Bagh-e Nazar Journal
Bagh-E Nazar (Garden of Vision)
The scientific journal of Nazar Research Center, for Art, Architecture & Urbanism
Bagh-e Nazar is the peer- reviewed Journal on the theoretical principals of art. The journal has been publishing since 2003 by the NAZAR Research Center. The main themes in this journal are visual arts, architecture and urban studies. Targeted the development of knowledge, it presents the recent researches of the Iranian scholars in these fields on the arts and civilizations of Iran and the orient.
Bagh-e Nazar is about to register the detailed English abstracts, at the international databases, in order to present the achievements of the Iranian scholars to the international academic communities. To do so, an international editorial board will be formed in the close future to review the submitted essays of both Iranian and none- Iranian authors. The editorial board just publishes the recent researches on the basis of indigenous subjects referred to the genuine resources and full documented projects. The submitted articles are reviewed by two professional referees;and the published ones required, at least, three confidential referees; after endorsed by the editorial board. Bagh-I-Nazar is currently enlisted by the Islamic World Scientific Citation Center (ISC) and the scientific Information Database of Jahad-e Daneshgahi Research Organization (SID) of Iran. By the near future, also, it will be enlisted in the database of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).
There are several factors which have made academic journals to have a small readership in Iran. These factors include various problems pertaining to the printing of the journals and the low public interest in reading academic materials. This is while Iran has numerous advantages which can be utilized to promote public access to academic journals. Examples of such advantages include the availability of the internet to the public as an easy source for learning as well as the high number of young student population, particularly in disciplines dealing with architecture, urban development, landscape, arts, environment, cultural heritage, etc. This has made the management of Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly Journal to upload the full versions of the Journal in the website of the Journal to increase its penetration rate among expert and professional groups. This project has been launched as of July 2011.
Bagh-e Nazar management believes that this project will provide a platform for international experts to get connected to each other. The positive effects of this have already become visible over the short period after the launch of the project. Interestingly, the circulation of printed copies of Bagh-e Nazar has not been reduced because many public libraries as well as academic and expert circles are still subscribers to this journal. It is expected that the publication of Bagh-e Nazar online would increase the public interest in buying the printed copies, as well.
Supervisors: NAZAR Research center
The scientific journal of Nazar Research Center, for Art, Architecture & Urbanism
Bagh-e Nazar is the peer- reviewed Journal on the theoretical principals of art. The journal has been publishing since 2003 by the NAZAR Research Center. The main themes in this journal are visual arts, architecture and urban studies. Targeted the development of knowledge, it presents the recent researches of the Iranian scholars in these fields on the arts and civilizations of Iran and the orient.
Bagh-e Nazar is about to register the detailed English abstracts, at the international databases, in order to present the achievements of the Iranian scholars to the international academic communities. To do so, an international editorial board will be formed in the close future to review the submitted essays of both Iranian and none- Iranian authors. The editorial board just publishes the recent researches on the basis of indigenous subjects referred to the genuine resources and full documented projects. The submitted articles are reviewed by two professional referees;and the published ones required, at least, three confidential referees; after endorsed by the editorial board. Bagh-I-Nazar is currently enlisted by the Islamic World Scientific Citation Center (ISC) and the scientific Information Database of Jahad-e Daneshgahi Research Organization (SID) of Iran. By the near future, also, it will be enlisted in the database of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).
There are several factors which have made academic journals to have a small readership in Iran. These factors include various problems pertaining to the printing of the journals and the low public interest in reading academic materials. This is while Iran has numerous advantages which can be utilized to promote public access to academic journals. Examples of such advantages include the availability of the internet to the public as an easy source for learning as well as the high number of young student population, particularly in disciplines dealing with architecture, urban development, landscape, arts, environment, cultural heritage, etc. This has made the management of Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly Journal to upload the full versions of the Journal in the website of the Journal to increase its penetration rate among expert and professional groups. This project has been launched as of July 2011.
Bagh-e Nazar management believes that this project will provide a platform for international experts to get connected to each other. The positive effects of this have already become visible over the short period after the launch of the project. Interestingly, the circulation of printed copies of Bagh-e Nazar has not been reduced because many public libraries as well as academic and expert circles are still subscribers to this journal. It is expected that the publication of Bagh-e Nazar online would increase the public interest in buying the printed copies, as well.
Supervisors: NAZAR Research center
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Papers by Bagh-e Nazar Journal
Research objective: This study aims to realize the spatial requirements set by the transformation document. By developing a physical model, the research seeks to demonstrate how educational environments can support the implementation of the document.
Research method: This applied research utilizes an analytical-argumentative approach. Information was gathered through library and document research. Initially, content models were extracted from national documents. Prakash Nair’s physical models were then used as a basis and compared with these content models. The results were further validated and adjusted through comparison with an elite questionnaire to measure and correct its deviation from the elite standard. Ultimately, the selected models were adapted and prioritized based on the educational stages.
Conclusion: The research findings can be applied in two main dimensions: determining and adapting the physical model and classifying the models based on the educational stages. The wall-less model can support the content models of the transformation document, provided it includes movable walls to convert flexibility into adaptability. The consulting model and the learning street model are also compatible. In general, all workshop models have the potential for integration. Realizing the content models of the transformation document, particularly teacher-centered and active learning methods, and social educational aspects requires flexible, varied environments. These should include integrated spaces and a diverse array of facilities and environments. For the first and second stages of primary school, the consulting and the wall-less model are recommended, respectively. For the first and second stages of high school and the second stage of vocational school, the wall-less model and the learning street model are recommended, respectively.
Research objective: While readers may find the association between these two areas a little peculiar, thoughts of André Bazin, a movie theorist can shed light on understanding the concept and shared elements. The current study aims to support the assumption that some Iranian-Islamic artists have a modern, cinema-like worldview.
Research method: The present study which is a fundamental and qualitative research uses a conceptual model. In carrying out this study, the authors used the library method and comparative study.
Conclusion: The results of the study show that great similarities are shared between framing in cinema (from Bazin’s point of view) and many of Behzad’s works. Therefore, his paintings can be analyzed and evaluated with a completely cinematic approach. Simply put, Behzad had a kind of cinematic vision and taste.
Research objective: This study aims to extract the most crucial macroeconomic indicators affecting housing prices in the country’s metropolises to foster thinking and research on future housing prices and understand the cycles of housing recession and boom. This study hopes to contribute to real estate development companies, design and construction firms, investors, users, and industry stakeholders make better and more effective decisions for their businesses and lives. This approach reveals and clarifies potential risks and dangers in the future housing market, enabling better examination and responsiveness for the mentioned audience.
Research method: Based on the steps of the Fuzzy Delphi method, all macroeconomic indicators related to housing prices were initially extracted through a review of library resources and previous research. Then, through expert surveys and screening of each indicator’s scores and comparison of their acquired values, the most critical economic indicators affecting housing prices were determined.
Conclusion: The study’s key indicators, in order of significance, are “inflation,” “exchange rate,” “residential land value,” “construction costs,” and “liquidity.” The extracted indicators and their order indicate that the “investment” aspect of housing in Iran’s metropolises is more important than the “supply” and “demand” aspects.
Research objective: This research attempts to investigate the role of proportions and elongation of the central courtyard in creating ventilation in the surrounding spaces in hot and humid climates.
Research method: For this purpose, one of the most important ventilation indicators, including wind speed, was measured in a field (experimentally) in one of the traditional houses with a central courtyard pattern. These results are used as a base index for the analysis of other samples. In the next step, 10 samples were extracted based on the proportions and length of the yard, all of which were simulated under the same climatic conditions in the computational fluid dynamics software environment, and finally, the results were presented in the form of different outputs such as wind speed, air age, air flow rate and finally ventilation efficiency was measured. The independent variable in this research is the horizontal proportions of the central courtyard and the dependent variable is the efficiency of ventilation in the space available in the ax of the central courtyard.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that in the central courtyard buildings, with the increase of the courtyard extension along the external airflow of the building, the ventilation efficiency increases significantly.
Research objective: Methodic restoration of this antique work requires compliance with two conditions of authenticity and identification of its pattern; Because in this case, one can benefit from the successful experience of restoring similar samples.
Research method: The outworks in Rashidiyya, Antalya, Bodrum, Iasos, Kilitbahir, and Mamure consist of the data body of this research. These W. Anatolian samples have a Roman-Byzantine pattern. Inductively, their form, plan, and position of outworks in relation to their ramparts, are comparable with the Rabʿe- Rashidi’s one. Historically, 10 main resources from the 16th and 17th CE on the fort of Rashidiyya and the Tabriz campaign of Osman Pasha and Jafar Pasha Frenk are studied as well.
Conclusion: Typologically, the large south tower of Rashidiyya, which is connected to its main rampart by a musketeer banquette, falls within the category of semidetached two-story outworks from the Roman and Byzantine origin. First, Byzantium and then Ottomans inherited this heritage of Roman defensive architecture.
Research objective: The current research aimed to analyze the concepts hidden in critique to formulate the main elements of critique for measuring students’ design ability while explaining, examining, and criticizing the views obtained from interviews with experts.
Research method: This research is qualitative employing the grounded theory method and semi-structured interviews. By using the grounded theory, the data obtained from exploratory interviews with 21 experts in the field of teaching architectural design courses in Iranian universities were analyzed in three stages of open (initial) coding and extracting subcategories and categories. The semantic units including 312 headlines and open codes in the form of 42 propositions were conceptualized. Additionally, the subcategories consisted of 12 major propositions, and the categories including 3 cores were extracted in the next step.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicated that critique in the architectural education system is a concept beyond just correcting students’ works. It is based on the three levels of “essence”, “strategy”, and “management methods”.
Research objectives: This essay aims to find a mechanism to describe the rhythmic circular structure of children’s poems and then test the theory obtained in a statistical community. In previous studies, researchers have examined the rhythm and prosody of children’s poetry as external musical factors, and there are also models for folk poetry and prosody. However, applying the metric function to folk poems, primarily based on listening aesthetics, has yet to be done.
Research method: This research method is quantitative-qualitative. The first step uses a qualitative method based on library sources to describe fundamental theories. In the second quantitative phase step, 20 participants participated in a listening test.
Conclusion: Children’s poem structure can be defined based on the principles of metric progression. The results for 90% of the audience illuminate that listeners prefer square division patterns and find them more natural. For this reason, most folk poems follow antecedent and consequent periodic types.
Research objective: This study aims to present a totality of designers’ actions in the design process to find what designers do to convert the existing situation into a desirable one. Since this aspect of the process has been mainly introduced based on the activities or design stages in the previous models, the extant study also has adopted these components to recognize the totality of designers’ actions.
Research Method: This is a review study drawing upon logical reasoning and the comparison of different models of the design process.
Conclusion: The results imply that the totality of designers’ actions can be explained in a model composed of subjective stages (within two conscious and unconscious levels) and objective stages (including planning, design, construction, documentation/handover), which convert the existing situation to desirable one based on two ranges of analytic (evaluation, comparison, analysis, test, etc.) and synthetic (genesis, conjecture, image, synthesis, expression, production, etc.) activities. In this model, the totality of designers’ actions, not only depends on the specifications of the components mentioned above but also on their relationships. In other words, the totality of designers’ actions in the design process is beyond the reduction done in the previous models that consisted of two components of activities and stages.
Research objective: The goals of this article are to investigate the position of liminality in villa houses of the Pahlavi era in the North of the central part of Tehran and the differences of liminality’s position in different areas of those buildings in the first and second parts of Pahlavi era. Pahlavi era is chosen as the period of research according to fields and samples of changing liminality in residential buildings and Tehran is chosen as a place of research because it was directly exposed to these changes as a capital and model of other cities.
Research method: This descriptive-analytical research has been done through investigation cases based on inscriptive studying, field observation, documentation, and comparative analyzing findings.
Conclusion: The results of the research show that the position of hierarchy, articulation, and openness has been changed; In this way, inattention to these characters in the outer area of building’s entrances, room entrances, and exterior spaces and surfaces leads to dominance of openness and separation; obscurity and sudden entry; and domination of other buildings; while the entrance of interior spaces in connection with stairs had more impressive role progressively and made transitional center in the whole of space. Moreover, robustness, variety, and dynamism have been figured agreeable especially in semi-opened spaces of the second part of the Pahlavi era, despite domination.
Research objective: explanation of the visual aspects of Muharram in the contemporary social environment.
Research method: This study is qualitative in nature and based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The method of data analysis was qualitative, considering the content, and based on visual perception and haptic perception.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the display of occasion-specific works with the central theme of mourning engages not only the visual sense but also other senses of the audience. Through the resulting haptic perception, a sensory relationship between the viewer and the urban space is formed. With the increase in the number of participants in the scene, a type of collective sensitivity emerges, playing a significant role in fostering communal participation.
Research objective: This research attempts to analyze the fractal geometry system in the Maqeli tiled spandrel of the northern Iwan in Hakim Mosque.
Research method: This research is applied in nature, utilizing field data collection, library and internet sources. The methodology is descriptive and analytical. It is noteworthy that the analysis of the knot dimensions was conducted using software.
Conclusion: By analyzing the Maqeli patterns from a fractal perspective (self-similarity and dimension), the result of the research was the dimensions of these geometric patterns were fractional. These dimensions, calculated using two methods (logarithmic box-counting and software), showed minor differences and completely matched fractal dimensions. Furthermore, by linearizing the patterns with AutoCAD software and examining the hidden geometry, self-similarity, and repetition in the secret geometry of the designs as well as in the geometric patterns of the Maqeli tiles were revealed.
Research objective: To develop an applicable and examinable framework, which can explain the main components of participatory decisions, considering the substance of such decisions in the fields related to the built environment.
Research method: This research was conducted in four phases by using a qualitative method which is based on the logical argumentation strategy. The steps included: 1. Proposing a definition that includes the main concepts and components of participation and decision-making in the fields related to the built environment 2. Explaining three main components of the proposed definition and leveling each of the three components in an assessable way 4. Examining the explanatory model that explains the relations among the components.
Conclusion: It is possible to explain the substance of participation in the fields related to the built environment based on two concepts of “Decision Cycles” and “Cultural-Epistemic-Praxis Units” and by three components: “Process of participatory decision-making,” “Distribution of the power of decision making,” and “Communication among the participants.” The total level of participation in such decisions can be estimated using three criteria: the level of spontaneity in the decision-making processes, the level of communication in decision-making, and the level of power distribution in decision-making.
Research objective: This study aims to explain the relationship between geometric patterns of daylight distribution and the sensory perceptions of residents, as well as to identify the most reliable numerical indices for image processing to predict the relationship between these two aspects within the context of residential buildings.
Research method: This study has been conducted using a survey research method and an image processing method in a simulated environment.
Conclusion: The survey findings indicate that changes in the geometric patterns of daylight distribution significantly alter the average sensory perception assessment indices. This highlights the importance for architects to consider and manipulate the geometry of light-transmitting surfaces to create desirable environmental sensations. Additionally, the correlation findings between the survey research and the studied image processing indices suggest that the Michelson, mean-RMS, Fractal D, GIF file size, and RAW-PRIM8 indices are the most reliable for predicting pleasantness. The TIFF-SOBEL, JPEG-PERIM8, Michelson, JPEG file size, and PNG file size indices are the most reliable for predicting attractiveness. The TIFF-SOBEL, Mean mSC, JPEG-PERIM8, JPEG file size, and JPEG-PERIM4 indices are the most reliable for predicting excitement. The RAW-PRIM4, RAW-PRIM8, Michelson, Fractal D, and CANNY 2014-RAW indices are the most reliable for predicting spatial calmness.
Research objective: This study aims to address the creation of urban spaces using the Participatory Design Method (PDM) to facilitate social interactions and move towards social sustainability.
Research method: This study, with its applied nature, adopted a combined approach based on a qualitative strategy relying on field research, using the “Design Workshop” or “Charette” model.
Conclusion: This research focused on presenting the process model of the “Charette Design Workshop” by designing an urban space located in the northern part of Mottahari Street, Shiraz. This process involved a pre-workshop, four main workshops, and an informal interim session, resulting in the design of the aforementioned space. The research findings recommend the necessity of having a pre-workshop to organize the main workshops and establish guidelines to prevent session deviation and straying from the main objectives. The presence of professional designers as leaders in the workshop, with their ability to design and articulate, formed the most important elements of workshop sessions, among other achievements of this research. Providing additional solutions for improving and enhancing participatory design processes is among the outcomes of this research.
Research objective: The purpose of this research is to present a digital tool derived from algorithmic design for the digital form finding of branching structures based on the physical testing of a wet thread model.
Research method: This research was first formed through the study of available resources and scientific articles in this field, and then the results were used to design digital tools using computational methods.
Conclusion: Algorithmic design based on the wet thread model simplifies the optimal design of tree-like structures. It optimizes both the design outcome and the design process. Physical form-finding often faces difficulties in converting models into construction plans. By digitizing this process, the measurement of the final form becomes faster and easier. This enhances the constructability of these forms.
Research objectives: The primary objective of this research is to understand the spaces of the Rowza, provide a proposed plan based on the description of the endowment deed, and compare the proposed plan of the Rowza with similar examples remaining from the 7th to 8 th century AH/ from13th to 14th century CE. Another goal is to determine the probable location of the Rowza on the historical site of Rab’e Rashidi.
Research method: This article is a fundamental research study that initially delineates the architectural structure of the Rowza plan by relying on the Rab’e Rashidi endowment deed, logical deduction, content analysis, and comparison with similar examples remaining from the 8th-7th century AH / 14th-13th century CE. Subsequently, the probable location of the Rowza is determined based on archaeological data on the Rab’e Rashidi cultural heritage site.
Conclusion: Analyses based on the descriptions provided in the Rab’e Rashidi endowment deed indicate that the spatial structure of the Rowza likely comprised a central courtyard with a four-iwan pattern, incorporating a combination of an iwan and a mausoleum (with the mausoleum situated behind the main iwan and aligned along the north-south axis). Furthermore, through comparison with remaining examples from the 7th to 8th century AH / from 13th to 14th century CE, it became evident that this proposed plan aligns with architectural designs found in other structures such as the Sultan Hassan Complex in Cairo (1356-1363 CE), the Çifte Minareli Madrasa (13th century CE), and the Yakutiye Madrasa (early 14th century CE) in Erzurum, supporting the validity of the proposed plan for the Rowza. Additionally, archaeological investigations within the Rab’e Rashidi compound reveal a wall-like structure on the southeastern perimeter, believed by researchers to be part of an architectural complex. Moreover, given the construction date, rectangular geometry, and Qibla orientation of this structure, it likely corresponds to the location of the Rowza within the Rab’e Rashidi site.
Research objective: This research aims to conduct a field study on the factors influencing Seamon’s theory and place intensification on place attachment and social adaptability. This study enables researchers to extensively examine the role of factors affecting social adaptability.
Research method: To achieve the objectives, the study initially uses a descriptive-analytical method to extract the components of Seamon’s theory. Then, a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up is conducted on two groups of 45 participants each (observation and control groups). After the sessions, follow-up is carried out using the researcher-developed social adaptability questionnaire.
Conclusion: The theoretical findings of the research include six components of Seamon’s theory: place intensification, place creation, place release, place realization, place identity, and interaction with place. Place intensification is the variable under investigation. The findings indicate that group activities aimed at place intensification, such as forming a hymn group and theater groups, sports teams, group excursions, decorating classrooms and panels with handmade items, cleaning the classroom and yard with student participation, and painting benches significantly enhance students’ social adaptability. Over time, these practices impact students’ personalities, making them more adaptable. Therefore, schools should focus on activities that intensify place attachment to increase interaction and a greater sense of belonging, thereby enhancing social adaptability. In other words, increasing attention to the physical environment and place attachment in schools results in improved social adaptability among students.
Research objective: This study, while addressing the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, presents a conceptual model of opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship and examines the formation process and details of the realization of this model in the context of today’s architecture in Iran.
Research Method: The present study is applied-developmental using a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data collection was exploratory and carried out in two steps; first, in the field of architecture, the meta-synthesis method was used to find the dimensions of problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran, and in the second step, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to validate the extracted dimensions and components. The statistical population of the first step included 59 scientific research documents, and the second step included 39 architectural experts selected based on purposive sampling. Through the meta-synthesis method, 11 macro-level problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran were identified as entrepreneurial opportunities in the Iranian architecture field. All macro-level problem dimensions and their associated components were validated and verified by experts using the fuzzy Delphi method owing to the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, and the initial model of the opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship process was outlined.
Conclusion: According to the obtained model, to realize start-ups in the field of architecture, the architectural entrepreneurship opportunities, a large portion of which stem from the problems, challenges, and weaknesses of contemporary Iranian architecture, must be examined so that the architectural entrepreneurship process can take shape through the interaction of architecture with entrepreneurial knowledge and its associated skills. In this way, one can leverage all the benefits and advantages of entrepreneurship in architecture and use them to address architectural problems and challenges, create employment and welfare, achieve sustainable development in various dimensions, and create and preserve the values of the Iranian architectural community.
Research objective: This research focuses on examining the physical properties of slats for external horizontal louvres for four façade orientations of an educational case study with a north-south direction in Esfahan City, Iran to enhance the daylight and space visual comfort performance.
Research method: The daylight factor and visual quality metrics, namely the Maximum radial line and the Isovist area are investigated as research objectives. Also, the reflection coefficient of materials louvre slats, the depth of slats, and the distance between them are considered independent variables. The literature studies were scrutinized and field measurements by Lux Meter, climate analysis by Climate Consultant 5. 4 software as well and computer simulations via Relux and Isovist tool on depth map software were utilized to investigate the set research objectives.
Conclusion: The results indicate that advising a specific design of louvre shading parameters for each façade orientation is recommended for a particular climate. Additionally, materials with an 80 percent reflectivity coefficient are deemed suitable to achieve a balance between daylight factor distribution and visual quality metrics for building occupants.
Research objective: This article aims to fill a theoretical gap in the field of the relationship between environment and emotions, with an emphasis on increasing mental health. The research question is: How does the way a human being experiences the environment as an embodied subject relate to their emotional awareness and the increase in their mental health?
Research method: This article, with a qualitative research strategy and an interpretative approach, attempts to determine the effect of the embodied experience of the environment on the emotional awareness of the person experiencing it by explaining concepts such as emotion, emotional awareness, and embodiment in architecture and their relationship to each other.
Conclusion: If, during the experience of the environment, something new happens and creates distinction and attracts the attention of the person experiencing it, and in other words, an error in the prediction process occurs in the perception process, and if this new experience contains emotional meanings, it leads to the creation of a new emotion in the brain of the person experiencing it and its addition to their emotional granularity, which increases their emotional awareness and subsequently their mental health.
Research objective: This study aims to realize the spatial requirements set by the transformation document. By developing a physical model, the research seeks to demonstrate how educational environments can support the implementation of the document.
Research method: This applied research utilizes an analytical-argumentative approach. Information was gathered through library and document research. Initially, content models were extracted from national documents. Prakash Nair’s physical models were then used as a basis and compared with these content models. The results were further validated and adjusted through comparison with an elite questionnaire to measure and correct its deviation from the elite standard. Ultimately, the selected models were adapted and prioritized based on the educational stages.
Conclusion: The research findings can be applied in two main dimensions: determining and adapting the physical model and classifying the models based on the educational stages. The wall-less model can support the content models of the transformation document, provided it includes movable walls to convert flexibility into adaptability. The consulting model and the learning street model are also compatible. In general, all workshop models have the potential for integration. Realizing the content models of the transformation document, particularly teacher-centered and active learning methods, and social educational aspects requires flexible, varied environments. These should include integrated spaces and a diverse array of facilities and environments. For the first and second stages of primary school, the consulting and the wall-less model are recommended, respectively. For the first and second stages of high school and the second stage of vocational school, the wall-less model and the learning street model are recommended, respectively.
Research objective: While readers may find the association between these two areas a little peculiar, thoughts of André Bazin, a movie theorist can shed light on understanding the concept and shared elements. The current study aims to support the assumption that some Iranian-Islamic artists have a modern, cinema-like worldview.
Research method: The present study which is a fundamental and qualitative research uses a conceptual model. In carrying out this study, the authors used the library method and comparative study.
Conclusion: The results of the study show that great similarities are shared between framing in cinema (from Bazin’s point of view) and many of Behzad’s works. Therefore, his paintings can be analyzed and evaluated with a completely cinematic approach. Simply put, Behzad had a kind of cinematic vision and taste.
Research objective: This study aims to extract the most crucial macroeconomic indicators affecting housing prices in the country’s metropolises to foster thinking and research on future housing prices and understand the cycles of housing recession and boom. This study hopes to contribute to real estate development companies, design and construction firms, investors, users, and industry stakeholders make better and more effective decisions for their businesses and lives. This approach reveals and clarifies potential risks and dangers in the future housing market, enabling better examination and responsiveness for the mentioned audience.
Research method: Based on the steps of the Fuzzy Delphi method, all macroeconomic indicators related to housing prices were initially extracted through a review of library resources and previous research. Then, through expert surveys and screening of each indicator’s scores and comparison of their acquired values, the most critical economic indicators affecting housing prices were determined.
Conclusion: The study’s key indicators, in order of significance, are “inflation,” “exchange rate,” “residential land value,” “construction costs,” and “liquidity.” The extracted indicators and their order indicate that the “investment” aspect of housing in Iran’s metropolises is more important than the “supply” and “demand” aspects.
Research objective: This research attempts to investigate the role of proportions and elongation of the central courtyard in creating ventilation in the surrounding spaces in hot and humid climates.
Research method: For this purpose, one of the most important ventilation indicators, including wind speed, was measured in a field (experimentally) in one of the traditional houses with a central courtyard pattern. These results are used as a base index for the analysis of other samples. In the next step, 10 samples were extracted based on the proportions and length of the yard, all of which were simulated under the same climatic conditions in the computational fluid dynamics software environment, and finally, the results were presented in the form of different outputs such as wind speed, air age, air flow rate and finally ventilation efficiency was measured. The independent variable in this research is the horizontal proportions of the central courtyard and the dependent variable is the efficiency of ventilation in the space available in the ax of the central courtyard.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that in the central courtyard buildings, with the increase of the courtyard extension along the external airflow of the building, the ventilation efficiency increases significantly.
Research objective: Methodic restoration of this antique work requires compliance with two conditions of authenticity and identification of its pattern; Because in this case, one can benefit from the successful experience of restoring similar samples.
Research method: The outworks in Rashidiyya, Antalya, Bodrum, Iasos, Kilitbahir, and Mamure consist of the data body of this research. These W. Anatolian samples have a Roman-Byzantine pattern. Inductively, their form, plan, and position of outworks in relation to their ramparts, are comparable with the Rabʿe- Rashidi’s one. Historically, 10 main resources from the 16th and 17th CE on the fort of Rashidiyya and the Tabriz campaign of Osman Pasha and Jafar Pasha Frenk are studied as well.
Conclusion: Typologically, the large south tower of Rashidiyya, which is connected to its main rampart by a musketeer banquette, falls within the category of semidetached two-story outworks from the Roman and Byzantine origin. First, Byzantium and then Ottomans inherited this heritage of Roman defensive architecture.
Research objective: The current research aimed to analyze the concepts hidden in critique to formulate the main elements of critique for measuring students’ design ability while explaining, examining, and criticizing the views obtained from interviews with experts.
Research method: This research is qualitative employing the grounded theory method and semi-structured interviews. By using the grounded theory, the data obtained from exploratory interviews with 21 experts in the field of teaching architectural design courses in Iranian universities were analyzed in three stages of open (initial) coding and extracting subcategories and categories. The semantic units including 312 headlines and open codes in the form of 42 propositions were conceptualized. Additionally, the subcategories consisted of 12 major propositions, and the categories including 3 cores were extracted in the next step.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicated that critique in the architectural education system is a concept beyond just correcting students’ works. It is based on the three levels of “essence”, “strategy”, and “management methods”.
Research objectives: This essay aims to find a mechanism to describe the rhythmic circular structure of children’s poems and then test the theory obtained in a statistical community. In previous studies, researchers have examined the rhythm and prosody of children’s poetry as external musical factors, and there are also models for folk poetry and prosody. However, applying the metric function to folk poems, primarily based on listening aesthetics, has yet to be done.
Research method: This research method is quantitative-qualitative. The first step uses a qualitative method based on library sources to describe fundamental theories. In the second quantitative phase step, 20 participants participated in a listening test.
Conclusion: Children’s poem structure can be defined based on the principles of metric progression. The results for 90% of the audience illuminate that listeners prefer square division patterns and find them more natural. For this reason, most folk poems follow antecedent and consequent periodic types.
Research objective: This study aims to present a totality of designers’ actions in the design process to find what designers do to convert the existing situation into a desirable one. Since this aspect of the process has been mainly introduced based on the activities or design stages in the previous models, the extant study also has adopted these components to recognize the totality of designers’ actions.
Research Method: This is a review study drawing upon logical reasoning and the comparison of different models of the design process.
Conclusion: The results imply that the totality of designers’ actions can be explained in a model composed of subjective stages (within two conscious and unconscious levels) and objective stages (including planning, design, construction, documentation/handover), which convert the existing situation to desirable one based on two ranges of analytic (evaluation, comparison, analysis, test, etc.) and synthetic (genesis, conjecture, image, synthesis, expression, production, etc.) activities. In this model, the totality of designers’ actions, not only depends on the specifications of the components mentioned above but also on their relationships. In other words, the totality of designers’ actions in the design process is beyond the reduction done in the previous models that consisted of two components of activities and stages.
Research objective: The goals of this article are to investigate the position of liminality in villa houses of the Pahlavi era in the North of the central part of Tehran and the differences of liminality’s position in different areas of those buildings in the first and second parts of Pahlavi era. Pahlavi era is chosen as the period of research according to fields and samples of changing liminality in residential buildings and Tehran is chosen as a place of research because it was directly exposed to these changes as a capital and model of other cities.
Research method: This descriptive-analytical research has been done through investigation cases based on inscriptive studying, field observation, documentation, and comparative analyzing findings.
Conclusion: The results of the research show that the position of hierarchy, articulation, and openness has been changed; In this way, inattention to these characters in the outer area of building’s entrances, room entrances, and exterior spaces and surfaces leads to dominance of openness and separation; obscurity and sudden entry; and domination of other buildings; while the entrance of interior spaces in connection with stairs had more impressive role progressively and made transitional center in the whole of space. Moreover, robustness, variety, and dynamism have been figured agreeable especially in semi-opened spaces of the second part of the Pahlavi era, despite domination.
Research objective: explanation of the visual aspects of Muharram in the contemporary social environment.
Research method: This study is qualitative in nature and based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The method of data analysis was qualitative, considering the content, and based on visual perception and haptic perception.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the display of occasion-specific works with the central theme of mourning engages not only the visual sense but also other senses of the audience. Through the resulting haptic perception, a sensory relationship between the viewer and the urban space is formed. With the increase in the number of participants in the scene, a type of collective sensitivity emerges, playing a significant role in fostering communal participation.
Research objective: This research attempts to analyze the fractal geometry system in the Maqeli tiled spandrel of the northern Iwan in Hakim Mosque.
Research method: This research is applied in nature, utilizing field data collection, library and internet sources. The methodology is descriptive and analytical. It is noteworthy that the analysis of the knot dimensions was conducted using software.
Conclusion: By analyzing the Maqeli patterns from a fractal perspective (self-similarity and dimension), the result of the research was the dimensions of these geometric patterns were fractional. These dimensions, calculated using two methods (logarithmic box-counting and software), showed minor differences and completely matched fractal dimensions. Furthermore, by linearizing the patterns with AutoCAD software and examining the hidden geometry, self-similarity, and repetition in the secret geometry of the designs as well as in the geometric patterns of the Maqeli tiles were revealed.
Research objective: To develop an applicable and examinable framework, which can explain the main components of participatory decisions, considering the substance of such decisions in the fields related to the built environment.
Research method: This research was conducted in four phases by using a qualitative method which is based on the logical argumentation strategy. The steps included: 1. Proposing a definition that includes the main concepts and components of participation and decision-making in the fields related to the built environment 2. Explaining three main components of the proposed definition and leveling each of the three components in an assessable way 4. Examining the explanatory model that explains the relations among the components.
Conclusion: It is possible to explain the substance of participation in the fields related to the built environment based on two concepts of “Decision Cycles” and “Cultural-Epistemic-Praxis Units” and by three components: “Process of participatory decision-making,” “Distribution of the power of decision making,” and “Communication among the participants.” The total level of participation in such decisions can be estimated using three criteria: the level of spontaneity in the decision-making processes, the level of communication in decision-making, and the level of power distribution in decision-making.
Research objective: This study aims to explain the relationship between geometric patterns of daylight distribution and the sensory perceptions of residents, as well as to identify the most reliable numerical indices for image processing to predict the relationship between these two aspects within the context of residential buildings.
Research method: This study has been conducted using a survey research method and an image processing method in a simulated environment.
Conclusion: The survey findings indicate that changes in the geometric patterns of daylight distribution significantly alter the average sensory perception assessment indices. This highlights the importance for architects to consider and manipulate the geometry of light-transmitting surfaces to create desirable environmental sensations. Additionally, the correlation findings between the survey research and the studied image processing indices suggest that the Michelson, mean-RMS, Fractal D, GIF file size, and RAW-PRIM8 indices are the most reliable for predicting pleasantness. The TIFF-SOBEL, JPEG-PERIM8, Michelson, JPEG file size, and PNG file size indices are the most reliable for predicting attractiveness. The TIFF-SOBEL, Mean mSC, JPEG-PERIM8, JPEG file size, and JPEG-PERIM4 indices are the most reliable for predicting excitement. The RAW-PRIM4, RAW-PRIM8, Michelson, Fractal D, and CANNY 2014-RAW indices are the most reliable for predicting spatial calmness.
Research objective: This study aims to address the creation of urban spaces using the Participatory Design Method (PDM) to facilitate social interactions and move towards social sustainability.
Research method: This study, with its applied nature, adopted a combined approach based on a qualitative strategy relying on field research, using the “Design Workshop” or “Charette” model.
Conclusion: This research focused on presenting the process model of the “Charette Design Workshop” by designing an urban space located in the northern part of Mottahari Street, Shiraz. This process involved a pre-workshop, four main workshops, and an informal interim session, resulting in the design of the aforementioned space. The research findings recommend the necessity of having a pre-workshop to organize the main workshops and establish guidelines to prevent session deviation and straying from the main objectives. The presence of professional designers as leaders in the workshop, with their ability to design and articulate, formed the most important elements of workshop sessions, among other achievements of this research. Providing additional solutions for improving and enhancing participatory design processes is among the outcomes of this research.
Research objective: The purpose of this research is to present a digital tool derived from algorithmic design for the digital form finding of branching structures based on the physical testing of a wet thread model.
Research method: This research was first formed through the study of available resources and scientific articles in this field, and then the results were used to design digital tools using computational methods.
Conclusion: Algorithmic design based on the wet thread model simplifies the optimal design of tree-like structures. It optimizes both the design outcome and the design process. Physical form-finding often faces difficulties in converting models into construction plans. By digitizing this process, the measurement of the final form becomes faster and easier. This enhances the constructability of these forms.
Research objectives: The primary objective of this research is to understand the spaces of the Rowza, provide a proposed plan based on the description of the endowment deed, and compare the proposed plan of the Rowza with similar examples remaining from the 7th to 8 th century AH/ from13th to 14th century CE. Another goal is to determine the probable location of the Rowza on the historical site of Rab’e Rashidi.
Research method: This article is a fundamental research study that initially delineates the architectural structure of the Rowza plan by relying on the Rab’e Rashidi endowment deed, logical deduction, content analysis, and comparison with similar examples remaining from the 8th-7th century AH / 14th-13th century CE. Subsequently, the probable location of the Rowza is determined based on archaeological data on the Rab’e Rashidi cultural heritage site.
Conclusion: Analyses based on the descriptions provided in the Rab’e Rashidi endowment deed indicate that the spatial structure of the Rowza likely comprised a central courtyard with a four-iwan pattern, incorporating a combination of an iwan and a mausoleum (with the mausoleum situated behind the main iwan and aligned along the north-south axis). Furthermore, through comparison with remaining examples from the 7th to 8th century AH / from 13th to 14th century CE, it became evident that this proposed plan aligns with architectural designs found in other structures such as the Sultan Hassan Complex in Cairo (1356-1363 CE), the Çifte Minareli Madrasa (13th century CE), and the Yakutiye Madrasa (early 14th century CE) in Erzurum, supporting the validity of the proposed plan for the Rowza. Additionally, archaeological investigations within the Rab’e Rashidi compound reveal a wall-like structure on the southeastern perimeter, believed by researchers to be part of an architectural complex. Moreover, given the construction date, rectangular geometry, and Qibla orientation of this structure, it likely corresponds to the location of the Rowza within the Rab’e Rashidi site.
Research objective: This research aims to conduct a field study on the factors influencing Seamon’s theory and place intensification on place attachment and social adaptability. This study enables researchers to extensively examine the role of factors affecting social adaptability.
Research method: To achieve the objectives, the study initially uses a descriptive-analytical method to extract the components of Seamon’s theory. Then, a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up is conducted on two groups of 45 participants each (observation and control groups). After the sessions, follow-up is carried out using the researcher-developed social adaptability questionnaire.
Conclusion: The theoretical findings of the research include six components of Seamon’s theory: place intensification, place creation, place release, place realization, place identity, and interaction with place. Place intensification is the variable under investigation. The findings indicate that group activities aimed at place intensification, such as forming a hymn group and theater groups, sports teams, group excursions, decorating classrooms and panels with handmade items, cleaning the classroom and yard with student participation, and painting benches significantly enhance students’ social adaptability. Over time, these practices impact students’ personalities, making them more adaptable. Therefore, schools should focus on activities that intensify place attachment to increase interaction and a greater sense of belonging, thereby enhancing social adaptability. In other words, increasing attention to the physical environment and place attachment in schools results in improved social adaptability among students.
Research objective: This study, while addressing the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, presents a conceptual model of opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship and examines the formation process and details of the realization of this model in the context of today’s architecture in Iran.
Research Method: The present study is applied-developmental using a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data collection was exploratory and carried out in two steps; first, in the field of architecture, the meta-synthesis method was used to find the dimensions of problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran, and in the second step, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to validate the extracted dimensions and components. The statistical population of the first step included 59 scientific research documents, and the second step included 39 architectural experts selected based on purposive sampling. Through the meta-synthesis method, 11 macro-level problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran were identified as entrepreneurial opportunities in the Iranian architecture field. All macro-level problem dimensions and their associated components were validated and verified by experts using the fuzzy Delphi method owing to the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, and the initial model of the opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship process was outlined.
Conclusion: According to the obtained model, to realize start-ups in the field of architecture, the architectural entrepreneurship opportunities, a large portion of which stem from the problems, challenges, and weaknesses of contemporary Iranian architecture, must be examined so that the architectural entrepreneurship process can take shape through the interaction of architecture with entrepreneurial knowledge and its associated skills. In this way, one can leverage all the benefits and advantages of entrepreneurship in architecture and use them to address architectural problems and challenges, create employment and welfare, achieve sustainable development in various dimensions, and create and preserve the values of the Iranian architectural community.
Research objective: This research focuses on examining the physical properties of slats for external horizontal louvres for four façade orientations of an educational case study with a north-south direction in Esfahan City, Iran to enhance the daylight and space visual comfort performance.
Research method: The daylight factor and visual quality metrics, namely the Maximum radial line and the Isovist area are investigated as research objectives. Also, the reflection coefficient of materials louvre slats, the depth of slats, and the distance between them are considered independent variables. The literature studies were scrutinized and field measurements by Lux Meter, climate analysis by Climate Consultant 5. 4 software as well and computer simulations via Relux and Isovist tool on depth map software were utilized to investigate the set research objectives.
Conclusion: The results indicate that advising a specific design of louvre shading parameters for each façade orientation is recommended for a particular climate. Additionally, materials with an 80 percent reflectivity coefficient are deemed suitable to achieve a balance between daylight factor distribution and visual quality metrics for building occupants.
Research objective: This article aims to fill a theoretical gap in the field of the relationship between environment and emotions, with an emphasis on increasing mental health. The research question is: How does the way a human being experiences the environment as an embodied subject relate to their emotional awareness and the increase in their mental health?
Research method: This article, with a qualitative research strategy and an interpretative approach, attempts to determine the effect of the embodied experience of the environment on the emotional awareness of the person experiencing it by explaining concepts such as emotion, emotional awareness, and embodiment in architecture and their relationship to each other.
Conclusion: If, during the experience of the environment, something new happens and creates distinction and attracts the attention of the person experiencing it, and in other words, an error in the prediction process occurs in the perception process, and if this new experience contains emotional meanings, it leads to the creation of a new emotion in the brain of the person experiencing it and its addition to their emotional granularity, which increases their emotional awareness and subsequently their mental health.