Ray Charles
Ray Charles | |
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![]() Charles pada tahun 1969 | |
Informasi latar belakang | |
Nama lahir | Ray Charles Robinson[note 1] |
Lahir | Albany, Georgia, U.S.[1] | 23 September 1930
Meninggal | Templat:Date of death and age Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
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Tahun aktif | 1947–2004[2] |
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Artis terkait | |
Situs web | raycharles |
Ray Charles Robinson (23 September 1930 – 10 Juni 2004) adalah seorang penyanyi, penulis lagu, pianis, dan komposer Amerika. Di antara teman dan sesama musisi, dia lebih suka dipanggil "Saudara Ray". Dia sering disebut sebagai "The Genius". Charles menjadi buta selama masa kanak-kanak karena glaukoma.[2]
Charles memelopori genre musik soul selama tahun 1950-an dengan menggabungkan blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, dan gaya gospel ke dalam musik yang dia rekam untuk Atlantic.[2][3][4] Dia berkontribusi pada integrasi musik country, ritme dan blues, dan musik pop selama 1960-an dengan kesuksesan crossovernya di ABC Records, terutama dengan dua album Musik Modern miliknya.[5][6][7] Saat dia bersama ABC, Charles menjadi salah satu musisi kulit hitam pertama yang diberi kendali artistik oleh perusahaan rekaman arus utama.[3]
Pada Tahun Tahun 1960 Membuat Rekor "Georgia On My Mind" adalah yang pertama dari tiga karirnya yang menjadi hit No. 1 di Billboard Hot 100. Pada Tahun 1962 Album nya Berjudul Modern Sounds In Country And Western Music menjadi album pertamanya yang memuncaki Billboard 200.[8] Charles memiliki beberapa single yang mencapai Top 40 di berbagai tangga lagu Billboard: 44 di US R&B Kategori Penyanyi Ke-11 Di Hot 100 Kategori Penyanyi, ke-2 di Hot Country Kategori Penyanyi.[9]
Charles Mengutip Nat King Cole sebagai pengaruh utama, tetapi musiknya juga dipengaruhi oleh Louis Jordan Dan Charles Brown.[10] Dia memiliki persahabatan seumur hidup dan kemitraan sesekali dengan Quincy Jones. Frank Sinatra menyebut Ray Charles "satu-satunya jenius sejati dalam bisnis pertunjukan," meskipun Charles meremehkan gagasan ini.[11] Billy Joel berkata, "Ini mungkin terdengar seperti penistaan, tapi saya pikir Ray Charles lebih penting daripada Elvis Presley".[12]
Untuk kontribusi musiknya, Charles menerima Kennedy Center Honors, National Medal of Arts, Dan Polar Music Prize. Dia memenangkan 17 Grammy Awards, termasuk 5 secara anumerta.[8] Charles dihormati dengan Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award pada tahun 1987, dan 10 dari rekamannya telah dimasukkan ke dalam Grammy Hall of Fame.[8] Rolling Stone menempatkan Charles No. 10 dalam daftar 100 Artis Terbesar Sepanjang Masa,[13] dan No. 2 dalam daftar 100 Penyanyi Terbesar Sepanjang Masa.[14]
Awal Hidupnya Dan Karier Pendidikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ray Charles Robinson [note 1] adalah putra Bailey Robinson, seorang buruh, dan Aretha (atau Reatha) Williams, seorang binatu, dari Greenville, Florida.
Aretha digambarkan sebagai gadis cantik dengan rambut hitam panjang bergelombang; dia juga sakit-sakitan dan berjalan dengan tongkat. Ibunya telah meninggal dan ayahnya, seorang pria yang bekerja dengan Bailey, tidak dapat merawatnya. Keluarga Robinson — Bailey, istrinya Mary Jane dan ibunya — secara tidak resmi mengadopsinya dan Aretha mengambil nama keluarga Robinson. Beberapa tahun kemudian Aretha yang berusia 15 tahun hamil oleh Bailey. Selama skandal berikutnya, dia meninggalkan Greenville pada akhir musim panas 1930 untuk tinggal bersama keluarganya Albany, Georgia. Setelah kelahiran Ray Charles, dia dan bayinya kembali ke Greenville. Istri Aretha dan Bailey, yang telah kehilangan seorang putra, kemudian berbagi asuhan Charles. Ayahnya meninggalkan keluarga, meninggalkan Greenville, dan menikahi wanita lain di tempat lain. Pada ulang tahun pertamanya, Charles memiliki seorang saudara laki-laki, George. Di tahun-tahun berikutnya, tidak ada yang bisa mengingat siapa ayah George.[10]
Charles sangat berbakti kepada ibunya dan kemudian teringat, meskipun kesehatan dan kesulitannya buruk, ketekunan, kemandirian, dan harga dirinya yang memandu cahaya dalam hidupnya. boogie woogie Sebuah Piano Tua upright piano; Pitman kemudian mengajari Charles cara bermain piano. Charles dan ibunya selalu diterima di Red Wing Cafe dan bahkan tinggal di sana ketika mereka mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Pitman juga akan merawat adik lelaki Ray, George, untuk mengambil sebagian beban dari ibu mereka. George tenggelam di bak cuci ibunya ketika dia berusia empat tahun.
Charles mulai kehilangan penglihatannya pada Rentan Usia empat-Lima tahun dan menjadi buta pada usia tujuh tahun, tampaknya Ia Mengalami Kebutaan Permanen Dikarenakan Oleh Penyakit glaucoma.[15] Lemah, tidak berpendidikan, dan berduka atas kehilangan putranya yang lebih muda, Aretha Robinson menggunakan koneksinya di komunitas lokal untuk menemukan sekolah yang akan menerima siswa Afrika-Amerika yang buta. Terlepas dari protes awalnya, Charles bersekolah di Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind Daerah St. Augustine Dari Tahun 1937 Hingga 1945.[10]
Charles semakin mengembangkan bakat musiknya di sekolah[15] dan diajari memainkan musik piano klasik Seperti J.S. Bach, Mozart Dan Juga Beethoven. Gurunya, Ny. Lawrence, mengajarinya cara menggunakan braille music, Proses sulit yang membutuhkan belajar gerakan tangan kiri dengan membaca braille dengan tangan kanan dan mempelajari gerakan tangan kanan dengan membaca braille dengan tangan kiri, kemudian menggabungkan kedua bagian tersebut.
Ibu Ray Charles meninggal pada musim semi tahun 1945, ketika Ray berusia 14 tahun. Kematiannya sangat mengejutkannya; dia kemudian mengatakan kematian saudara laki-laki dan ibunya adalah "dua tragedi besar" dalam hidupnya. Charles memutuskan untuk tidak kembali ke sekolah setelah pemakaman.[10]
Karier
[sunting | sunting sumber]1945–1952: Florida, Los Angeles, Dan Seattle
[sunting | sunting sumber]After leaving school, Charles moved to Jacksonville to live with Charles Wayne Powell, who had been friends with his late mother. He played the piano for bands at the Ritz Theatre in LaVilla for over a year,[16] earning $4 a night (US$38 in 2022 dollars[17]). He joined Local 632 of the musicians' union, in the hope that it would help him get work,[18] and was able to use the union hall's piano, since he did not have one at home, and where he learned piano licks from copying the other players.[19] He started to build a reputation as a talented musician in Jacksonville, but the jobs did not come fast enough for him to construct a strong identity, so, at age 16, he moved to Orlando, where he lived in borderline poverty and went without food for days.[20] It was difficult for musicians to find work, as since World War II had ended there were no "G.I. Joes" left to entertain. Charles eventually started to write arrangements for a pop music band, and in the summer of 1947 he unsuccessfully auditioned to play piano for Lucky Millinder and his sixteen-piece band.[21]
In 1947, Charles moved to Tampa, where he had two jobs: one as a pianist for Charles Brantley's Honey Dippers.[22]
In his early career, he modeled himself on Nat King Cole. His first four recordings—"Wondering and Wondering", "Walking and Talking", "Why Did You Go?" and "I Found My Baby There"—were allegedly made in Tampa, although some discographies claim he recorded them in Miami in 1951 or Los Angeles in 1952.[21]
Charles had always played piano for other people, but he was keen to have his own band. He decided to leave Florida for a large city, and, considering Chicago and New York City too big, followed his friend Gossie McKee to Seattle, Washington, in March 1948, knowing that the biggest radio hits came from northern cities.[21][23] Here he met and befriended, under the tutelage of Robert Blackwell, a 15-year-old Quincy Jones.[24]
With Charles on piano, McKee on guitar and Milton Garrett on bass, the McSon trio (named for McKee and Robinson) started playing the one-to-five A.M. shift at the Rocking Chair.[25] Publicity photos of the trio are some of the earliest known photographs of Charles. In April 1949, he and his band recorded "Confession Blues", which became his first national hit, soaring to the second spot on the Billboard R&B chart.[21] While still working at the Rocking Chair, he also arranged songs for other artists, including Cole Porter's "Ghost of a Chance" and Dizzy Gillespie's "Emanon".[20] After the success of his first two singles, Charles moved to Los Angeles in 1950, and spent the next few years touring with the blues musician Lowell Fulson as his musical director.[26]
In 1950, his performance in a Miami hotel impressed Henry Stone, who went on to record a Ray Charles Rockin' record (which never became particularly popular). During his stay in Miami, Charles was required to stay in the segregated but thriving black community of Overtown. Stone later helped Jerry Wexler find Charles in St. Petersburg.[27]
After signing with Swing Time Records, he recorded two more R&B hits under the name Ray Charles: "Baby, Let Me Hold Your Hand" (1951), which reached No. 5, and "Kissa Me Baby" (1952), which reached No. 8. Swing Time folded the following year, and Ahmet Ertegun signed him to Atlantic.[15]
1952–1959: Atlantic Records
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aankomst_Ray_Charles_%28kop%29_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-7410.jpg/250px-Aankomst_Ray_Charles_%28kop%29_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-7410.jpg)
Pada Juni 1952, Atlantic membeli kontrak Charles seharga $ 2.500 (US $ 23,587 dalam dolar 2018). Sesi rekaman pertamanya untuk Atlantic ("The Midnight Hour" / "Roll with My Baby") berlangsung pada bulan September 1952, meskipun rilis Swing Time terakhirnya ("Misery in My Heart" / "The Snow Is Falling") tidak akan muncul sampai Februari 1953.
Pada Tahun 1953, "Mess Around" menjadi hit kecil pertamanya untuk Atlantik; selama tahun berikutnya dia mendapatkan hit Kecilnya "It Should've Been Me" and "Don't You Know".[28] Dia juga merekam lagu-lagunya Yang Berjudul "Midnight Hour" and "Sinner's Prayer".
Akhir tahun 1954, Charles recorded "I've Got a Woman". Liriknya ditulis oleh pemimpin band Renald Richard. Charles mengklaim komposisinya. Mereka kemudian mengakui bahwa lagu itu kembali ke The Southern Tones ' "It Must Be Jesus" (1954). Itu menjadi salah satu hitnya yang paling terkenal, mencapai No. 2 di tangga lagu R&B. "Aku Punya Wanita" menggabungkan musik gospel, jazz, dan blues. Pada tahun 1955, dia sukses dengan "This Little Girl of Mine" Dan "A Fool for You". Di tahun-tahun mendatang, dia mencetak gol dengan "Drown In My Own Tears" dan "Haleluya I Love Her So". Pada tahun 1959, "What'd I Say" mencapai No 6 di chart Billboard Pop dan No 1 di chart R&B Billboard.[9][28]
He also recorded jazz, such as The Great Ray Charles (1957) and worked with vibraphonist Milt Jackson, releasing Soul Brothers in 1958 and Soul Meeting in 1961. By 1958, he was not only headlining black venues such as the Apollo Theater in New York, but also bigger venues such as Carnegie Hall and the Newport Jazz Festival where his first live album was recorded in 1958. He hired a female singing group, The Cookies, and renamed them The Raelettes. In 1958, Charles and The Raelettes performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Sam Cooke, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles.[29][30]
1959–1971: Masa Kejayaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Charles reached the pinnacle of his success at Atlantic with the release of "What'd I Say", which combined gospel, jazz, blues and Latin music. Charles said he wrote it spontaneously while he was performing in clubs with his band. Despite some radio stations banning the song because of its sexually suggestive lyrics, the song became his first top ten pop record.[31]
Later in 1959, he released his first country song (a cover of Hank Snow's "I'm Movin' On") and recorded three more albums for the label: a jazz record (The Genius After Hours, 1961); a blues record (The Genius Sings the Blues, 1961); and a big band record (The Genius of Ray Charles, 1959) which was his first Top 40 album, peaking at No. 17.[32]
His contract with Atlantic expired in 1959, and several big labels offered him record deals; choosing not to renegotiate his contract with Atlantic, he signed with ABC-Paramount in November 1959.[33] He obtained a more liberal contract than other artists had at the time, with ABC offering him a $50,000 (US$430 in 2022 dollars[17]) annual advance, higher royalties than before and eventual ownership of his master tapes—a very valuable and lucrative deal at the time.[34] During his Atlantic years, Charles had been heralded for his inventive compositions, but by the time of the release of the largely instrumental jazz album Genius + Soul = Jazz (1960) for ABC's subsidiary label Impulse!, he had given up on writing to follow his eclectic impulses as an interpreter.[31]
With "Georgia on My Mind", his first hit single for ABC-Paramount in 1960, Charles received national acclaim and four Grammy Awards, including two for "Georgia on My Mind" (Best Vocal Performance Single Record or Track, Male, and Best Performance by a Pop Single Artist). Written by Stuart Gorrell and Hoagy Carmichael, the song was Charles's first work with Sid Feller, who produced, arranged and conducted the recording.[31][35]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ray_Charles_260971neu000.jpg/250px-Ray_Charles_260971neu000.jpg)
Charles earned another Grammy for the follow-up "Hit the Road Jack", written by R&B singer Percy Mayfield.
By late 1961, Charles had expanded his small road ensemble to a big band, partly as a response to increasing royalties and touring fees, becoming one of the few black artists to cross over into mainstream pop with such a level of creative control.[31][36] This success, however, came to a momentary halt during a concert tour in November 1961, when a police search of Charles's hotel room in Indianapolis, Indiana, led to the discovery of heroin in the medicine cabinet. The case was eventually dropped, as the search lacked a proper warrant by the police, and Charles soon returned to music.[36]
In the early 1960s, on the way from Louisiana to Oklahoma City, Charles faced a near-death experience when the pilot of his plane lost visibility, as snow and his failure to use the defroster caused the windshield of the plane to become completely covered in ice. The pilot made a few circles in the air before he was finally able to see through a small part of the windshield and land the plane. Charles placed a spiritual interpretation on the event, claiming that "something or someone which instruments cannot detect" was responsible for creating the small opening in the ice on the windshield which enabled the pilot to land the plane safely.[10]
The 1962 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music and its sequel, Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2, helped to bring country music into the musical mainstream. Charles's version of the Don Gibson song "I Can't Stop Loving You" topped the Pop chart for five weeks, stayed at No. 1 on the R&B chart for ten weeks, and gave him his only number-one record in the UK. In 1962, he founded his record label, Tangerine, which ABC-Paramount promoted and distributed.[10] [21] He had major pop hits in 1963 with "Busted" (US No. 4) and Take These Chains from My Heart (US No. 8).[37] In 1964 Margie Hendricks was kicked out of The Raelettes after a big argument.
In 1964, Charles's career was halted once more after he was arrested for a third time for possession of heroin.[38] He agreed to go to rehab to avoid jail time and eventually kicked his habit at a clinic in Los Angeles. After spending a year on parole, Charles reappeared in the charts in 1966 with a series of hits composed with Ashford & Simpson and Jo Armstead,[39] including the dance number "I Don't Need No Doctor" and "Let's Go Get Stoned", which became his first number-one R&B hit in several years. His cover version of "Crying Time", originally recorded by country singer Buck Owens, reached No. 6 on the pop chart and helped Charles win a Grammy Award the following March. In 1967, he had a top-twenty hit with another ballad, "Here We Go Again".[40]
1971–1983: Penurunan Komersial
[sunting | sunting sumber]![Color photo of Nixon and Ray Charles](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nixon_meeting_with_Ray_Charles_in_the_oval_office_-_NARA_-_194452.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Nixon_meeting_with_Ray_Charles_in_the_oval_office_-_NARA_-_194452.tif.jpg)
Keberhasilan chart yang diperbarui Charles, bagaimanapun, terbukti berumur pendek, dan pada tahun 1970-an musiknya jarang diputar di stasiun radio. Munculnya psychedelic rock dan bentuk musik rock dan R&B yang lebih keras telah mengurangi daya tarik radio Charles, begitu pula pilihannya untuk merekam standar pop dan cover rock and soul kontemporer hits, karena penghasilannya dari memiliki masternya telah menghilangkan motivasi untuk menulis materi baru. Charles tetap memiliki karier rekaman yang aktif. Sebagian besar rekamannya antara 1968 dan 1973 menimbulkan reaksi keras: orang-orang sangat menyukainya atau sangat tidak menyukainya.[15] Albumnya tahun 1972, A Message from the People, menyertakan versinya yang dipengaruhi Isinya yang unik "America the Beautiful" dan sejumlah lagu protes tentang kemiskinan dan hak-hak sipil. Charles sering dikritik karena versinya "America the Beautiful" karena sangat drastis berubah dari versi aslinya. Pada tanggal 14 Juli 1973, Margie Hendrix, ibu dari putra Ray Charles Wayne Hendrix, meninggal pada usia 38 tahun karena overdosis heroin, yang mengejutkan Ray.
In 1974, Charles left ABC Records and recorded several albums on his own label, Crossover Records. A 1975 recording of Stevie Wonder's hit "Living for the City" later helped Charles win another Grammy. In 1977, he reunited with Ahmet Ertegun and re-signed to Atlantic Records, for which he recorded the album True to Life, remaining with his old label until 1980. However, the label had now begun to focus on rock acts, and some of their prominent soul artists, such as Aretha Franklin, were starting to be neglected. In November 1977 he appeared as the host of the NBC television show Saturday Night Live.[41]
In April 1979, his version of "Georgia on My Mind" was proclaimed the state song of Georgia, and an emotional Charles performed the song on the floor of the state legislature. In 1980 Charles performed in the musical film The Blues Brothers.[15] Although he had notably supported the American Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s, Charles was criticized for performing at the Sun City resort in South Africa in 1981, during an international boycott protesting that country's apartheid policy. He later defended his choice of performing there after insisting that the audience of black and white fans would integrate while he was there.[15]
1983–2004: Tahun Terakhir
[sunting | sunting sumber]In 1983, Charles signed a contract with Columbia. He recorded a string of country albums and had hit singles in duets with singers such as George Jones, Chet Atkins, B. J. Thomas, Mickey Gilley, Hank Williams Jr., Dee Dee Bridgewater ("Precious Thing") and his longtime friend Willie Nelson, with whom he recorded "Seven Spanish Angels".
In 1985, Charles participated in the famous musical recording and video "We Are the World", a charity single recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists (USA) for Africa.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ray_Charles_FIJM_2003.jpg/250px-Ray_Charles_FIJM_2003.jpg)
Before the release of his first album for Warner, Would You Believe, Charles made a return to the R&B charts with a cover of the Brothers Johnson's "I'll Be Good to You", a duet with his lifelong friend Quincy Jones and the singer Chaka Khan, which hit number one on the R&B chart in 1990 and won Charles and Khan a Grammy for their duet. Prior to this, Charles returned to the pop charts with "Baby Grand", a duet with the singer Billy Joel. In 1989, he recorded a cover of the Southern All Stars' "Itoshi no Ellie" for a Japanese TV advertisement for the Suntory brand, releasing it in Japan as "Ellie My Love", where it reached No. 3 on its Oricon chart.[42] In the same year he was a special guest at the Arena di Verona during the tour promoting Oro Incenso & Birra of the Italian singer Zucchero Fornaciari.
In 2001–02, Charles appeared in commercials for the New Jersey Lottery to promote its campaign "For every dream, there's a jackpot".[43]
In 2003, he headlined the White House Correspondents Dinner in Washington, D.C., attended by President George W. Bush, Laura Bush, Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice.[44]
Also in 2003, Charles presented Van Morrison with Morrison's award upon being inducted in the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the two sang Morrison's song "Crazy Love" (the performance appears on Morrison's 2007 album The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3). In 2003, Charles performed "Georgia on My Mind" and "America the Beautiful" at a televised annual banquet of electronic media journalists held in Washington, D.C. His final public appearance was on April 30, 2004, at the dedication of his music studio as a historic landmark in Los Angeles.[15]
Legalisir
[sunting | sunting sumber]Influence on music industry
[sunting | sunting sumber]Charles possessed one of the most recognizable voices in American music. In the words of musicologist Henry Pleasants:
Sinatra, and Bing Crosby before him, had been masters of words. Ray Charles is a master of sounds. His records disclose an extraordinary assortment of slurs, glides, turns, shrieks, wails, breaks, shouts, screams and hollers, all wonderfully controlled, disciplined by inspired musicianship, and harnessed to ingenious subtleties of harmony, dynamics and rhythm... It is either the singing of a man whose vocabulary is inadequate to express what is in his heart and mind or of one whose feelings are too intense for satisfactory verbal or conventionally melodic articulation. He can't tell it to you. He can't even sing it to you. He has to cry out to you, or shout to you, in tones eloquent of despair—or exaltation. The voice alone, with little assistance from the text or the notated music, conveys the message.[45]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Ray_Charles.jpg/250px-Ronald_Reagan%2C_Nancy_Reagan%2C_and_Ray_Charles.jpg)
Pleasants melanjutkan, "Ray Charles biasanya digambarkan sebagai bariton, dan suaranya yang berbicara akan menunjukkan sebanyak mungkin, seperti halnya kesulitan yang dia alami dalam mencapai dan mempertahankan tinggi E dan F bariton dalam balada populer. Tapi suaranya mengalami semacam transfigurasi di bawah tekanan, dan dalam musik Injil atau karakter blues dia dapat dan memang bernyanyi untuk ukuran-ukuran pada akhirnya dalam rentang tenor tinggi dari A, B flat, B, C dan bahkan C tajam dan D, terkadang dengan suara penuh, terkadang dalam Suara kepala gembira, kadang-kadang dalam falsetto. Dalam falsetto dia terus naik ke E dan F di atas tinggi C. Pada satu rekaman luar biasa, 'I'm Going Down to the River' ... dia memukul flat B yang luar biasa ... memberinya rentang keseluruhan, termasuk perpanjangan falsetto, setidaknya tiga oktaf. "
Gaya dan kesuksesannya dalam genre ritme dan blues dan jazz berpengaruh pada sejumlah artis yang sangat sukses, termasuk, seperti yang dicatat Jon Pareles, Elvis Presley, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Van Morrison, and Billy Joel.[46] Penyanyi lain yang telah mengakui pengaruh Charles pada gaya mereka termasuk James Booker,[47] Steve Winwood,[48] Richard Manuel,[49] Dan Gregg Allman.[50] Menurut Joe Levy, editor musik Rolling Stone, "Rekaman hit yang dia buat untuk Atlantik pada pertengahan 1950-an memetakan segala sesuatu yang akan terjadi pada musik rock 'n' roll dan soul pada tahun-tahun berikutnya".[31] Charles juga menjadi inspirasi untuk Pink Floyd member Roger Waters, yang memberi tahu koran Turki Hurriyet: "I was about 15. In the middle of the night with friends, we were listening to jazz. It was "Georgia on My Mind", ("Umurku sekitar 15. Di tengah malam dengan teman-teman, kami mendengarkan jazz. Itu adalah" Georgia Yang Dipikiranku ",) Ray Charles's version. Kemudian saya berpikir 'Suatu hari, jika saya membuat beberapa orang merasakan hanya satu per dua puluh dari apa yang saya rasakan sekarang, itu sudah cukup bagi saya.' "[51]
Ray, a biopic portraying his life and career between the mid-1930s and 1979, was released in October 2004, starring Jamie Foxx as Charles. Foxx won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Actor for the role.
Penghargaan Dan Kehormatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tahun 1975, Ray Charles dilantik ke American Academy of Achievement dan disajikan dengan Golden Plate Award dan medali emas Academy of Achievement.[52][53]
Pada tahun 1979, Charles adalah salah satu musisi pertama yang lahir di negara bagian yang dilantik ke dalam Hall of Fame Musik Georgia. Versinya tentang "Georgia on My Mind" juga dijadikan lagu resmi negara bagian Georgia.[54]
Pada tahun 1981, ia diberi bintang di Hollywood Walk of Fame dan merupakan salah satu orang pertama yang dilantik ke Rock & Roll Hall of Fame pada upacara pelantikannya, pada tahun 1986. Ia juga menerima penghargaan Kennedy Center Honors Pada Tahun 1986.[55]
Charles Memenangkan 17 Grammy Awards from Dengan 37 Nominasi.[8] Di Tahun 1987, Dia Dianugerahkan Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[8]
Pada tahun 1991, dia dilantik ke Rhythm & Blues Foundation Dan Dibawakan Oleh George and Ira Gershwin Award untuk Lifetime Musical Achievement selama tahun 1991 UCLA Spring Sing.[56]
Pada tahun 1990, ia diberi gelar doktor terhormat di bidang seni rupa oleh University of South Florida.[57]
Pada 1993, dia dianugerahi National Medal of Arts.[58] Pada tahun 1998 dia dianugerahi Polar Music Prize,Bersama Dengan Ravi Shankar, Di Stockholm, Sweden. Pada tahun 2004 ia dilantik ke National Black Sports & Entertainment Hall of Fame.[59] The Grammy Awards of 2005 didedikasikan untuk Charles.
Pada Tahun 2001, Morehouse College menghormati Charles dengan Candle Award for Lifetime Achievement in Arts and Entertainment,[60] dan kemudian pada tahun yang sama memberinya gelar doktor kehormatan dari bidang sastra.[61] Charles menyumbangkan $ 2 juta kepada Morehouse "untuk mendanai, mendidik, dan menginspirasi generasi pelopor musik berikutnya".[61]
Pada tahun 2003, Charles dianugerahi gelar kehormatan oleh Dillard University,dan setelah kematiannya ia menganugerahi jabatan profesor sejarah kuliner Afrika-Amerika di sekolah tersebut, kursi pertama di negara tersebut.[62]
Pada tahun 2010, fasilitas senilai $ 20 juta, 76.000 kaki persegi (7.0606 m2) bernama Pusat Seni Pertunjukan Ray Charles dan Gedung Akademik Musik, dibuka di Morehouse.[63]
United States Postal Service mengeluarkan perangko selamanya untuk menghormati Charles, sebagai bagian dari seri Ikon Musikal, pada 23 September 2013.[64]
Pada tahun 2015, Charles dilantik menjadi Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame.[65]
Pada 2016, Presiden AS, Barack Obama berkata "versi Ray Charles "America the Beautiful"menurut saya akan selalu menjadi musik paling patriotik yang pernah dibawakan "[66]
Kontribusi Terhadap Gerakan hak-Hak Sipil
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tanggal 15 Maret 1961, tak lama setelah perilisan lagu hit "Georgia on My Mind" (1960), musisi kelahiran Albany, Georgia itu dijadwalkan tampil di sebuah tarian di Bell Auditorium di Augusta, namun membatalkan pertunjukan tersebut setelah mengetahuinya. dari mahasiswa Paine College bahwa lantai dansa auditorium yang lebih besar akan dibatasi untuk orang kulit putih, sementara orang kulit hitam diwajibkan untuk duduk di balkon Aula Musik. Charles meninggalkan kota segera setelah memberi tahu publik mengapa dia tidak akan tampil, tetapi promotor terus menuntut Charles karena melanggar kontrak, dan Charles didenda $ 757 di Pengadilan Tinggi Fulton County di Atlanta pada 14 Juni 1962. Berikut ini tahun, Charles tampil di konser Auditorium Bell desegregated bersama dengan grup cadangannya Raelettes pada 23 Oktober 1963, seperti yang digambarkan dalam film 2004, Ray. Pada tanggal 7 Desember 2007, Ray Charles Plaza dibuka di Albany, Georgia, dengan patung perunggu Charles yang berputar dan menyala duduk di depan piano.
Ray Charles Foundation
[sunting | sunting sumber]Didirikan pada tahun 1986, Yayasan Ray Charles mengelola pernyataan misi lembaga dan organisasi pendukung keuangan dalam penelitian gangguan pendengaran.[67] Awalnya dikenal sebagai The Robinson Foundation for Hearing Disorders, namanya diubah pada tahun 2006 dan telah memberikan donasi keuangan ke berbagai institusi yang terlibat dalam penelitian dan pendidikan tentang gangguan pendengaran.[68] Tujuan yayasan adalah "untuk mengelola dana untuk tujuan ilmiah, pendidikan dan amal; untuk mendorong, mempromosikan dan mendidik, melalui hibah kepada lembaga dan organisasi, mengenai penyebab dan penyembuhan penyakit dan cacat pendengaran dan untuk membantu organisasi dan institusi dalam program pendidikan sosial dan akademis mereka untuk pemuda, dan melaksanakan kegiatan amal dan pendidikan lainnya yang terkait dengan tujuan ini sebagaimana diizinkan oleh hukum ".[69]
Penerima donasi termasuk Benedict College, Morehouse College, Dan Termasuk Universitas Lainnya [70] Yayasan tersebut telah menindak penerima donasi yang tidak menggunakan dana sesuai dengan pernyataan misinya, seperti Albany State University, yang dilakukan untuk mengembalikan sumbangan $ 3 juta setelah tidak menggunakan dana tersebut selama lebih dari satu dekade.[71] Yayasan ini menaungi kantor eksekutifnya di Gedung Internasional RPM yang bersejarah, awalnya rumah Ray Charles Enterprises dan sekarang juga menjadi rumah bagi Perpustakaan Peringatan Ray Charles di lantai pertama, yang didirikan pada 23 September 2010 (yang akan menjadi rumah ke-80 ulang tahun). Perpustakaan ini didirikan untuk "memberikan jalan bagi anak-anak kecil untuk merasakan musik dan seni dengan cara yang akan menginspirasi kreativitas dan imajinasi mereka", dan tidak terbuka untuk umum tanpa reservasi, karena tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mendidik kelompok massa yang kurang mampu pemuda dan memberikan seni dan sejarah kepada mereka yang tidak memiliki akses ke dokumen tersebut.[72]
Bintang hancur
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada Tanggal 25 Juni 2019 Surat Kabar The New York Times Magazine Mengatakan Bahwa Bintang yang
menempatkan Ray Charles di antara ratusan seniman yang materialnya dilaporkan dihancurkan di 2008 Universal fire.[73]
Kehidupan pribadi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Charles menyatakan dalam otobiografinya tahun 1978, Brother Ray: Ray Charles 'Own Story, bahwa ia menjadi kecanduan wanita setelah kehilangan keperawanannya pada usia 12 tahun karena seorang wanita berusia sekitar 20 tahun. "Rokok dan pukulan (heroin) adalah dua kebiasaan yang benar-benar membuat ketagihan. Sudah tahu. Anda bisa menambahkan wanita, "katanya. "Obsesi saya berpusat pada wanita — dulu (saat muda) dan sekarang. Saya tidak bisa meninggalkan mereka sendirian," tambahnya.[74]
Hubungan Dan Anak
[sunting | sunting sumber]Charles menikah dua kali. Pernikahan pertamanya kurang dari setahun, 22 tahun keduanya. Sepanjang hidupnya, Charles memiliki banyak hubungan dengan wanita yang menjadi ayah dari selusin anak.
Pernikahannya dengan Eileen Williams berlangsung dari 31 Juli 1951 hingga 1952.
Dia bertemu dengan istri keduanya Della Beatrice Howard Robinson (dipanggil "Bea" oleh Charles) di Texas pada tahun 1954. Mereka menikah pada tahun berikutnya pada tanggal 5 April 1955. Anak pertama mereka bersama, Ray Jr., lahir pada tahun 1955. Charles tidak di kota untuk kelahiran karena dia memainkan pertunjukan di Texas. Pasangan itu memiliki dua putra lagi, David dan Robert. Mereka membesarkan anak-anak mereka Di View Park, California.[75] Charles merasa bahwa kecanduan heroinnya mempengaruhi Della selama pernikahan mereka. Karena kecanduan narkoba, perselingkuhan dalam tur, dan perilaku yang tidak menentu, pernikahannya memburuk dan mereka bercerai setelah 22 tahun menikah pada tahun 1977.[76]
Charles berselingkuh selama enam tahun Dengan Margie Hendricks, salah satu Raelettes asli, dan pada tahun 1959 mereka memiliki seorang putra, Charles Wayne. Perselingkuhannya dengan Mae Mosley Lyles menghasilkan seorang putri lagi, Renee, lahir pada tahun 1961. Pada tahun 1963, oleh Sandra Jean Betts, Ray Charles memiliki seorang putri, Sheila Raye Charles, penyanyi dan penulis lagu yang meninggal karena kanker payudara pada 15 Juni 2017.[77] Pada tahun 1977, Charles memiliki seorang anak dengan kekasih Parisnya Arlette Kotchounian yang ia temui pada tahun 1967. Pacar dan pasangan jangka panjangnya pada saat kematiannya adalah Norma Pinella.[78]
Charles Menjadi Ayah 12 Anak Dari 10 Istri Yang Berbeda-beda:[32]
- Evelyn Robinson, Lahir in 1949 (daughter with Louise Flowers)
- Ray Charles Robinson Jr., Lahir Tanggal 25 Mei 1955 (son with wife Della Bea Robinson)
- David Robinson, born in 1958 (son with wife Della Bea Robinson)
- Charles Wayne Hendricks, born on October 1, 1959 (son with Margie Hendricks, one of The Raelettes)[79]
- Robert Robinson, born in 1960 (son with wife Della Bea Robinson)
- Renee Robinson, born in 1961 (daughter with Mae Mosely Lyles)
- Sheila Robinson, born in 1963 (daughter with Sandra Jean Betts)
- Reatha Butler, born in 1966
- Alexandra Bertrand, born in 1968 (daughter with Mary-Chantal Bertrand)
- Vincent Kotchounian, born in 1977 (son with Arlette Kotchounian)
- Robyn Moffett, born in 1978 (daughter with Gloria Moffett)
- Ryan Corey Robinson den Bok, born in 1987 (son with Mary Anne den Bok)[76]
Charles mengadakan makan siang keluarga untuk kedua belas anaknya pada tahun 2002, sepuluh di antaranya hadir. Dia memberi tahu mereka bahwa dia sakit parah dan $ 500.000 telah disimpan untuk setiap anak yang akan dibayarkan selama lima tahun ke depan.[32][80]
Penyalahgunaan Narkoba, Dan Kasus Hukum
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada usia 18 tahun, Charles pertama kali mencoba ganja ketika dia bermain di McSon Trio dan sangat ingin mencobanya karena menurutnya itu membantu musisi menciptakan musik dan memanfaatkan kreativitas mereka. Dia kemudian menjadi kecanduan heroin Selama 17 Tahun.[74] Charles pertama kali ditangkap pada tahun 1955, ketika ia dan teman-teman bandnya ditangkap di belakang panggung dengan membawa mariyuana dan perlengkapan obat terlarang, termasuk sendok, jarum suntik, dan jarum yang dibakar. Penangkapan tidak menghalangi penggunaan narkoba, yang hanya meningkat ketika dia menjadi lebih sukses dan menghasilkan lebih banyak uang.[21]
Pada tahun 1958, Charles ditangkap di Harlem pojok jalan untuk kepemilikan narkotika dan peralatan untuk pemberian heroin.[81]
Charles ditangkap atas tuduhan narkotika pada 14 November 1961, saat menunggu di kamar hotel Indiana sebelum pertunjukan. Para detektif menyita heroin, mariyuana, dan barang-barang lainnya.[82] Charles, saat itu berusia 31 tahun, mengatakan bahwa dia telah menjadi pecandu narkoba sejak usia 16 tahun. Kasus tersebut dibatalkan karena cara bukti diperoleh, tetapi situasi Charles tidak membaik sampai beberapa tahun kemudian.
Saat Musim Halloween Tahun 1964, Charles ditangkap karena memiliki heroin saat berada Di Boston's Logan Airport.[38] Dia memutuskan untuk berhenti menggunakan heroin dan masuk ke Rumah Sakit St. Francis di Lynwood, California, dimana dia bertahan selama empat hari cold turkey penarikan. Setelah masa tinggalnya yang dipaksakan sendiri, dia mengaku bersalah atas empat tuduhan narkotika. Jaksa penuntut meminta dua tahun penjara dan denda yang lumayan, tetapi hakim mendengarkan penjelasan Dr. Hacker tentang tekad Charles untuk keluar dari narkoba dan dia dikirim ke McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts.[83] Hakim menawarkan untuk menunda putusan selama setahun jika Charles setuju untuk menjalani pemeriksaan rutin oleh dokter yang ditunjuk pemerintah. Ketika Charles kembali ke pengadilan, dia menerima hukuman percobaan lima tahun, empat tahun masa percobaan, dan denda $ 10.000.[84]
Charles menanggapi kisah penggunaan narkoba dan reformasi dengan lagu-lagu"I Don't Need No Doctor," "Let's Go Get Stoned," dan perilisan Crying Time, album pertamanya sejak menghilangkan kecanduan heroinnya pada tahun 1966.[85][86]
Hobby Bermain Catur
[sunting | sunting sumber]Charles enjoyed playing chess. A part of his therapy when he quit heroin, he met with psychiatrist Dr. Friedrich Hacker (de), who taught him how to play chess, three times a week.[84] He used a special board with raised squares and holes for the pieces. When questioned if people try to cheat against a blind man, he joked in reply, "You can't cheat in Chess... I'm gonna see that!"[87] In a 1991 concert, he referred to Willie Nelson as "my chess partner".[88] In 2002, he played and lost to the American grandmaster and former U.S. champion Larry Evans.[89]
Kematian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tahun 2003, Charles menjalani operasi penggantian pinggul yang sukses dan berencana untuk kembali tur, sampai dia mulai menderita penyakit lain. Dia meninggal di rumahnya di Beverly Hills, California komplikasi akibat gagal hati,[26] Pada Tanggal 10 Juni Tahun 2004, Diusianya Yang Ke-73 [90] Pemakamannya Berlangsung Pada tanggal 18 Juni 2004 Di First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles Dengan Para Musisi Terkenal Yang Hadir Seperti [91] B.B. King, Glen Campbell, Stevie Wonder Dan Wynton Marsalis Masing-Masing Melakukan Penghormatan Di Pemakamannya.[92] Dia dimakamkan di Pemakaman Taman Inglewood.
Album Terakhirnya, Genius Loves Company, Dirilis 2 Bulan Setelah Kematiannya, terdiri dari duet dengan pengagum dan orang sezaman: B.B. King, Van Morrison, Willie Nelson, James Taylor, Gladys Knight, Michael McDonald, Natalie Cole, Elton John, Johnny Cash, Bonnie Raitt, Diana Krall, Norah Jones Dan Juga Johnny Mathis. Album ini memenangkan delapan Grammy Awards, termasuk Album Vokal Pop Terbaik, Album Terbaik Tahun Ini, Rekaman Tahun Ini dan Kolaborasi Pop Terbaik dengan Vokal (untuk "Here We Go Again", dengan Norah Jones), dan Penampilan Injil Terbaik (untuk "Heaven Help Us All", dengan Gladys Ksatria); dia juga menerima anggukan untuk duetnya dengan Elton John dan B.B. King. Album tersebut menyertakan versi Dari Harold Arlen Dan E. Y. Harburg's "Over the Rainbow", dinyanyikan sebagai duet dengan Johnny Mathis, yang dimainkan pada upacara peringatan Charles.[92]
Discography
[sunting | sunting sumber]Lagu Yang BIasa Dinyanyikan Dia :
- "I Got a Woman" (1954)
- "What'd I Say " (1959)
- "Night Time Is the Right Time" (1959)
- "Georgia on My Mind" (1960)
- "Hit the Road Jack" (1961)
- "One Mint Julep" (1961)
- "Unchain My Heart" (1961)
- "I Can't Stop Loving You" (1962)
- "Baby Grand" (duet with Billy Joel) (1986)
- "A Song For You" (1993)
Film
[sunting | sunting sumber]Film
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tahun Produksi | Judul | Peran | Keterangan |
---|---|---|---|
1961 | Swingin' Along | Dia Sendiri | |
1965 | Ballad in Blue | Dia Sendiri | |
1966 | The Big T.N.T. Show | Dia Sendiri | Film Dokumentasi |
1980 | The Blues Brothers | Ray | Cameo appearance |
1989 | Limit Up | Julius | |
1990 | Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones | Dia Sendiri | Documentary |
1994 | Love Affair | Dia Sendiri | Cameo appearance |
1996 | Spy Hard | Supir Bus | Cameo appearance |
1998 | New Yorkers 2 | Dia Sendiri | Cameo appearance |
2000 | The Extreme Adventures of Super Dave | Dia Sendiri | |
2000 | Blue's Big Musical Movie | G-Clef (voice) | Peran film terakhir sebelum
kematiannya pada tahun 2004 |
2004 | Ray | Dia Sendiri | Tidak dikreditkan
Rekaman arsip |
Television
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tahun Acara | Judul | Peran | Catatan |
---|---|---|---|
1977 | Saturday Night Live | Himself (host) | Season 3, Episode 5 |
1987 | Who's the Boss | Himself | Episode: "Hit the Road, Chad" |
1987 | St. Elsewhere | Arthur Tibbits | Episode: "Jose, Can You See?" |
1987 | Moonlighting | Himself | Episode: "A Trip to the Moon" |
1994 | Ray Alexander: A Taste for Justice | Television movie | |
1994 | Wings | Himself | Episode: "A Decent Proposal" |
1997–1998 | The Nanny | Sammy | 4 episodes |
Keterangan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b According to Eagle, Bob L.; LeBlanc, Eric S. (May 2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. hlm. 361. ISBN 9780313344244., based on the authors' interpretation of 1935 Florida census information, he was born Horace Charles Robinson in Greenville, Florida. However, most other reliable sources give his birth name as Ray Charles Robinson, and his birthplace as Albany, Georgia. It has been suggested that there has been a misinterpretation and that Horace Charles Robinson was in fact a half-brother.
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- ^ "Ray Charles Nabbed On Dope Charge, Wants To 'Take Cure'". Jet: 58–59. November 30, 1961.
- ^ Turner, M.A. (January 6, 2002). "More than Just a Celebrity Psych Ward". Hartford Courant. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2019.
- ^ a b Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever (dalam bahasa Inggris). ABC-CLIO. hlm. 44. ISBN 9780313338458.
- ^ "Ray Charles: Lessons From His Life & Death". BlackDoctor.org. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2017.
- ^ "About Ray Charles". PBS.org. May 17, 2006. Diakses tanggal March 16, 2017.
- ^ "The chess games of Ray Charles". Chessgames.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 7, 2014. Diakses tanggal December 22, 2014.
- ^ Charles, Ray (2005). Genius & Friends (CD). Burbank, California: Atlantic Records. Berlangsung pada Track 13 2:22.
- ^ "Chess News – GM Larry Melvyn Evans (1932–2010)". ChessBase.com. Diakses tanggal December 30, 2011.
- ^ D'Angelo, Joe. "Ray Charles Dead at 73". mtv.com. Diakses tanggal January 1, 2012.
- ^ "Little Richard Has Heart Attack". Stcatharinesstandard.ca. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 1, 2014. Diakses tanggal April 25, 2014.
- ^ a b "Many Pay Respects to Ray Charles". CBS News. June 10, 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-29. Diakses tanggal November 25, 2006.
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- Situs web resmi
- Daily Telegraph obituary Diarsipkan 2020-08-13 di Wayback Machine.
- Oral history video excerpts at the National Visionary Leadership Project
- Country Music Hall of Fame
- Appearance at WFOY Radio building
- Ray Charles autobiography: The Early Years 1930–1960 di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal October 12, 2007)
- Kemunculan di C-SPAN
- Diskografi Ray Charles di Discogs
- Ray Charles di Encyclopædia Britannica
- (Inggris) Ray Charles di Find a Grave
- Ray Charles di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
- Diskografi Ray Charles di MusicBrainz
- "Ray Charles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- Templat:Rollingstone artist
- MusicBrainz artist sama seperti Wikidata
- Ray Charles
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