Kemunculan (filsafat)

Gundukan "katedral" sarang rayap yang dihasilkan oleh koloni rayap merupakan contoh klasik kemunculan di alam

Pola riak di gumuk yang diciptakan oleh angin atau air adalah contoh struktur kemunculan di alam.

Dalam filsafat, teori sistem, ilmu pengetahuan, dan seni, kemunculan atau emergentia terjadi ketika suatu entitas yang diamati memiliki sifat-sifat yang tidak dimiliki oleh bagian-bagiannya sendiri-sendiri. Dengan kata lain "kemunculan" adalah sifat atau perilaku yang muncul hanya ketika bagian-bagian entitas berinteraksi secara kolektif dalam keseluruhan yang lebih luas.

Kemunculan memainkan peran sentral dalam teori tingkat integratif dan sistem yang kompleks. Misalnya fenomena kehidupan yang dipelajari dalam biologi, sebenarnya adalah kemunculan dari berbagai sifat kimia. Banyak fenomena psikologis juga diketahui merupakan kemunculan dari proses neurobiologis sederhana yang mendasarinya.

Dalam filsafat, teori yang menekankan pada sifat-sifat kemunculan disebut emergentisme.

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

• Albert, Réka; Jeong, Hawoong; Barabási, Albert-László (9 September 1999). "Diameter of the World-Wide Web". Nature. 401 (6749): 130–131. arXiv:cond-mat/9907038 . Bibcode:1999Natur.401..130A. doi:10.1038/43601. 
• Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science", Science, 177 (4047): 393–96, Bibcode:1972Sci...177..393A, doi:10.1126/science.177.4047.393, PMID 17796623 
• Bedau, Mark A. (1997), Weak Emergence (PDF) 
• Bejan, Adrian (2016), The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-1250078827 
• Bejan, Adrian; Zane, J. P. (2012). Design in Nature: How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organizations. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53461-1
• Blitz, David (1992). Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 
• Corning, Peter A. (1983), The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution, New York: McGraw-Hill 
• Corning, Peter A. (2005). Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
• Huxley, J. S.; Huxley, T. H. (1947). Evolution and Ethics: 1983–1934. London: The Pilot Press. 
• Koestler, Arthur (1969), A. Koestler; J. R. Smythies, ed., Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, London: Hutchinson 
• Laughlin, Robert (2005), A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-03828-2 

• Steels, L (1991). "Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality". Dalam Meyer, J.-A.; Wiloson, S. W. From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Cambridge: MIT Press. hlm. 451–461. 

Bacaan lanjutan

• Alexander, V. N. (2011). The Biologist’s Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature and Nature. Litchfield Park AZ: Emergent Publications.
• Bateson, Gregory (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-226-03905-3 
• Batty, Michael (2005), Cities and Complexity, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-52479-7 
• Bunge, Mario Augusto (2003), Emergence and Convergence: Qualitiative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge, Toronto: University of Toronto Press 
• Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) The Re-Emergence of Emergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Philip Clayton & Paul Davies (eds.) (2006). The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Felipe Cucker and Stephen Smale (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, The Mathematics of Emergence
• Delsemme, Armand (1998), Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence, Cambridge University Press 
• Goodwin, Brian (2001), How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity, Princeton University Press 
• Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Harvester Press 
• Holland, John H. (1998), Emergence from Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-7382-0142-9 
• Kauffman, Stuart (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-507951-7 
• Keller, Rudi (1994), On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language, London/New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-07671-5 
• Kauffman, Stuart (1995), At Home in the Universe, New York: Oxford University Press 
• Kelly, Kevin (1994), Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, Perseus Books, ISBN 978-0-201-48340-6 
• Krugman, Paul (1996), The Self-organizing Economy, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-55786-698-1, ISBN 0-87609-177-X 
• Lewin, Roger (2000), Complexity - Life at the Edge of Chaos (edisi ke-second), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-47654-4, ISBN 0-226-47655-3 
• Ignazio Licata & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). Physics of Emergence and Organization, ISBN 978-981-277-994-6, World Scientific and Imperial College Press.
• Marshall, Stephen (2009), Cities Design and Evolution, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-42329-8, ISBN 0-415-42329-5 
• Morowitz, Harold J. (2002), The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513513-8 
• Pearce, Michael J. (2015), Art in the Age of Emergence., Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-443-87057-3, ISBN 1-443-87057-9 
• Schelling, Thomas C. (1978), Micromotives and Macrobehaviour, W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-05701-0 
• Smith, John Maynard; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997), The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4 
• Smith, Reginald D. (2008), "The Dynamics of Internet Traffic: Self-Similarity, Self-Organization, and Complex Phenomena", Advances in Complex Systems, 14 (6): 905–949, arXiv:0807.3374 , Bibcode:2008arXiv0807.3374S, doi:10.1142/S0219525911003451 
• Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York
• Jakub Tkac & Jiri Kroc (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence (Software) [1] "Video - Simulation of DRX"
• Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), "Emergence à la Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty?", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 41 (2): 178–210, doi:10.1177/0048393109350751 
• Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory, Ashgate Publishing, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-03-11, diakses tanggal 2012-02-13 
• Weinstock, Michael (2010), The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-06633-1 [2]
• Wolfram, Stephen (2002), A New Kind of Science, ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0 
• Young, Louise B. (2002), The Unfinished Universe, ISBN 978-0-19-508039-1 

Pranala luar

• Kemunculan (filsafat) catatan di Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• (Inggris) Entri Emergent Properties di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• (Inggris) Kemunculan (filsafat) di PhilPapers
• (Inggris) Kemunculan (filsafat) di Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
• The Emergent Universe: An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.
• Exploring Emergence: An introduction to emergence using CA and Conway's Game of Life from the MIT Media Lab
• ISCE group: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
• Towards modeling of emergence: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
• Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction
• Studies in Emergent Order: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal
• Emergence
• Emergence – How Stupid Things Become Smart Together – YouTube video by Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
• DIEP: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena