ovis</i>, dark blue <i>B</i>. <i>melitensis</i>, green <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> and pink <i>B</i>. <i>neotomae</i>. The last three columns indicate MLVA8 (panel 1), MLVA11 (panel 1 & 2A) and MLVA16 (panel 1; 2A & 2B) genotype identification.</p
The coexistence of protected areas and neighbouring communal areas in Southern Africa is jeopardi... more The coexistence of protected areas and neighbouring communal areas in Southern Africa is jeopardised by negative interactions between wildlife and villagers and their livestock. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) has often been blamed for a significant proportion of the “human-wildlife conflicts”, mainly through the transmission of pathogens to cattle, competition with livestock for grazing and water resources, and also occasionally involved in crop destruction and threat to people's physical integrity. We present the results of several multidisciplinary studies carried out since 2008 on buffalo-cattle interactions at the periphery of Gonarezhou National Park, Hwange National Park and adjacent communal lands in Zimbabwe. Movements of sympatric buffalo and cattle have been described at various scales using GPS collars, revealing daily/seasonal patterns and occasional events of long-distance dispersal of young buffalo females. Habitat preferences, especially for open grassland ...
The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of mortality of fish in Darwendale Dam in Zimb... more The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of mortality of fish in Darwendale Dam in Zimbabwe. Findings of laboratory gross examination of lesions were consistent EUS. Histopathology examination showed that the fish had mycotic granulomas. Fish of all ages were affected. High mortalities and severity of ulceration suggests a relatively recent invasion by A. invadans at Darwendale dam. EUS spread from Darwendale to other areas due to improper surveillance and poor control strategy due to lack of EUS knowledge by fishermen and authorities. More studies needed to be done in Zimbabwe to determine species of fish affected, strain A invadans circulating and control measures to prevent spread of diseases. EUS was confirmed in Seranochromis robustus in Zimbabwe in 2013. The study is the first published account of infection with Alphanomyces. invadans in the wild fish populations (Seranochromis robustus) of the Darwendale Dam in Zimbabwe.
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important emerging disease in wildlife and a poorly studied zoono... more Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important emerging disease in wildlife and a poorly studied zoonosis in Southern Africa. Introduced through livestock to the African buffalo population in the South of Kruger National Park (KNP), the pathogen has spread towards the unfenced northern boundary of KNP which coincides with the boundary with Zimbabwe. If most of KNP is fenced, the adjacent Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe is unfenced allowing contacts between wildlife and livestock. We investigated the risk of emergence of bTB in African buffalo and in communal cattle in and around GNP. In Zimbabwe, between 2008 and 2009, 48 buffalos and 120 cattle heads were tested for bTB.Weequippedwith GPS collars 12 buffalos in four herds and 12 cattle heads in 12 herds in the periphery of the GNP. We collected one year of GPS data. Four buffalos were positive to bTB with the gamma interferon test. Two of them were post-mortem and culture isolation of a KNP bTB strain was confirmed. No cattle were confirmed bTB positive. After constructing matrices of contacts between cattle and buffalo, we used network analysis to analyse these contacts for different temporal windows chosen on the basis of bTB modes of transmission. We report the emergence of bTB in GNP buffalo from KNP buffalo. Direct contact between buffalo and cattle were rare but few indirect contacts were compatible with bTB transmission. We discuss the bTB emergence in buffalo in relation to the wildlife/livestock/human interface in southern Africa. (Texte integral)
Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. Brucella seroprevalen... more Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. Brucella seroprevalence was recently reported to be high in the wildlife-livestock interface in the Chiredzi district and the neighbouring Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe, and higher amongst communal cattle with an abortion history and access to grazing in GNP than amongst communal cattle with no abortion history or access to grazing in GNP. The aim of this study was to investigate Brucella species in brucellosis seropositive cattle in the Chiredzi district with access to GNP using isolation and identification. Isolation of Brucella species from whole blood (n = 18) and milk samples (n = 10) from seropositive animals with an abortion history was based on the rose Bengal test (RBT) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]; indirect ELISA and complement ELISA), using microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Brucella abortus was cultured and identifi...
SUMMARYIn southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildli... more SUMMARYIn southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildlife share space and resources in semi-arid landscapes. One consequence of the coexistence of wild and domestic herbivores is the risk of pathogen transmission. This risk threatens local livelihoods relying on animal production, public health in the case of zoonoses, national economies in the context of transboundary animal diseases, and the success of integrated conservation and development initiatives. The level of interaction between sympatric wild and domestic hosts, defining different wildlife/livestock interfaces, characterizes opportunities of pathogen transmission between host populations. Exploring the relationship between infection burden and different types of wildlife/domestic interfaces is therefore necessary to manage the sanitary risk in animal populations through control options adapted to these multi-host systems. Here, we assessed the infection burdens of sympatric domest...
<p>List of field strains isolated from samples collected and isolated from 1990–2009 in Zim... more <p>List of field strains isolated from samples collected and isolated from 1990–2009 in Zimbabwe and the reference strains used in the study as well as their spp. identity, hosts and place of origin.</p
<p><b>Phylogenetic trees of (A) <i>Brucella suis</i> and (B) <i>B&l... more <p><b>Phylogenetic trees of (A) <i>Brucella suis</i> and (B) <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> using SNPs from whole genomes.</b> Dendrograms were generated using maximum likelihood with 500 bootstrap replicates, using 7104 and 4549 SNPs of <i>B</i>. <i>suis</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> genomes respectively.</p
<p>The dendrogram is based on 47 genotypes obtained from 54 strains. The color code reflect... more <p>The dendrogram is based on 47 genotypes obtained from 54 strains. The color code reflects the grouping of <i>Brucella</i> species using minimal spanning tree of MLVA8 (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007311#pntd.0007311.s003" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>) with white color-coded Zimbabwean <i>Brucella</i> strains, brown <i>B</i>. <i>canis</i> and <i>B</i>. <i>suis bv</i>. 3 and 4, red <i>B</i>. <i>suis</i> bv. 1, 2 and 5, yellow <i>B</i>. <i>ovis</i>, dark blue <i>B</i>. <i>melitensis</i>, green <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> and pink <i>B</i>. <i>neotomae</i>. The last three columns indicate MLVA8 (panel 1), MLVA11 (panel 1 & 2A) and MLVA16 (panel 1; 2A & 2B) genotype identification.</p
The coexistence of protected areas and neighbouring communal areas in Southern Africa is jeopardi... more The coexistence of protected areas and neighbouring communal areas in Southern Africa is jeopardised by negative interactions between wildlife and villagers and their livestock. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) has often been blamed for a significant proportion of the “human-wildlife conflicts”, mainly through the transmission of pathogens to cattle, competition with livestock for grazing and water resources, and also occasionally involved in crop destruction and threat to people's physical integrity. We present the results of several multidisciplinary studies carried out since 2008 on buffalo-cattle interactions at the periphery of Gonarezhou National Park, Hwange National Park and adjacent communal lands in Zimbabwe. Movements of sympatric buffalo and cattle have been described at various scales using GPS collars, revealing daily/seasonal patterns and occasional events of long-distance dispersal of young buffalo females. Habitat preferences, especially for open grassland ...
The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of mortality of fish in Darwendale Dam in Zimb... more The aim of the study was to investigate the causes of mortality of fish in Darwendale Dam in Zimbabwe. Findings of laboratory gross examination of lesions were consistent EUS. Histopathology examination showed that the fish had mycotic granulomas. Fish of all ages were affected. High mortalities and severity of ulceration suggests a relatively recent invasion by A. invadans at Darwendale dam. EUS spread from Darwendale to other areas due to improper surveillance and poor control strategy due to lack of EUS knowledge by fishermen and authorities. More studies needed to be done in Zimbabwe to determine species of fish affected, strain A invadans circulating and control measures to prevent spread of diseases. EUS was confirmed in Seranochromis robustus in Zimbabwe in 2013. The study is the first published account of infection with Alphanomyces. invadans in the wild fish populations (Seranochromis robustus) of the Darwendale Dam in Zimbabwe.
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important emerging disease in wildlife and a poorly studied zoono... more Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important emerging disease in wildlife and a poorly studied zoonosis in Southern Africa. Introduced through livestock to the African buffalo population in the South of Kruger National Park (KNP), the pathogen has spread towards the unfenced northern boundary of KNP which coincides with the boundary with Zimbabwe. If most of KNP is fenced, the adjacent Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe is unfenced allowing contacts between wildlife and livestock. We investigated the risk of emergence of bTB in African buffalo and in communal cattle in and around GNP. In Zimbabwe, between 2008 and 2009, 48 buffalos and 120 cattle heads were tested for bTB.Weequippedwith GPS collars 12 buffalos in four herds and 12 cattle heads in 12 herds in the periphery of the GNP. We collected one year of GPS data. Four buffalos were positive to bTB with the gamma interferon test. Two of them were post-mortem and culture isolation of a KNP bTB strain was confirmed. No cattle were confirmed bTB positive. After constructing matrices of contacts between cattle and buffalo, we used network analysis to analyse these contacts for different temporal windows chosen on the basis of bTB modes of transmission. We report the emergence of bTB in GNP buffalo from KNP buffalo. Direct contact between buffalo and cattle were rare but few indirect contacts were compatible with bTB transmission. We discuss the bTB emergence in buffalo in relation to the wildlife/livestock/human interface in southern Africa. (Texte integral)
Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. Brucella seroprevalen... more Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. Brucella seroprevalence was recently reported to be high in the wildlife-livestock interface in the Chiredzi district and the neighbouring Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe, and higher amongst communal cattle with an abortion history and access to grazing in GNP than amongst communal cattle with no abortion history or access to grazing in GNP. The aim of this study was to investigate Brucella species in brucellosis seropositive cattle in the Chiredzi district with access to GNP using isolation and identification. Isolation of Brucella species from whole blood (n = 18) and milk samples (n = 10) from seropositive animals with an abortion history was based on the rose Bengal test (RBT) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]; indirect ELISA and complement ELISA), using microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Brucella abortus was cultured and identifi...
SUMMARYIn southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildli... more SUMMARYIn southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildlife share space and resources in semi-arid landscapes. One consequence of the coexistence of wild and domestic herbivores is the risk of pathogen transmission. This risk threatens local livelihoods relying on animal production, public health in the case of zoonoses, national economies in the context of transboundary animal diseases, and the success of integrated conservation and development initiatives. The level of interaction between sympatric wild and domestic hosts, defining different wildlife/livestock interfaces, characterizes opportunities of pathogen transmission between host populations. Exploring the relationship between infection burden and different types of wildlife/domestic interfaces is therefore necessary to manage the sanitary risk in animal populations through control options adapted to these multi-host systems. Here, we assessed the infection burdens of sympatric domest...
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