Selection of documents related to the Majdanpek copper mine, which cover a period longer than two... more Selection of documents related to the Majdanpek copper mine, which cover a period longer than two centuries. They are classified in five chapters. First three are thematic ones and relate to mine leases, production and copper usage in the period of the mine development in 16th century. Fourth chapter is dedicated to the destruction during the Great War (1683-1699) and after-war renewal, while fifth chapter includes period from the end of two-decade long lasting Habsburg rule in 1739. until the end of 18th century. Documents are transliterated in Latin letters and translated into Serbian language. Necessary clarifications about theme or related period are provided within every chapter.
In researching Smederevo Fortress after the Ottoman conquest in 1459, one of the most important q... more In researching Smederevo Fortress after the Ottoman conquest in 1459, one of the most important questions relates to the erection of the earliest Islamic religious buildings. I decided on this topic because the period is the least researched, and only one of the mosques from that time is known to historiography. In addition, the transition of power and the Ottomanisation of Smederevo can be followed through the fate of churches, whose religious function was changed, as well as the newly built Islamic places of worship. In the present paper, Ottoman sources are mostly used, pertaining to: the population, waqf, religious officials, etc. After the conquest of the city, the Ottoman authorities occupied the fortress and all the buildings in it. Only Muslims lived in the fortress, while all Christians and a small group of Muslim merchants lived in the fortified town. In the fortress, the Court church in the southeastern corner and the Metropolitan Church of the Annunciation, whose location has not been determined, were turned into mosques. A smaller church, possibly founded by a local nobleman, near the main gate of the fortress, and the Court chapel in the Small Town became masjids. In the first years of the Ottoman rule, the founders built three more masjids in Smederevo fortress. The first Smederevo sanjak-bey, Mehmed Bey Minetbegoglu, built a masjid and saray somewhere in the central part of the fortress. Hoca Bali, a wealthy merchant from Edirne involved in the lucrative salt trade in Smederevo, built two masjids. The first of these was in the azap mahalle in the south-western corner of the Big Town, and the second near the janissary barracks that were located along the Danube wall. The aforementioned religious buildings became the bearers of the urban development and Ottomanisation of Smederevo, because in their vicinity mahalles were formed and educational buildings, public kitchens, shops, etc., were built.
Рад се бави црквом Благовештења при Смедеревској митрополији, коју је изградио деспот Ђурађ Бранк... more Рад се бави црквом Благовештења при Смедеревској митрополији, коју је изградио деспот Ђурађ Бранковић. У тој велелепној цркви, грађеној по угледу на Манасију, 1453. године похрањене су мошти светог апостола јеванђелисте Луке, а 1456. и 1458. вероватно су сахрањени и деспот Ђурађ и његов син и наследник Лазар. У раном периоду османске власти, после другог освајања Смедерева 1459. године, тај важан сакрални објекат је порушен под неразјашњеним околностима, а место на којем се налазио ни до данас није пронађено. Циљ рада је да на основу османских извора утврди какав је био верски статус те цркве након освајања, који су разлози довели до њеног рушења, као и да се установи када се то догодило. Намера је и да се укаже на утицај који је разградња и уклањање централног сакралног објекта у Смедереву имало на урбану структуру града. Посебна пажња посвећена је лоцирању цркве Благовештења, при чему су коришћена нова сазнања о распореду верских, војних, привредних и стамбених објеката у смедеревској тврђави у првим деценијама османске власти.
This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the... more This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the Sultan's treasury, between 1485 and 1490.
Рад се бави развојем насеља и динамиком становништва области Гокчанице у првим вековима османске ... more Рад се бави развојем насеља и динамиком становништва области Гокчанице у првим вековима османске власти. Анализирајући више необјављених османских катастарских пописа и финансијских књига, аутори су показали да је ова рударска регија била устројена као посебна административна јединица у време владавине Османског царства и да је, као таква, заузимала територију већу од оне која се данас сматра предеоном целином Гокчаницом. Успони и падови главне привредне гране – рударства и металургије гвожђа – утицали су на миграције становништва и моделе насељавања. Најмногољуднија села нису формирана на местима најбољим за живот, већ на онима најпогоднијим за рад топионица, што је условило и друге облике привредних активности. Становништво Гокчанице било је, супротно народном предању, у целини српско и православно и изоловано од процеса исламизације. This paper discusses development of settlements and population dynamics of the Gokčanica region in the first centuries of Ottoman administration. By analyzing several unpublished Ottoman land registers and financial books, the authors are showing that this mining region was organized as a separate administrative unit during the reign of the Ottoman Empire, and how it covered a territory larger than the one presently understood as the area of Gokčanica. The amplitudes of mining and ferrous metallurgy, which were the dominant local industry, influenced the migrations of population and settlement models. The most populous villages were not established in places best fitted for living, but in those most convenient for operation of smelters, which also influenced other economic activities. Contrary to popular tradition, population of Gokčanica was entirely Serb and Eastern Orthodox, and isolated from the Islamization process.
Rad se bavi avalskom tvrđavom od izgradnje 1442. godine, do rušenja u Varadinskom ratu (1716-1718... more Rad se bavi avalskom tvrđavom od izgradnje 1442. godine, do rušenja u Varadinskom ratu (1716-1718). Avala je bila utvrđenje čiji su strateški značaj i namena često menjani. U zavisnosti od toga da li je bila najistureniji osmanski položaj prema Ugarskoj kraljevini ili utvrđenje koje štiti lokalni rudnik, menjani su brojnost, status i opremljenost posade. Posle osmanskih osvajanja u Ugarskoj, nadomak Avale stvara se varoš, otvaraju rudnici i jača proces islamizacije u okolnim selima.
Rogozna Mountain and the area of Podbukovik are located in the
south of Serbia, between Ibar and ... more Rogozna Mountain and the area of Podbukovik are located in the south of Serbia, between Ibar and Raška rivers. In this area an extremely large number of old mining works remains were found. During the Serbian medieval state, only a few written records of mining in Rogozna from the 14th century were preserved. The works were not of a large scale and seemed to have been suspended by the 15th century. Even after the Ottoman conquest in the mid 15th century there was no mining activity, all until 1516 when a new silver mine Žežna at Mount Rogozna was first mentioned.
Auxiliary materials used in mining and metallurgy such as wood, charcoal and fireproof clay were ... more Auxiliary materials used in mining and metallurgy such as wood, charcoal and fireproof clay were of the utmost importance in the mining and metallurgy industry until the 19th century. The quality of the ore as well as the abundance of the nearby forests had the crucial influence on the decision concerning the opening of the new mining sites in the Ottoman period.
Keywords: Ottoman mining, metallurgy, wood, charcoal, clay, saltpeter, sulphur, işçi has, şafar
Kratovo mint was the second biggest producer in the Ottoman Empire, after Novo Brdo, since its op... more Kratovo mint was the second biggest producer in the Ottoman Empire, after Novo Brdo, since its opening, most probably in the last decade of the XV century, as well as in the first six decades of the XVI century. The aforementioned Ottoman mining and metallurgy crisis reflected on the Kratovo mint too. Starting from 1521, in seven three- year leases, all tenants, who were local Christians, had enormous debts for which majority of them was imprisoned in Istanbul. It was not until mid-forties of the century debt was reduced to 4-5% of the total amount of mint lease that indicated more successful production in the forthcoming period.
Tema rada je rudarstvo na planini Rudnik od osmanskog osvajanja do kraja 16. veka. Pažnja je posv... more Tema rada je rudarstvo na planini Rudnik od osmanskog osvajanja do kraja 16. veka. Pažnja je posvećena rudarskim i topioničarskim radovima, kao i vlasničkim i zakupničkim odnosima u tim delatnostima. Deo rada posvećen je varošici Rudnik i okolnim selima, s naglaskom na osobenostima rudarskih naselja i njihovih žitelja.
Selection of documents related to the Majdanpek copper mine, which cover a period longer than two... more Selection of documents related to the Majdanpek copper mine, which cover a period longer than two centuries. They are classified in five chapters. First three are thematic ones and relate to mine leases, production and copper usage in the period of the mine development in 16th century. Fourth chapter is dedicated to the destruction during the Great War (1683-1699) and after-war renewal, while fifth chapter includes period from the end of two-decade long lasting Habsburg rule in 1739. until the end of 18th century. Documents are transliterated in Latin letters and translated into Serbian language. Necessary clarifications about theme or related period are provided within every chapter.
In researching Smederevo Fortress after the Ottoman conquest in 1459, one of the most important q... more In researching Smederevo Fortress after the Ottoman conquest in 1459, one of the most important questions relates to the erection of the earliest Islamic religious buildings. I decided on this topic because the period is the least researched, and only one of the mosques from that time is known to historiography. In addition, the transition of power and the Ottomanisation of Smederevo can be followed through the fate of churches, whose religious function was changed, as well as the newly built Islamic places of worship. In the present paper, Ottoman sources are mostly used, pertaining to: the population, waqf, religious officials, etc. After the conquest of the city, the Ottoman authorities occupied the fortress and all the buildings in it. Only Muslims lived in the fortress, while all Christians and a small group of Muslim merchants lived in the fortified town. In the fortress, the Court church in the southeastern corner and the Metropolitan Church of the Annunciation, whose location has not been determined, were turned into mosques. A smaller church, possibly founded by a local nobleman, near the main gate of the fortress, and the Court chapel in the Small Town became masjids. In the first years of the Ottoman rule, the founders built three more masjids in Smederevo fortress. The first Smederevo sanjak-bey, Mehmed Bey Minetbegoglu, built a masjid and saray somewhere in the central part of the fortress. Hoca Bali, a wealthy merchant from Edirne involved in the lucrative salt trade in Smederevo, built two masjids. The first of these was in the azap mahalle in the south-western corner of the Big Town, and the second near the janissary barracks that were located along the Danube wall. The aforementioned religious buildings became the bearers of the urban development and Ottomanisation of Smederevo, because in their vicinity mahalles were formed and educational buildings, public kitchens, shops, etc., were built.
Рад се бави црквом Благовештења при Смедеревској митрополији, коју је изградио деспот Ђурађ Бранк... more Рад се бави црквом Благовештења при Смедеревској митрополији, коју је изградио деспот Ђурађ Бранковић. У тој велелепној цркви, грађеној по угледу на Манасију, 1453. године похрањене су мошти светог апостола јеванђелисте Луке, а 1456. и 1458. вероватно су сахрањени и деспот Ђурађ и његов син и наследник Лазар. У раном периоду османске власти, после другог освајања Смедерева 1459. године, тај важан сакрални објекат је порушен под неразјашњеним околностима, а место на којем се налазио ни до данас није пронађено. Циљ рада је да на основу османских извора утврди какав је био верски статус те цркве након освајања, који су разлози довели до њеног рушења, као и да се установи када се то догодило. Намера је и да се укаже на утицај који је разградња и уклањање централног сакралног објекта у Смедереву имало на урбану структуру града. Посебна пажња посвећена је лоцирању цркве Благовештења, при чему су коришћена нова сазнања о распореду верских, војних, привредних и стамбених објеката у смедеревској тврђави у првим деценијама османске власти.
This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the... more This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the Sultan's treasury, between 1485 and 1490.
Рад се бави развојем насеља и динамиком становништва области Гокчанице у првим вековима османске ... more Рад се бави развојем насеља и динамиком становништва области Гокчанице у првим вековима османске власти. Анализирајући више необјављених османских катастарских пописа и финансијских књига, аутори су показали да је ова рударска регија била устројена као посебна административна јединица у време владавине Османског царства и да је, као таква, заузимала територију већу од оне која се данас сматра предеоном целином Гокчаницом. Успони и падови главне привредне гране – рударства и металургије гвожђа – утицали су на миграције становништва и моделе насељавања. Најмногољуднија села нису формирана на местима најбољим за живот, већ на онима најпогоднијим за рад топионица, што је условило и друге облике привредних активности. Становништво Гокчанице било је, супротно народном предању, у целини српско и православно и изоловано од процеса исламизације. This paper discusses development of settlements and population dynamics of the Gokčanica region in the first centuries of Ottoman administration. By analyzing several unpublished Ottoman land registers and financial books, the authors are showing that this mining region was organized as a separate administrative unit during the reign of the Ottoman Empire, and how it covered a territory larger than the one presently understood as the area of Gokčanica. The amplitudes of mining and ferrous metallurgy, which were the dominant local industry, influenced the migrations of population and settlement models. The most populous villages were not established in places best fitted for living, but in those most convenient for operation of smelters, which also influenced other economic activities. Contrary to popular tradition, population of Gokčanica was entirely Serb and Eastern Orthodox, and isolated from the Islamization process.
Rad se bavi avalskom tvrđavom od izgradnje 1442. godine, do rušenja u Varadinskom ratu (1716-1718... more Rad se bavi avalskom tvrđavom od izgradnje 1442. godine, do rušenja u Varadinskom ratu (1716-1718). Avala je bila utvrđenje čiji su strateški značaj i namena često menjani. U zavisnosti od toga da li je bila najistureniji osmanski položaj prema Ugarskoj kraljevini ili utvrđenje koje štiti lokalni rudnik, menjani su brojnost, status i opremljenost posade. Posle osmanskih osvajanja u Ugarskoj, nadomak Avale stvara se varoš, otvaraju rudnici i jača proces islamizacije u okolnim selima.
Rogozna Mountain and the area of Podbukovik are located in the
south of Serbia, between Ibar and ... more Rogozna Mountain and the area of Podbukovik are located in the south of Serbia, between Ibar and Raška rivers. In this area an extremely large number of old mining works remains were found. During the Serbian medieval state, only a few written records of mining in Rogozna from the 14th century were preserved. The works were not of a large scale and seemed to have been suspended by the 15th century. Even after the Ottoman conquest in the mid 15th century there was no mining activity, all until 1516 when a new silver mine Žežna at Mount Rogozna was first mentioned.
Auxiliary materials used in mining and metallurgy such as wood, charcoal and fireproof clay were ... more Auxiliary materials used in mining and metallurgy such as wood, charcoal and fireproof clay were of the utmost importance in the mining and metallurgy industry until the 19th century. The quality of the ore as well as the abundance of the nearby forests had the crucial influence on the decision concerning the opening of the new mining sites in the Ottoman period.
Keywords: Ottoman mining, metallurgy, wood, charcoal, clay, saltpeter, sulphur, işçi has, şafar
Kratovo mint was the second biggest producer in the Ottoman Empire, after Novo Brdo, since its op... more Kratovo mint was the second biggest producer in the Ottoman Empire, after Novo Brdo, since its opening, most probably in the last decade of the XV century, as well as in the first six decades of the XVI century. The aforementioned Ottoman mining and metallurgy crisis reflected on the Kratovo mint too. Starting from 1521, in seven three- year leases, all tenants, who were local Christians, had enormous debts for which majority of them was imprisoned in Istanbul. It was not until mid-forties of the century debt was reduced to 4-5% of the total amount of mint lease that indicated more successful production in the forthcoming period.
Tema rada je rudarstvo na planini Rudnik od osmanskog osvajanja do kraja 16. veka. Pažnja je posv... more Tema rada je rudarstvo na planini Rudnik od osmanskog osvajanja do kraja 16. veka. Pažnja je posvećena rudarskim i topioničarskim radovima, kao i vlasničkim i zakupničkim odnosima u tim delatnostima. Deo rada posvećen je varošici Rudnik i okolnim selima, s naglaskom na osobenostima rudarskih naselja i njihovih žitelja.
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founded by a local nobleman, near the main gate of the fortress, and the Court chapel in the Small Town became masjids. In the first years of the Ottoman rule, the founders built three more masjids in Smederevo fortress. The first Smederevo sanjak-bey, Mehmed Bey Minetbegoglu, built a masjid and saray somewhere in the central part of the fortress. Hoca Bali, a wealthy merchant from Edirne involved in the lucrative salt trade in Smederevo, built two masjids. The first of these was in the azap mahalle in the south-western corner of the Big Town, and the second
near the janissary barracks that were located along the Danube wall.
The aforementioned religious buildings became the bearers of the urban development and Ottomanisation of Smederevo, because in their vicinity mahalles were formed and educational buildings, public kitchens, shops, etc., were built.
south of Serbia, between Ibar and Raška rivers. In this area an extremely large number of old mining works remains were found. During the Serbian medieval state, only a few written records of mining in Rogozna from the 14th century were preserved. The works were not of a large scale and seemed to have been suspended by the 15th century. Even after the Ottoman conquest in the mid 15th century there was no mining activity, all until 1516 when a new silver mine Žežna at Mount Rogozna was first mentioned.
Keywords: Ottoman mining, metallurgy, wood, charcoal, clay, saltpeter, sulphur, işçi has, şafar
founded by a local nobleman, near the main gate of the fortress, and the Court chapel in the Small Town became masjids. In the first years of the Ottoman rule, the founders built three more masjids in Smederevo fortress. The first Smederevo sanjak-bey, Mehmed Bey Minetbegoglu, built a masjid and saray somewhere in the central part of the fortress. Hoca Bali, a wealthy merchant from Edirne involved in the lucrative salt trade in Smederevo, built two masjids. The first of these was in the azap mahalle in the south-western corner of the Big Town, and the second
near the janissary barracks that were located along the Danube wall.
The aforementioned religious buildings became the bearers of the urban development and Ottomanisation of Smederevo, because in their vicinity mahalles were formed and educational buildings, public kitchens, shops, etc., were built.
south of Serbia, between Ibar and Raška rivers. In this area an extremely large number of old mining works remains were found. During the Serbian medieval state, only a few written records of mining in Rogozna from the 14th century were preserved. The works were not of a large scale and seemed to have been suspended by the 15th century. Even after the Ottoman conquest in the mid 15th century there was no mining activity, all until 1516 when a new silver mine Žežna at Mount Rogozna was first mentioned.
Keywords: Ottoman mining, metallurgy, wood, charcoal, clay, saltpeter, sulphur, işçi has, şafar