Commonwealth nke ụmụ nwanyị
The Woman'[1] Commonwealth (nke a na-akpọkwa Belton Sanctificationists na Sisters of Sanctification) bụ Obodo ụmụ nwanyị nke e guzobere na Belton, Texas . Martha McWhirter na otu ọmụmụ Bible ụmụ nwanyị ya guzobere ya na ngwụcha afọ 1870 ruo mmalite afọ 1880, n'ala e ketara mgbe ndị di nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ ma ọ bụ hapụ ụlọ.
Ndị otu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị [2] na obodo ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ha na-adabere na ha; ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gbapụrụ n'ụlọ mmegbu iji sonyere obodo ahụ. N'otu oge, e nwere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 42 na 50 na ndekọ, [3] [1] gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanyị Africa America nke a na-eche na ọ bụbu ohu.
[3] nwanyị ahụ nabatara echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke mbụ, ma chọọ ịha nhata ime mmụọ, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ụmụ nwanyị. [4] mezuo nke ahụ, ha na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye dị ka ụzọ isi tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị site na mmebi ime mmụọ nke mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị, mkpa mmegbu nke ụmụaka na ịzụlite ụmụaka, na ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke. [3] [5][4]'afọ 1880, ụmụ amaala Belton boro ndị Sanctificationists ụta maka ịrị elu nkewa na ịgba alụkwaghịm, na imebi ihe alụmdi na nwunye pụtara site n'omume ha nke ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye.
Ụlọ George na Martha McWhirter dị na 400 North Pearl St., Belton, Texas, dị na Ndebanye aha Mba nke Ndekọ Ebe Akụkọ na Bell County, Texas. N'adreesị ahụ, e nwere ihe nrịbama akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a raara nye ndị na-edobe nsọ. [6] malitere ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze mbụ na Belton, ọbá akwụkwọ Women's Wednesday Club, site n'otu n'ime ụlọ obibi ha.
[4][3]'afọ 1899, obodo ahụ dum kwagara Washington, DC ebe ha meghere ụlọ obibi na họtel, ma sonye n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ukwu. [7]'afọ 1903, e nwere ndị otu iri fọdụrụnụ zụrụ ugbo n'ime ime obodo Maryland iji nye nri maka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ha dị n'obodo ukwu, na iji nye onwe ha ezumike ọzụzụ atụrụ n'ime obodo. McWhirter nwụrụ na 1904, obodo ahụ malitekwara iji nwayọọ nwayọọ daa.
Onye ikpeazụ [4] na obodo ahụ nwụrụ na 1983 mgbe ọ dị afọ 101.
Ụlọ George na Martha McWhirter na 400 North Pearl St., Belton, Texas, dị na National Register of Historic Places listings na Bell County, Texas. [8][9] adreesị ahụ, e nwere akara akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye ndị na-edo nsọ. Jan Berliner Statman [10]-ewere Commonwealth nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu n'ime Ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na United States.
Akụkọ [11] mkpirikpi e bipụtara na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị, Austindyke ( a na-akpọkwa Austin Dyke), na 1979 wee bipụtaghachi ya na Sisters United na 1980 kwara Commonwealth nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka onye bu ụzọ n'usoro ala ụmụ nwanyị. [12][Nkọwa zuru ezu dị mkpa] Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ndị Sanctificationists nwere mmetụta n'òtù ahụ nke nwere ọganihu na 1970s na 1980s.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Blevins (September 2016). "Martha White McWhirter", A Priest, A Prostitute, and Some Other Early Texans: The Lives Of Fourteen Lone Star State Pioneers. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781493026159.
- Fogarty (2003). All Things New: American Communes and Utopian Movements, 1860-1914. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739105207.
- Kitch (1989). Chaste Liberation: Celibacy and Female Cultural Status. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252016080.
- McIlvain (April 2017). "The Sanctified Sisters", Texas Tales: Stories That Shaped a Landscape and a People. Sunstone Press, 109–111. ISBN 9781632931634.
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lufburrow (2001). Set Apart: The Sanctified Sisters. Booklocker.com. ISBN 978-1929072712. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Sanctified" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Holley. "Sanctified Sisters of Belton brooked no nonsense", Houston Chronicle, May 11, 2013. Retrieved on March 10, 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kitch (Spring 1994). "The Woman's Commonwealth: Celibacy and Women's Rights". Communities (82): 40–44. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Kitch" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Sokolow (April 1984). "Women and Utopia: The Woman's Commonwealth of Belton, Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 87 (4): 371–392. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Sokolow" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kitch (1992). This Strange Society of Women: Reading the Letters and Lives of the Women's Commonwealth, 1st, Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0814205792.
- ↑ History. Belton, Texas.
- ↑ Montgomery County Land Records, Liber TD 27 Folio 109, (October 5, 1903). Charles Collinsgru to Woman's Commonwealth of Washington, D.C..
- ↑ Big Q (September 8, 2016). Downtown Belton is Home to Many, Many Texas Landmarks. KRock 1017.
- ↑ Details for Belton Woman's Commonwealth. Texas Historical Commission (2015).
- ↑ Statman (April 1995). The Battered Woman's Survival Guide: Breaking the Cycle. Taylor Trade Publishing, 6. ISBN 9781461625308.
- ↑ Peticolas, Anne. (1980). "Reclaiming hystory: The Belton Sanctificationists." Sisters United 20(6): 13.
- ↑ Anahita (2009). "Nestled into Niches: Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land". Journal of Homosexuality 56 (6): 719–737. DOI:10.1080/00918360903054186. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 19657932.