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Nobel Prize

Wikipedia se

Har saal Nobel Prizes dher vibhag me dewa jaawe hae. Ii vibhag hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam dewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se barraa prize maana jaawe hae.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jaae hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii prize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jaae hae.

Prize ke vibhag aur jiite waala

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Bhautik vigyan (Physics) me nobel prize jiite waala[1] jiske Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences de hae

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Saal Jiite waala Des Kaaran
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany "uske ek rakam ke ray ke pawe ke khatir jiske naam uske naam dewa gais hae."[2]
1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands " uske ii khoj ke khatir ki radiation ke uppar magnetism ke kon asar rahe hae."[3]
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France "uske spontaneous radioactivity ke baare me paawe ke baad"[4]
Pierre Curie France " uu logan ke Professor Henri Becquerel se pawa gais radiation phenomena ke baare me khoj "[4]
Marie Curie Poland / France
1904 John William Strutt United Kingdom "uske khaas gas ke uppar khoj aur uske argon ke paawe ke khaatir"[5]
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany "uske cathode ray ke uppar kaam ke khaatir"[6]
1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom " uske "conduction of electricity by gases" ke uppar ke khoj ke khaatir[7]
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States "uske optical precision instruments aur spectroscopic aur metrological ke uppar ke khoj ke khaatir"[8]
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "uske rang se chaapa ke banae ke tarika, jon ki interference phenomenon pe based hae", ke khaatir[9]
1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy uske "development of wireless telegraphy " ke yogdaan ke khaatir[10]
Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "Uske "equation of state for gases and liquids" ke kaam ke khaatir"[11]
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "uske "laws governing the radiation of heat" ke paawe ke khaatir"[12]
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "uske automatic valves" ke banae ke khaatir, jiske "gas accumulators" ke saathe lighthouses aur buoys me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"[13]
1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands "uske "properties of matter at low temperatures" ke baare me khoj ke khaatir jiske kaaran liquid helium banae jaae sakaa gais"[14]
1914 Max von Laue Germany "Uske "diffraction of X-rays by crystals" ke adhyan ke khaatir"[15], jon ki X-ray spectroscopy ke paae ke ek khaas kadam rahaa.
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom "Uske yogdaan "analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" ke khaatir[16],ek khaas kadam rahaa X-ray crystallography me
William Lawrence Bragg United Kingdom
1916 Nai dewa gais
1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "Uske characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements, ke baare me paae ke khaatir"[17], jon ki ek aur khaas kadam rahaa X-ray spectroscopy ke development me
1918 Max Planck Germany "Uske yogdaan Bhutik vigyan (Physics) ke barrhan me uske quanta ke discovery se"[18]
1919 Johannes Stark Germany "uske canal rays me Doppler effect ke paae ke khaatir in canal rays aur electric fields me spectral lines ke splitting ke khaatir"[19]
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "uske yogdaan Bahutik vigyan me precision measurements ke khaatir, nickel-steel alloys me anomalies paae ke paae ke"[20]
1921 Albert Einstein Germany "uske Theoretical Physics me yogdaan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke law of the photoelectric effect ke khaatir"[21]
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "atoms ke structure aur isme se jon radiation nike hae ke investigation me use yogdaan ke khaatir "[22]
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States "uske kaam elementary charge of electricity aur photoelectric effect ke khaatir"[23]
1924 file:Manne Siegbahn.jpg Manne Siegbahn Sweden "uske X-ray spectroscopy ke field me khoj aur discoveries ke khaatir "[24]
1925 James Franck Germany "uske laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom ke khoj ke khaatir"[25]
file:Gustav Ludwig Hertz.jpg Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "uske kaam discontinuous structure of matter ke baare me, aur uske sedimentation equilibrium ke khoj"[26]
1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States "uske Compton effect ke khoj ke khaatir "[27]
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "uske method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour ke khaatir"[27]
1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "thermionic phenomenon pe uske kaam aur khaas kar ke Thermionic emission#Richardson's Law ke khoj ke khaatir"[28]
1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France "uske wave nature of electrons ke khoj ke khaatir"[29]
1930 file:CVRaman.jpg Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "uske kaam scattering of light me aur uske aRaman scattering ke khoj"[30]
1931 Nai dewa gais
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany "uske quantum mechanics banae ke khaatir, jiske kaaran hydrogen ke allotropic forms ke paawa gais rahaa"[31]
1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria "uske nawaa productive forms of atomic theory ke khoj ke khaatir"[32]
Paul Dirac United Kingdom
1934 Nai dewa gais
1935 file:Chadwick.jpg James Chadwick United Kingdom "uske neutron ke khoj ke khaatir"[33]
1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria "uske cosmic radiation ke khoj ke khaatir"[34]
Carl David Anderson United States "uske positron ke khoj ke khaatir"[34]
1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States "uske diffraction of electrons by crystals ke khoj ke khaatir"[35]
George Paget Thomson United Kingdom
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy "uske ii dekhaae ke khaatir ki nawaa radioactive elements neutron irradiation se bane hae, aur uske nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons ke khij ke khaatir"[36]
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States "uske cyclotron ke banae ke khaatir aur isse artificial radioactive elements pe adhyan kare ke khaatir"[37]
1940 Nai dewa gais
1941 Nai dewa gais
1942 Nai dewa gais
1943 file:OttoStern.jpg Otto Stern United States "uske yogdaan development of the molecular ray method aur uske magnetic moment of the proton ke khoj"[38]
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "uske resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ke khaatir"[39]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "uske Exclusion Principle ke khoj ke khaatir, jiske Pauli principle bhi bolaa jaae hae"[40]
1946 file:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg Percy Williams Bridgman United States "uske apparatus to produce extremely high pressures ke banae ke khaatir, aur isse field of high pressure physics me discoveries ke khaatir"[41]
1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "uske physics of the upper atmosphere ke jaanch parrtaal khaas kar ke Appleton layer ke khoj ke khaatir"[42]
1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "uske Wilson cloud chamber method ke banae ke khaatir, aur isse fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation me khoj"[43]
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "uske mesons ke existence ke prediction ke khaatir, jiske uu nuclear forces pe theoretical work se karis rahaa"[44]
1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "uske photographic method of studying nuclear processes ke banae ke khaatir aur uske khoj mesons ke baare me ii method ke kaam me laae kae."[45]
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom "uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles pe kaam karis rahaa"[46]
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland
1952 Felix Bloch United States "uske nawaa methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements ke banaae ke khaatir aur isse jin khoj bhais rahaa."[47]
Edward Mills Purcell United States
1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands "uske phase contrast method ke dekhae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke phase contrast microscope ke banae ke khaatir"[48]
1954 Max Born United Kingdom "uske quantum mechanics ke adhyan, khaas kar ke uske statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ke khaatir"[49]
Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[49]
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States "uske fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ke khoj ke khaatir"[50]
Polykarp Kusch United States "uske precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron ke khaatir"[50]
1956 John Bardeen United States "uske semiconductors pe adhyan aur transistor effect ke khoj"[51]
Walter Houser Brattain United States
William Bradford Shockley United States
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Republic of China "uske parity laws pe ahyan jiske kaaran elementary particlespe khaas jaankari paawa gais rahaa"[52]
Chen Ning Yang Republic of China
1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union "Cherenkov effect ke paae ke aur samjhaae ke khaatir"[53]
Il'ya Frank Soviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Owen Chamberlain United States "uske antiproton ke khoj ke khaatir"[54]
Emilio Gino Segrè Italy
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "uske bubble chamber ke banae ke khaatir"[55]
1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki electron scattering in atomic nuclei ke adhyan karis rahaa aur uu isse structure of the nucleons ke paais rahaa"[56]
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "uske resonance absorption of gamma radiation ke adhyan ke khaatir aur uske effect ke khoj"[56]
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "uu pahila jan rahaa jon condensed matter pe theory banais rahaa, khaas kar ke liquid helium"[57]
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner United States "uske yogdaan atomic nucleus aur elementary particles ke theory ke khaatir, khaas kar ke fundamental symmetry principles ke khoj ke khaatir"[58]
file:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States " uu log ke nuclear shell structure ke khoj ke khaatir"[58]
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union "uske field of quantum electronics me khaas kaam ke khaatir, jiske kaaran oscillators aur amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle ke banaawa gais, ke khaatir"[59]
Aleksandr Prokhorov Soviet Union
Charles Hard Townes United States
1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States " uske khaas kaam quantum electrodynamics me, aur deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles, ke khaatir"[60]
Julian Schwinger United States
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Japan
1966 Alfred Kastler France "uske optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms, ke khoj ke khaatir"[61]
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "uske theory of nuclear reactionske adhyan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke uske energy production in stars ke khoj, ke khaatir"[62]
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States "uske elementary particle physics ke yogdaan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke dher resonance states ke khoje ke khaatir, jiske uu paae sakis through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis, ke khaatir"[63]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "uske yogdaan classification of elementary particles aur uske interactions interactions, ke khaatir"[64]
1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "uske magneto-hydrodynamics me khaas kaam ke khaatir aur iske plasma physics ke dher hissa me kaam me laae ke khaatir "[65]
Louis Néel France "uske khaas kaam antiferromagnetism aur ferrimagnetism me jon ki solid state physics me achchhaa kaam aais "[65]
1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom "uske holographic method ke banae ke khaatir"[66]
1972 John Bardeen United States "uske theory of superconductivity ke banae ke khaatir, jiske jaada kar ke BCS-theory bola jaae hae"[67]
Leon Neil Cooper United States
file:Schrieffer.jpg John Robert Schrieffer United States
1973 Leo Esaki Japan "uske tunneling phenomena in semiconductors aur superconductors me khoj ke khaatir"[68]
Ivar Giaever United States
Norway
file:Brian David Josephson.jpg Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "uske theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier ke khaatir, khaas kar ke Josephson effect me"[68]
1974 Martin Ryle United Kingdom "uske dunia me sab se pahila kaam radio astrophysics me"[69]
Antony Hewish United Kingdom
1975 Aage Bohr Denmark "uske collective motion aur particle motion in atomic nuclei ke biich ke sambandh ke adhyan ke aur theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus, ke khaatir "[70]
Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark
Leo James Rainwater United States
1976 Burton Richter United States "uske a heavy elementary particle ke paae ke khaatir "[71]
Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States
1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States "uske theoretical ikhoj selectronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, ke khaatir"[72]
file:Sir Nevill Francis Mott.jpg Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "uske khoj low-temperature physics me"[73]
Arno Allan Penzias United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[73]
Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "uske yogdaan theory of the unified weak aur electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles me, jisme prediction of the weak neutral current bhi hae"[74]
file:Abdus salam.gif Abdus Salam Pakistan
Steven Weinberg United States
1980 James Watson Cronin United States "uske "violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" me adhyan"[75]
Val Logsdon Fitch United States
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen United States "uske yogdaan laser spectroscopy ke banaae me"[76]
Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "uske yogdaan high-resolution electron spectroscopy ke banae me"[76]
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "uske "theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" ke khaatir"[77]
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India, United States "uske adhyan "physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars", ke khaatir"[78]
William Alfred Fowler United States "uske adhyan "nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" ke khaatir"[78]
1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy "uske yogdaan ek barraa project me, jiske kaaran field particles W aur Z ke paawa gais"[79]
Simon van der Meer Netherlands
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "uske quantized Hall effect ke paae ke khaatir"[80]
1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "uske khaas kaam electron optics me, aur pahila electron microscope ke design ke khaatir"[81]
Gerd Binnig West Germany "uske scanning tunneling microscope ke design ke khaatir"[81]
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany "uske superconductivity in ceramic materials ke baare me adhyan ke khaatir"[82]
Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland
1988 Leon Max Lederman United States "uske neutrino beam method ke khaatir, aur "doublet structure of the leptons" ke dekhaae ke khaatir, muon neutrino ke paae ke baad"[83]
Melvin Schwartz United States
Jack Steinberger United States
1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "uske "separated oscillatory fields method" ke adhyan ke khaatir aur iske kaam hydrogen maser aur duusra atomic clocks me, ke khaatir"[84]
Hans Georg Dehmelt United States "for the development of the ion trap technique"[84]
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "uske adhyan deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons ke khaatir, jisse quark model ke particle physics me banaawa gais hae, ke khaatir"[85]
Henry Way Kendall United States
Richard E. Taylor Canada
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "uske adhyan "studying order phenomena in simple systems" jiske aur complex matter, jaise ki liquid crystals aur polymers me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"[86]
1992 Georges Charpak France "uske particle detectors ke banae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke multiwire proportional chamber"[87]
1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States "uske nawaa rakam ke pulsar ke paae ke khaatir, jiske kaaran gravitation ke adhyan me madat milaa"[88]
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States
1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "uske "neutron spectroscopy" ke banae ke khaatir aur uske khaas kaam aur neutron scattering techniques ke banae ke khaatir, condensed matter ke adhyan kare ke khaatir"[89]
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "uske neutron diffraction technique" ke banae ke khaatir aur "khaas kaam neutron scattering techniques ke suruu kare ke khaatir jisse condensed matter ke adhyan hoe hae"[89]
1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States "uskee tau lepton" ke paae ke khaatir aur uske yogdaan lepton physics me"[90]
Frederick Reines United States "uske neutrino ke paae ke khaair" aur "for yogdaan lepton physics me"[90]
1996 David Morris Lee United States "fuske superfluidity in helium-3 ke paae ke khaatir"[91]
Douglas D. Osheroff United States
Robert Coleman Richardson United States
1997 Steven Chu United States "uulog ke laser light ke thandaa kar ke pakrre ke khaatir adhyan."[92]
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France
William Daniel Phillips United States
1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States "uulog ke ek nawaa rakam ke "quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" ke paae ke khaatir "[93]
Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany
Daniel Chee Tsui United States
1999 Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands "uske "elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" ke khaatir[94]
Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia "uske semiconductor heterostructures ke banae ke khaatir jiske optoelectronics me kaam me laawa jaae hae"[95]
Herbert Kroemer Germany
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "uske kaame integrated circuit ke banae me"[95]
2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States "uske kaam "Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms", aurr "fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" ke khaatir[96]
Carl Edwin Wieman United States
Wolfgang Ketterle Germany
2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "uske kaam astrophysics ke ilaaka me, khaas kar ke "detection of cosmic neutrinos" me[97]
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan
Riccardo Giacconi United States "uske kaam astrophysics me, jiske kaaran cosmic X-ray sources ke paawa gais rahaa"[97]
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia
United States
"uske yogdaan "theory of superconductors and superfluids" me[98]
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom
United States
2004 David J. Gross United States "uske asymptotic freedom ke paae ke khaatir "theory of the strong interaction" me[99]
H. David Politzer United States
Frank Wilczek United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "uske yogdaan quantum "theory of optical coherence" me[100]
John L. Hall United States "uske yogdaan laser-based precision spectroscopy ke banae me , jisme optical frequency comb technique" bhi hae[100]
Theodor W. Hänsch Germany
2006 John C. Mather United States "uske blackbody form aur anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" ke paae ke khaatir[101]
George F. Smoot United States
2007 Albert Fert France "uske giant magnetoresistance ke paae ke khaatir"[102]
Peter Grünberg Germany
2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan "uske "origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" ke paae ke khaatir[103]
Toshihide Maskawa Japan
Yoichiro Nambu United States "the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ke baare me paae ke khaatir"[103]
2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong
United Kingdom
United States
"transmission of light in fibers for optical communication ke baare me abhootapoorv upalabdhi "[104]
Willard S. Boyle Canada
United States
"imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor ke invent kare ke khaatir"[104]
George E. Smith United States
2010 Andre Geim Russia
Netherlands
"uske groundbreaking experiments dui-dimensional material graphene ke baare me"[105]
Konstantin Novoselov Russia
United Kingdom

Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences dwaara tae karaa gais hae)

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Saal Jiite waala[A] Des[B] Kaaran[C]
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff the Netherlands "uske laws of chemical dynamics aur solutions me osmotic pressure ke khoj ke khaatir"[106]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "uske kaam sugar aur purine syntheses ke khaatir"[107]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "uske electrolytic theory of dissociation ke khaatir"[108]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "uske inert gaseous elements in air ke khoj ke khaatir, aur iske periodic system me sahii jagha rakkhe ke khaatir"[109]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "uske kaam organic chemistry aur chemical industry ke barrhan ke khaatir, uske kaam organic dyes aur hydroaromatic compounds ke baare me", ke khaatir

[110]

1906 Henri Moissan France " use khoj aur element fluorine ke alag kare ke khaatir, aur electric furnace ke khaatir"[111]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany "uske biochemical adhyans ke khaatir aur uske cell-free fermentation ke paae ke khaatir"[112]
1908 Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand
"uske disintegration of the elements, aur chemistry of radioactive substances ke khoj ke khaatir"[113]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany "uske catalysis pe kaam aur uske fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction ke khoj, ke khaatir"[114]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "uske organic chemistry aur chemical industry ke yogdaan khaas kaam aur field of alicyclic compounds me kaam kare ke khaatir"[115]
1911 Marie Curie, née Sklodowska Poland "uske elements radium aur polonium ke paae ke khaatir"[116]
1912 Victor Grignard France " Grignard reagent ke paae ke khaatir"[117]
Paul Sabatier France uske "method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals', ke khaatir[117]
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "uske linkage of atoms in molecules me kaam ke khaatir"[118]
1914 Theodore William Richards United States "uske dher chemical element ke atomic weight ke khoje ke khaatir"[119]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "uske chlorophyll" ke adhyan ke khaatir[120]
1916 Nai dew gais
1917 Nai dewa gais
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "uske synthesis of ammonia ke banae ke khaatir"[121]
1919 Nai dewa gais
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "uske kaam thermochemistry" me, ke khaatir[122]
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "uske yogdaan, hamlog ke chemistry of radioactive substances ke samjhe ke aur uske adhyan isotopes me"[123]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "uske, mass spectrograph ke kaam me laae ke dher non-radioactive elements ke isotopes ke paae ke khaatir aur uske whole-number rule ke suruu kare ke khaatir"[124]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria uske "method of micro-analysis of organic substances" ke banae ke khaatir[125]
1924 Nai dewa gais
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany "uske ii dekhae ke khaatir ki colloid heterogeneous hae"[126]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "uske kaam disperse systems me"[127]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "uske adhyam ke khaatir ki bile acids kon chij se banaa hae."[128]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "uske adhyan ki sterols kon chij se banaa hae aur iske vitamins se kon sambandh hae"[129]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom uske adhyan "fermentation of sugar" aur fermentative enzymes"[130]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Germany
1930 Hans Fischer Germany uske adhyan ki haemin aur chlorophyll kon chij se banaa hae aur "synthesis of haemin"[131]
1931 Carl Bosch Germany "uu log ke yogdaan chemical high pressure methods ke banaae me"[132]
Friedrich Bergius Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir United States uske khoj aur adhyan "surface chemistry"me , ke khaatir[133]
1933 Nai dewa gais
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "uske heavy hydrogen ke paae ke khaatir"[134]
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "uu log ke synthesis of new radioactive elements ke khaatir"[135]
Irene Joliot-Curie France
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye the Netherlands "uske kaam "molecular structure" pe dipole moments aur diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases ke adhyan ke baad"[136]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "uske adhyan carbohydrates aur vitamin C pe, ke khaatir"[137]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "uske adhyan carotenoids, flavins aur vitamins A aur B2, ke khaatir"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "uske kaam carotenoids aur vitamins ke khaatir"[138]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt Germany "uske kaam sex hormones" pe, ke khaatir[139]
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "uske kaam polymethylenes aur higher terpenes pe, ke khaatir"[139]
1940 Nai dewa gais
1941 Nai dewa gais
1942 Nai dewa gais
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "uske kaam ki isotopes ke tracers ke rakam kaam me laawa jaae sake hae chemical processes ke adhyan me"[140]
1944 Otto Hahn Germany "uske fission of heavy nuclei" ke paae, ke khaatir[141]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "uske fodder preservation method" ke banae ke khaatir[142]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "uske ii paae ke khaatir ki enzymes ke crystallize karaa jaae sake hae"[143]
John Howard Northrop United States "uske pure enzymes aur virus proteins ke banae ke khaatir"[143]
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "uske plant products of biological importance ke paae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke alkaloids"[144]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "uske adhyan electrophoresis aur adsorption analysis me, khaas kar ke "complex nature of the serum proteins" ke paae ke khaatir[145]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "uske field of chemical thermodynamics me kaam,ke khaatir"[146]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany "uske diene synthesis" ke banaae ke khaatir[147]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "uske adhyan transuranium elements pe", ke khaatir[148]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "uske partition chromatography" ke banaae ke khaatir[149]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany "uske macromolecular chemistry me dher chij paae ke khaatir"[150]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States "uske adhyan the nature of the chemical bond ke khaatir"[151]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "uske kaam first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone, ke khaatir"[152]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "uske adhyan "mechanism of chemical reactions" pe, ke khaatir[153]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov USSR
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom uske "nucleotides aurnucleotide co-enzymes" pe kaam ke khaatir[154]
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "uske kaam "the structure of proteins", khaas kar ke insulin" pe, ke khaatir[155]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia uske "polarographic methods of analysis" ke paae ke khaatir[156]
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "uske adhyan ki carbon-14 ke kaise age determination ke khaatir archaeology, geology, geophysics me kaise kaam me laawa jaae sake hae, ke khaatir"[157]
1961 Melvin Calvin United States uske adhyan "carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" pe, ke khaatir[158]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom uske adhyan "globular proteins" pe, ke khaatir[159]
John Cowdery Kendrew John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany uske "chemistry and technology of high polymer" [[Ziegler-Natta catalyst| me nawaa chij paae ke khaatir "[160]
Giulio Natta Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "uske determinations by X-ray techniques khaas biochemical substances ke structure ke adhyan ke khaatir"[161]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "uske outstanding achievements organic synthesis kare me, ke khaatir"[162]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States uske khaas kaam "molecules ke chemical bonds aur electronic structure ke baare me, molecular orbital method ke kaam me laae ke", ke khaatir[163]
1967 Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of Germany uulog ke "ekdam jor chemical reactions ke adhyan, jiske equilibrium ke badlae jaae hae chhotaa pulse of energy se", ke khaatir[164]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager United States uske "reciprocal relations ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki thermodynamics of irreversible processes khaatir jaruri hae", ke khaatir[165]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom uulog ke yogdaan "concept of conformation" ke banae ke khaatir aur iske chemistry me kaise kaam me laawa jaae hae", ke khaatir[166]
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina uske "sugar nucleotides ke paae ke khaatir aur iske jaruri biosynthesis of carbohydrates me", ke khaatir[167]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "uske yogdaan ""electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" ke baare me jaane ke khaatir[168]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen United States uske kaam "ribonuclease pe, khaas kar ke amino acid sequence aur the biologically active conformation ke biich ke sambandh", ke khaatir [169]
Stanford Moore United States uu log ke yogdaan "connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule", ke baare me samjhe ke khaatir[169]
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of Germany uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki apne se "chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" pe adhyan karis rahaa.[170]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States uske khaas kaam, duuno theoretical aur experimental, "physical chemistry of macromolecules pe", ke khaatir[171]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom
uske kaam " stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions me", ke khaatir[172]
Vladimir Prelog Switzerland uske "stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions pe adhyan", ke khaatir[172]
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States uske adhyan "structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding", ke khaatir[173]
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium uske yogdaan "non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" me, ke khaatir[174]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom uske yogdaan "biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" ke samjhe ke khaatir [175]
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States uske "boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, ke kaam me laae ke important reagents in organic synthesis ke khaatir kaam me laais"[176]
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of Germany
1980 Paul Berg United States uske khaas adhyan "biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", ke khaatir[177]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert United States uulog ke yogdaan determination of base sequences in nucleic acids", ke khaatir[177]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui Japan "uulog ke theories, concerning the course of chemical reactions" jiske uulog apne se develop karin, ke khaatir [178]
Roald Hoffmann United States
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom uske "crystallographic electron microscopy aur structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes", ke khaatir[179]
1983 Henry Taube United States uske kaam "on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes", ke khaatir[180]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States uske "chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" ke parrhe ke method ke adhyan ke khaatir[181]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States uulog ke bahut achchhaa safaltaa "in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures", ke khaatir[182]
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach United States " uulog ke yogdaan "concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes", ke khaatir[183]
Yuan T. Lee United States
John C. Polanyi Canada
1987 Donald J. Cram United States uulog ke "molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" banae aur kaam me laae ke khaatir[184]
Jean-Marie Lehn Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of Germany uulog ke " photosynthetic reaction centre ke three-dimensional structure" ke determine kare ke khaatir[185]
Robert Huber Robert Huber Federal Republic of Germany
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States
uske "for catalytic properties of RNA" ke paae ke khaatir[186]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States uske " organic synthesis", ke method ke develop kare ke khaatir[187]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland uske yogdaan "high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" ke banae me [188]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States uske yogdaan "theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems", ke khaatir[189]
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States uske " polymerase chaen reaction (PCR) method" ke banae ke khaatir [190]
Michael Smith Canada uske yogdaan "DNA-based chemistry" me, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[190]
1994 George A. Olah United States uske yogdaan "carbocation chemistry" me[191]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen the Netherlands uulog ke yogdaan "fatmospheric chemistry me, khaas kar ke formation aur decomposition of ozone"[192]
Mario J. Molina Mario J. Molina United States
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States uske "fullerenes" ke paae ke khaatir[193]
Harold Kroto Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States uske "enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" ke samjhaae ke khaatir[194]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark uske "ek ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" ke khoj ke khaatir [194]
1998 Walter Kohn United States uske "density-functional theory" ke banae ke khaatir [195]
John A. Pople United Kingdom uske quantum chemistry me "computational methods" ke banae ke khaatir[195]
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States
uske adhyan "transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" me [196]
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States uulog ke "conductive polymers" paae ke khaatir [197]
Alan G MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States uulog ke kaam "chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" me[198]
Ryoji Noyori Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States uske kaam " chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" me[198]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn United States uske "development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules", ke khaatir[199]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland uulog ke "development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" ke khaatir[199]
2003 Peter Agre United States uske "discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels", ke khaatir[200]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon United States uske "discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels", ke khaatir[200]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel uske "ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation", ke paae ke khaatir[201]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2005 Yves Chauvin France uulog ke "development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis", ke khaatir[202]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "uske molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription ke adhyan ke khaatir"[203]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "uske his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces ke khaatir"[204]
2008 Osamu Shimomura United States[205] "uske green fluorescent protein, GFP ke paae ke aur banaae ke khaatir"[206]
Martin Chalfie United States
Roger Y. Tsien United States

Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (jiske Karolinska Institutet tae karis hae)

[badlo | source ke badlo]

1901-1910

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906

1911-1919

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Allvar Gullstrand, 1911

1920-1929

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Frederick Banting, 1923

1930-1939

[badlo | source ke badlo]

1940-1949

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Alexander Fleming, 1945

1950-1959

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Selman Waksman, 1952

1960-1969

[badlo | source ke badlo]

1970-1979

[badlo | source ke badlo]
David Baltimore, 1975

1980-1989

[badlo | source ke badlo]
file:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg
Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1986

1990-1999

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Ferid Murad, 1998

2000-2009

[badlo | source ke badlo]
Luc Montagnier, 2008

References

[badlo | source ke badlo]
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