Assaf Yasur-Landau
Professor of Mediterranean Archaeology, Department of Maritime Civilizations, University of Haifa
Head, The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa
https://maritime.haifa.ac.il/
Director, the Coastal Archaeology and Underwater Survey Lab, University of Haifa
Vice director, the Haifa School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures
https://samc.haifa.ac.il/school-of-archaeology-maritime-cultures-staff/?lang=en
Co-director (with Eric H. Cline) of the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project
Head, The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa
https://maritime.haifa.ac.il/
Director, the Coastal Archaeology and Underwater Survey Lab, University of Haifa
Vice director, the Haifa School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures
https://samc.haifa.ac.il/school-of-archaeology-maritime-cultures-staff/?lang=en
Co-director (with Eric H. Cline) of the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project
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The volume offers a comprehensive introduction to the archaeology of the southern Levant (modern day Israel, Palestine and Jordan) from the Paleolithic period to the Islamic era, presenting the past with chronological changes from hunter-gatherers to empires. Written by an international team of scholars in the fields of archaeology, epigraphy, and bioanthropology, the volume presents central debates around a range of archaeological issues, including gender, ritual, the creation of alphabets and early writing, biblical periods, archaeometallurgy, looting, and maritime trade. Collectively, the essays also engage diverse theoretical approaches to demonstrate the multi-vocal nature of studying the past. Significantly, The Social Archaeology of the Levant updates and contextualizes major shifts in archaeological interpretation.
Tel Kabri Canaanite Palace
3rd millennium BCE until the end of the Roman period. This study further investigated the blue pigment with the Visible Induced Luminescence technique, allowing us to exclude the use of other blue pigments by the ancient artists of Tel Kabri. It also provided new information on the distribution of the pigment on the surfaces of the
fragments, including those in which the blue colour was hardly visible to the nakedeye. The technique supported other observations on the layering of the pigments as well as the mixtures of colours and provided data on conservation issues related to the painted fragments. The findings of the study clearly demonstrate the advantages of
the technique to investigate areas in Aegean-style Bronze Age wall paintings that were painted using the Egyptian Blue pigment.
Its objective was especially to present and increase our knowledge about Ancient Near Eastern palaces in comparison to those in Egypt. It becomes clear that while concepts of axial plans and symmetry in Egyptian palaces reflect the pharaonic mind, Ancient Near Eastern architects were more flexible in planning. Besides the canonical principles exhibited by the core of palaces as witnessed in Mesopotamia in the times of the great empires, the modular construction process, as particularly found in Syria, allowed the adaptation of architecture to the needs of changing palatial households.
The size and type of architecture demonstrate the kind of representation of the ruler towards his world. Some features were adopted from temples in order to stage the appearance of the ruler like a divine epiphany. The size of the throne room and the number of columns could be taken as a yardstick for the importance of a ruler. The number of columns of porticos and halls within different units of a palace shows us a hierarchy in the use of spaces within the building complex, while the capacity of storerooms gives us an impression about the economic power that stands behind it.
This workshop followed the most successful conference on Ancient Egyptian palaces organised by the Austrian Academy, the University of Würzburg and the Egypt Exploration Society in June 2013 in London, which is published in the volume “Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces I” (Vienna 2018). Together, these two volumes will contribute to a better understanding of the architectural canon and diversity of palaces in Ancient Egypt and the difference in concept to their Ancient Near Eastern counterparts, but highlight as well mutual influences between the two worlds.
excavation seasons is still underway, it is the aim
of this article to present an updated picture of the
finds from the last phase of the palace, and to draw
initial conclusions regarding room function that will
contribute to the understanding of life within such a
Mediterranean palace.
edited by Eva Andersson Strand and Marie-Louise Nosch.
(Ancient textiles series; vol. 21)
The volume offers a comprehensive introduction to the archaeology of the southern Levant (modern day Israel, Palestine and Jordan) from the Paleolithic period to the Islamic era, presenting the past with chronological changes from hunter-gatherers to empires. Written by an international team of scholars in the fields of archaeology, epigraphy, and bioanthropology, the volume presents central debates around a range of archaeological issues, including gender, ritual, the creation of alphabets and early writing, biblical periods, archaeometallurgy, looting, and maritime trade. Collectively, the essays also engage diverse theoretical approaches to demonstrate the multi-vocal nature of studying the past. Significantly, The Social Archaeology of the Levant updates and contextualizes major shifts in archaeological interpretation.
3rd millennium BCE until the end of the Roman period. This study further investigated the blue pigment with the Visible Induced Luminescence technique, allowing us to exclude the use of other blue pigments by the ancient artists of Tel Kabri. It also provided new information on the distribution of the pigment on the surfaces of the
fragments, including those in which the blue colour was hardly visible to the nakedeye. The technique supported other observations on the layering of the pigments as well as the mixtures of colours and provided data on conservation issues related to the painted fragments. The findings of the study clearly demonstrate the advantages of
the technique to investigate areas in Aegean-style Bronze Age wall paintings that were painted using the Egyptian Blue pigment.
Its objective was especially to present and increase our knowledge about Ancient Near Eastern palaces in comparison to those in Egypt. It becomes clear that while concepts of axial plans and symmetry in Egyptian palaces reflect the pharaonic mind, Ancient Near Eastern architects were more flexible in planning. Besides the canonical principles exhibited by the core of palaces as witnessed in Mesopotamia in the times of the great empires, the modular construction process, as particularly found in Syria, allowed the adaptation of architecture to the needs of changing palatial households.
The size and type of architecture demonstrate the kind of representation of the ruler towards his world. Some features were adopted from temples in order to stage the appearance of the ruler like a divine epiphany. The size of the throne room and the number of columns could be taken as a yardstick for the importance of a ruler. The number of columns of porticos and halls within different units of a palace shows us a hierarchy in the use of spaces within the building complex, while the capacity of storerooms gives us an impression about the economic power that stands behind it.
This workshop followed the most successful conference on Ancient Egyptian palaces organised by the Austrian Academy, the University of Würzburg and the Egypt Exploration Society in June 2013 in London, which is published in the volume “Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces I” (Vienna 2018). Together, these two volumes will contribute to a better understanding of the architectural canon and diversity of palaces in Ancient Egypt and the difference in concept to their Ancient Near Eastern counterparts, but highlight as well mutual influences between the two worlds.
excavation seasons is still underway, it is the aim
of this article to present an updated picture of the
finds from the last phase of the palace, and to draw
initial conclusions regarding room function that will
contribute to the understanding of life within such a
Mediterranean palace.
edited by Eva Andersson Strand and Marie-Louise Nosch.
(Ancient textiles series; vol. 21)
ABSTRACT: It may be said that the Medinet Habu reliefs of the victories over the Philistines and other "Sea Peoples" acted, much like other imagery (e.g., photographs or paintings) as a cognitive scaffolding between event and memory. In doing so they not only strengthened long-term memories, but could also create new memories and perceptions about past historical events, i.e. they could create false memories of true events. Indeed it seems that there was at least one person who believed the narrative of Egyptian domination long after its demise: The priest Wenamun traveling through the Levant after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire.
Reinhard Achenbach
Divine Warfare and Yhwh’s Wars: Religious Ideologies of War in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament
Michal Artzy
Continuation and Change in the 13th–10th Centuries BCE: Bronze-Working Koine?
Michael Avioz
The Davidic Covenant in 2 Samuel 7: Conditional or Unconditional?
Yigal Bloch
Assyro-Babylonian Conflicts in the Reign of Aššsur-rēša-iši I: The Contribution of Administrative Documents to History-Writing
Walter Dietrich
David and the Philistines: Literature and History
Frederick Mario Fales
Ḫanigalbat in the Early Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: A Retrospective View
Avraham Faust
Between Israel and Philistia: Ethnic Negotiations in the South during the Iron Age I
Gershon Galil
Solomon’s Temple: Fiction or Reality?
Yosef Garfinkel, Saar Ganor and Michael G. Hasel
The Iron Age City of Khirbet Qeiyafa after four Seasons of Excavations
Moshe Garsiel
Ideological Discordance between the prophets Nathan and Samuel as reflecting the Divergence between the Book of Samuel’s authors
Moti Haiman
Geopolitical Aspects of the Southern Levant Desert in the 11th–10th Centuries BCE
Larry G. Herr
Jordan in the Iron I and IIB Periods
Richard S. Hess
The Distinctive Value of Human Life in Israel’s Earliest Legal Traditions
Victor Avigdor Hurowitz
Yhwh’s Exalted House Revisited: New Comparative Light on the Biblical Image of Solomon’s Temple
Sandra Jacobs
נפש תחת נפש “A Life for A Life” and napšāte umalla
Dan´el Kahn
A Geo-Political and Historical Perspective of Merneptah’s Policy in Canaan
Aaron Koller
The Kos in the Levant: Thoughts on its Distribution, Function, and Spread from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age II
André Lemaire
West Semitic Epigraphy and the History of the Levant during the 12th–10th Centuries BCE
Yigal Levin
Ideology and Reality in the Book of Judges
Mario Liverani
Melid in the Early and Middle Iron Age: Archaeology and History
Aren M. Maeir
Insights on the Philistine Culture and Related Issues: An Overview of 15 Years of Work at Tell eṣ-Ṣafi/Gath
Alan Millard
Scripts and their uses in the 12th–10th Centuries BCE
John P. Nielsen
Nebuchadnezzar I’s Eastern Front
Troy Leiland Sagrillo
Šîšaq’s Army: 2 Chronicles 12:2–3 from an Egyptological Perspective
Itamar Singer
The Philistines in the North and the Kingdom of Taita
Ephraim Stern
Archaeological Remains of the Northern Sea People along the Sharon and Carmel Coasts and the Acco and Jezrael Valleys
Christoffer Theis and Peter van der Veen
Some “Provenanced” Egyptian Inscriptions from Jerusalem: A Preliminary Study of Old and New Evidence
Koert van Bekkum
Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1
Assaf Yasur-Landau
Chariots, Spears and Wagons: Anatolian and Aegean Elements in the Medinet Habu Land Battle Relief
Ran Zadok
The Aramean Infiltration and Diffusion in the Upper Jazira, 1150–930 BCE
Wolfgang Zwickel
Cult in the Iron Age I–IIA in the Land of Israel
Wolfgang Zwickel
The Change from Egyptian to Philistine Hegemony in South-Western Palestine during the Time of Ramesses III or IV
Index of Authors
Index of Sources
Index of Subjects
material remains of such helmets found in 12th century Greece are then compared with the iconographic evidence.
twelfth centuries bce. While many traits of the Philistine
bird motif, such as the general shape of the bird's body,
curved slim neck, small head, and chevron wings, are
comparable to those of the Dodecanese and Cypriot bird
motifs, the Philistine motif differs from these and most
other Aegean bird motifs in the decoration of the bird's
body with a triglyph pattern. This article explores the
occurrences of triglyph decoration on the bodies of birds
in the Aegean, with special attention to their appearance on Crete. Finally, the article explores the impact of twelfth and eleventh century bce Cypriot material culture on Philistine culture, arguing that the LHIIIC-style Cypriot pottery designs had little or no impact upon the canonical Philistine bird motif.
the eastern Mediterranean. The Caesarea ingots, together with the latter, highlight the role of the Cypriots in the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age metal trade, and date their involvement to the 13th–early 12th century BCE. Rather than a specific connection between Cyprus and Sardinia at this time, as previously reconstructed, a broader commercial network and heightened involvement of the Cypriots in regional and supra-regional exchange in the eastern Mediterranean are suggested.
Abstract
In ancient Near Eastern and Aegean societies, feasts are often grand scale events. There, the act of giving and receiving is organized by means of sophisticated redistribution mechanisms that are run by the royal or religious institutes, that is, the palace and the temple. These direct their material resources to specific events of feasting with the aid of administrative system that determines the expenditures and the personnel participating in the event, as required by the locality and the occasion itself.
The objective of this work is to offer directions towards a systematic comparative study of feasting practices in the Aegean and Canaanite societies in the 14th-12th centuries BCE. It is aimed to reconstruct the socio-political meaning of feasts that enjoyed the support of institutional redistribution in the Aegean and the Canaanite cultures, as well as the degree in which Aegean and Canaanite feasts influenced one another.
Prausnitz, three cist tombs were unearthed in Area E, on the eastern part of the
mound. These tombs, built of large roughly-hewn stone blocks, previously dated
to the Iron Age IB, display a rich material culture, consisting of pottery vessels,
weapons, jewellery and other small finds. To date, only parts of the assemblage
of these tombs have been published in preliminary publications. Here, for the
first time, we consider the entirety of the tomb assemblages, including ceramic,
metal and other finds, as well as tomb architecture and human remains. We
maintain that the emerging picture points to a more complex narrative of the
Iron Age settlement at Achziv and its population than previously thought.
Rather than dating to the Iron IB, they can be related to the Iron IIA and to the
existence of an elite manifesting its local identity through burial practices that
reflect long-lasting coastal cultural traditions. At the same time, a new date
for the resettlement of Achziv is offered and connected to processes of Tyrian
consolidation of power, accompanied by the establishment of administrative
control in parts of the western Galilee and the Akko Valley in the Iron Age IIA.
of the Middle Bronze Age, was exclusively limited to short inscription of personal commemoration. In this reality the non-scribal modes of communications had several interesting roles in sending messages of personal statements (of ownership?) as well as common belief systems. Among the case studies that will be treated are:
1. Inscribed and marked weapons and tools
2. Artisans’ marks on ivory and ceramic
3. Non administrative scarab stamps on loomweights and jar handles
4. Potmarks and symbolism of the Canaanite goddess Ashera found on pottery.
It seems that none of these signs were a part of a local Canaanite administrative system, none relate to either Akkadian or Egyptian script, and none is connected with commercial activities of branding.
chalky limestone (rather than limestone or dolomite), with high likelihood that nine out of the 12 such anchors were produced from the Arqan Formation chalky limestone, from the Carmel ridge. One carbonate rock anchor may originate from a geological formation we have either not sampled along the Israeli coast or from a foreign origin. Other stone anchors were produced from kurkar or beachrock. Our findings suggest that these were produced from rocks from the Carmel coast and further north. We also identify-two procurement strategies for stone anchors: either as a unified set from a production center, or mixed and matched from different rock types and sources. This pilot study opens the possibility to analyze stone anchor provenance in the Eastern Mediterranean in more detail than before. Future research to enlarge the rock reference collection beyond the Israeli coast will provide further archaeological and anthropological insight into maritime activity during the Bronze Age.
Three depositional units have been identified. The lower was found to be coastal deposits earlier than the Iron Age IB (Ir1b, 11-10th c. BCE). The middle unit is an ash deposit containing pottery and bone refuse dating to the Ir1b, probably a town dump, that became indurated due to sea level rise and resembles beachrock. The upper unit is composed of tell occupation deposits, including phytolith-rich layers and evidence for wood ash and compacted livestock dung as in stabling deposits. The latter, dated to the Ir1b – Ir2a (i.e. up-to and including the 9th c. BCE), reflects dumped refuse and livestock keeping in a terrestrial (i.e. non-marine) environment. Overall, this study provides initial insights into site formation processes and human activities at Dor’s maritime interface during the Iron Age.
In this article, we revisit a previously excavated Iron Age well from Dor, a key component in the recreation of sea levels in the late second and early first millennium BCE. Based on archaeological input from Ilan Sharon, and a renewed understanding of the lifecycle of such coastal wells and its relevance to the method by which they should be dated, we suggest
a significant re-dating of the Dor well. Due to the scarcity of Iron Age coastal sea-level markers, this alteration has far-reaching implications for current sea-level estimations for this period.
Lagoon to the south. At its northern exit, an NW–SE trending square anomaly is visible in the geophysical data, buried underneath centuries of sand accumulation. It is parallel and similar in shape and scale to a Hellenistic feature observed in satellite data and excavated during the underwater archaeological survey. It seems that during the beginning/Middle Bronze Age, a natural or manmade channel was utilized as an entrance to the bay. As sea levels rose and sand began to accumulate, the channel was periodically filled in and would have needed to have been cleared. Eventually, it became too expensive or inconvenient to maintain, probably during the Byzantine period. The southern anchorage was abandoned for more favorable conditions to the north of the Tel. The sequence of events shows how ancient builders first utilized a natural channel, maintained it as sea levels rose, and abandoned it when it became too problematic to maintain.
Age Dor. During 2016 and 2017 five features excavated under water provided new data about the development and chronology
of this interface. The results support a revised dating and interpretation of previously excavated structures and the identification
of several new stone-built coastal fortification and maritime features, dating to the Early Iron Age. A later phase of construction
attributed to the 7th century BCEAssyrian period at Dorwas also documented. The outcome of the excavation is the introduction
of new aspects of the development of Dor in the Iron Age, including what is likely part of t
unit is a red-brown loam locally know and hamra, while the uppermost covering unit is inferred as loose sand. The sand unit, reaching thicknesses of up to 9 metres, is chronologically constrained between 6 ka to present consisting of four facies. Out of these four facies the uppermost and lowermost lithologies were interpreted as natural beach and aeolian deposits that are interbedded with two grey coloured, artefact-containing, anthropogenic sand facies. One anthropogenic facies represents an urban garbage mound and the other is an agricultural pedo-sediment, both dated to the Roman-Early Islamic periods. The pedo-sediment appears to be improved, in terms of soil fertility, and we therefore propose that it is the outcome of manuring enrichment for agricultural purposes. Taking advantage of the high coastal freshwater aquifer in the study area that facilitates capillary rise, we propose that this pedo-sediment represents buried agricultural plots. This study shows potential to further the knowledge and understanding regarding human societies, their connection to and impact on the environment and could be of relevance to other archaeological sites around the Mediterranean.
Antiquity (284–638 CE), dominated Caesarea’s harbor center along modern Israel’s central
coast but it was only one part of a larger maritime complex. The Southern Anchorage
provides a case study as one portion of the Caesarea complex, as well as a node within the
regional network of anchorages and small harbors. Ceramics recovered from here show a
high percentage of locally, and provincially, produced storage jars engaged in maritime
trade. The ceramic evidence points towards an intensified regional trade or cabotage rather
than favouring long distance trade from large port to port. Working out of these small
harbors, opportunities arose for greater flexibility in specialization of commodities and
materials passing through the network of subsidiary ports, contributing to a more diversified
market economy. This analysis provides another example in the growing focus on
how these simple and semi-modified anchorages in the Eastern Mediterranean were often
the predominant economic networks connecting hinterland and coastal trade.
The results confirmed Yadin’s interpretation of the occupation levels at stratum 3 (MB II-C) and 2 (LB I), but with no evidence for destruction between the strata. Those strata showed typical tell site remains, such as anthropogenic input of ash and phytoliths, indicating more or less continuous urban activity. For Yadin’s stratum 1B gate, we identified the floor, the roof, which was the main element that burnt, overlain by a thick unburnt accumulation of the second floor and final burnt debris atop. Our study also suggested a sequence of events for the fiery destruction of the gate and its collapse. The distribution of phytoliths and wood ash combined with the sediments’ composition proposes a single collapse event caused by fire from within the gate. The minimal anthropogenic record above the destruction horizon indicates possible disuse of the gate area following this major destruction event. The conclusions of this study offer new and direct evidence for the history of the gate at Hazor’s Lower City with continuous activity from the Middle Bronze into the Late Bronze Age, ending with a major and single event of destruction of the site at the end of the Late Bronze Age which was followed by its abandonment.
standing as an anomaly in the southern Levant in terms of its size,
elaborate public architecture, special geopolitical stature and farreaching
international networks. While the site has been well
established as an urban center with many temples, the use of
each of Hazor’s temples and how they relate to one another
remains unclear. In this study, we analyze the rituals and other
activities that were conducted within Hazor’s numerous temples.
The methodology we employ stresses, fundamentally, the
necessity to contextualize objects within entire assemblages –
through spatial analysis – to most accurately assess how Hazor’s
cultic spaces were actually used. We apply the same methodology
to other MB and LB Canaanite temples to establish a generalized
ideal-type temple assemblage for Canaanite temples. This study
successfully demonstrates that Hazor’s temples substantially
diverge from the ideal temple assemblage, indicating cult at
Hazor was practiced differently than elsewhere in the region. This
includes the atypical distribution of certain cultic vessels (e.g.
miniature vessels), the appearance of special vessels in ritual
contexts (e.g. cups), and a fundamentally different use of indoor
and outdoor spaces when compared to other Canaanite temples.
It turns out that Hazor’s elites were major factors controlling the
anomalies of cultic practice at the site. Hazor’s rulers impacted
cultic architectural forms and locations and played instrumental
roles in dictating and manipulating the types of rituals and
associated cultic paraphernalia that were allowed to be performed
and used throughout the entire settlement landscape.
Institute’s to the renewed excavations by Tel Aviv University, provides the
longest sequence of palatial and other architecture of the second millennium BCE
in the southern Levant. This site may therefore provide clues to the adaptation
mechanisms the various rulers used to maintain power in the changing political climates.
It is the aim of this article to examine changes in monumental architecture
at Megiddo in relation (and as a reaction) to a critical political change that occurred
in the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, including the conquest
of Canaan by Egypt.
palaces requires, in addition to an examination of their architecture, a study of the activities conducted within them. In this paper we carry out an inter- and intra-site comparison of patterns of pottery consumption in Canaanite palaces and temples during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, in an effort to outline the socio-economic roles of these institutions. We examine three main activities that reflect these roles: the consumption of food and drink; storage; and dedication of votive, miniature vessels. We conclude that temple activities reflected in the ceramic repertoire focus on the dedication of votive vessels in the MBA and commensality in the LBA, while palaces manifest a balance between storage and food preparation and consumption, much of which is broadly similar to that
of households during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages
Megiddo, thanks to a series of excavations, from Schumacher’s through the Oriental Institute’s to the renewed excavations by Tel Aviv University, provides the longest sequence of palatial and other architecture of the second millennium BCE in the southern Levant. This site may therefore provide clues to the adaptation mechanisms used by the various rulers to maintain power in the changing political climates. It is the aim of this article to examine changes in monumental architecture in Megiddo in relation (and as a reaction) to a critical political change that occurred in the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, including the conquest of Canaan by Egypt.
1. Drinking sets with spouted vessels and open bowls or cups probably continue IB traditions.
2. Straws with metal strainers, a drinking device of clear Mesopotamian origins, first appears in Canaan at the beginning of the MB I. Strainers found in warrior graves in Baghouz on the Euphrates attest to the cultural transfer mechanism of these traditions.
3. Straining beverages using a ceramic colander placed on a drinking vessel is a non-local tradition of unknown origin. It persisted as an elite custom into the Late Bronze Age (LB) with sets of metal colanders and bowls.
4. Kraters and cups or bowls were the most common drinking sets during the MB, continuing into the LB.
5. Cypriot drinking vessels made their way to Canaan with the renewal of international trade. These widely distributed vessels were probably incorporated into non-elite drinking sets. Minoan drinking vessels, on the other hand, are rarely found in the southern Levant, and may have arrived as diplomatic gifts only."
1. Drinking sets with spouted vessels and open bowls or cups probably continue IB traditions.
2. Straws with metal strainers, a drinking device of clear Mesopotamian origins, first appears in Canaan at the beginning of the MB I. Strainers found in warrior graves in Baghouz on the Euphrates attest to the cultural transfer mechanism of these traditions.
3. Straining beverages using a ceramic colander placed on a drinking vessel is a non-local tradition of unknown origin. It persisted as an elite custom into the Late Bronze Age (LB) with sets of metal colanders and bowls.
4. Kraters and cups or bowls were the most common drinking sets during the MB, continuing into the LB.
5. Cypriot drinking vessels made their way to Canaan with the renewal of international trade. These widely distributed vessels were probably incorporated into non-elite drinking sets. Minoan drinking vessels, on the other hand, are rarely found in the southern Levant, and may have arrived as diplomatic gifts only.
Since 2016 we have excavated the submerged Iron Age harbor of Dor in cooperation with the University of California – San Diego / Scripps Institute and the Tel Dor Excavation Project. The picture which emerges through our excavations and previously unpublished underwater surveys is one of resilience and, eventually, prosperity. This prosperity owes much to local initiative, new trade patterns which overlie traditional maritime routes, and improved environmental conditions. These are aspects which persist until they too are eclipsed by larger political powers who modify both strategy and landscape in their own image, to varying degrees of success.
Colloquium marking the publication of "In Search of the Phoenicians"
by Josephine Crawley Quinn
In Collaboration with The Maxwell Cummings Family Chair
for the Study of Mediterranean Culture and History, Tel Aviv University