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Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)

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Harshen Tonga
'Yan asalin magana
1,270,000
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 toi
Glottolog tong1318[1]
Yar yaren tonga a,1908
Tonga 2022

Tonga (Chitonga), wanda aka fi sani da Zambezi, yare ne na Bantu wanda mutanen Tonga (Bantu Batonga) ke magana da shi wanda ke zaune galibi a lardin Kudancin, lardin Lusaka, lardin Tsakiya da lardin Yammacin Zambia, da kuma arewacin Zimbabwe, tare da wasu a arewa maso yammacin Mozambique. Harshen kuma ana magana da shi ta Mutanen Iwe, Toka da Leya da sauransu, da kuma yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe. A Zambia ana koyar da Tonga a makarantu a matsayin yare na farko a duk lardin Kudancin, Lusaka da lardunan Tsakiya.

Harshen memba ne na ƙungiyar Bantu Botatwe kuma Guthrie ya ware shi azaman M64. Duk da sunaye iri ɗaya, Tonga na Zambia bashi da alaƙa da Tonga na Malawi (N15) ko yaren Tonga na Mozambique (Gitonga: S62).

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yare a Zambiya, tare da Bemba, Lozi da Nyanja . Akwai yaruka daban-daban na Tonga guda biyu: Valley Tonga da Plateau Tonga. Kwarin Tonga galibi ana magana ne a cikin kwarin Zambezi da yankunan kudancin Batonga yayin da ake magana da Plateau Tonga a kusa da gundumar Monze da arewacin Batonga. [2]

Tonga ya ci gaba a matsayin yaren magana kuma ba a rubuta shi ba har sai da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka isa yankin a ƙarni na 19. Ko da yake ana samun karuwar wallafe-wallafe a cikin harshen, ba a daidaita su gaba ɗaya ba, kuma masu magana da yare ɗaya na iya samun nau'ikan haruffa iri ɗaya da zarar an sanya su cikin rubutu a rubuce. [3]

Fassarar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bilabial Labio-<br id="mwNA"><br><br><br></br> hakori Alveolar Bayan-<br id="mwOQ"><br><br><br></br> alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
a fili dan uwa
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
M /



</br> Haɗin kai
mara murya p t t͡ʃ ~ c k
murya b d d͡ʒ ~ ɟ ɡ
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ ~ ᶮɟ ᵑɡ
prenasal vl. ᵐp ⁿt
Mai sassautawa mara murya f s ʃ h
murya β v z ʒ ɣ ( ɦ )
Ruwa l ~ ɾ
Semi wasali murya j w
numfashi ( j̤ )
mara murya ( j̊ )
  • Hakanan ana iya jin /l/ azaman sautin famfo [ɾ] a cikin bambancin kyauta.
  • Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ kuma ana iya jin su kamar yadda palatal ta tsaya [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta tsakanin yaruka.
  • /w/ kuma ana iya jin shi azaman labio-palatal [ɥ] lokacin faruwa kafin /i/.
  • /f, v/ kuma za a iya ji a matsayin glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] a yaren Plateau.
  • /sʲ, zʲ/ ana jin su kamar mara murya da numfashi kusan kusan [j̊, j̤] a cikin yarukan Arewa.
  • Aƙalla wasu masu magana suna da latsa hanci na bilabial inda yarukan maƙwabta ke da /mw/, kamar a cikin 'yaro' mwana da kunwa 'don sha'. [4]
Gaba Tsakiya Baya
Kusa i iː u uː
Tsakar e eː o oː
Bude a aː

Tonga ko Chitonga suna bin daidaitaccen tsarin harshen Bantu . Kalma ɗaya na iya haɗawa da alamar jigo, alamar tashin hankali, abu kai tsaye, har ma da wani abu kai tsaye, haɗe da tushen fi'ili kanta.

Tashin hankali [5] Alamar tashin hankali Misali
Maudu'i- (alamar alama) - tushen fi'ili (ƙarewa) Mutum na farko "ndi" yana yin wani abu s/bai kamata ya kasance yana yin "kukuta" ba.
Gaba Mai Sauƙi (tushen fi'ili) Ndakuta
Cikakkun Yanzu -a-(tushen fi'ili) -ide Ndikutide
Ci gaba na Yanzu -la- Ndilakuta
Halin Halin Hali -la-(tushen fi'ili) -a Ndilakuta
Kwanan Baya (Wata Ta Yau) -ali-(tushen fi'ili) -ide ndalikutide
Sauƙaƙan Baya -aka- ndakakuta
Ci gaba na Kwanan baya -ali-ku- (tushen kalma) ndalikukuta
Al'adar da ta gabata ta ci gaba -akali-ku-(tushen fi'ili) Ndakalikukuta
Nesa Baya -aka- ndakakuta
Kusa Nan Gaba -la- Ndilakuta
Sauƙaƙan Nan gaba -ya-ku-(tushen kalma) -a Ndiyakukuta
Hali na gaba -niku-(tushen fi'ili) -a ndikukuta
Gabatarwa (Gobe ko bayan gobe) -yaku-(fili) -a ndiyakukuta

Tsarin tonal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tonga harshe ne na tonal, tare da manyan maɗaukakin sauti da ƙananan sauti. Sanya sautunan yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta da na sauran harsunan Bantu; misali, harafin da ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin harshen Tonga yana iya zama babba a cikin kalmar ƙima a cikin wasu harsunan Bantu kuma akasin haka. [6] Malamai da yawa, waɗanda suka fara da AE Meeussen a cikin 1963, [7] sun yi ƙoƙarin gano ƙa'idodin inda za a sanya sautunan.

Ɗaya daga cikin sifofin tsarin tonal shi ne cewa manyan sautin sauti suna da alaƙa da rabuwa daga asalinsu kuma suna motsawa zuwa hagu, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin waɗannan misalai: [8]

  • i b ú si 'smoke'
  • ibusu 'fulawa'

A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, ainihin sautin babban sautin tushen -sí ya ƙaura zuwa prefix ibu-, yayin da ƙananan sautin -su bai shafi prefix ba.

Misalin da ke sama na suna yana da sauƙin bayyanawa. Koyaya, sautunan tsarin magana sun fi rikitarwa. Misali na ɗaya daga cikin wasanin gwada ilimi da Meeussen da Goldsmith suka tattauna za a iya gani a ƙasa:

  • ndi-la-lang-a 'Ina kallo'
  • nda-lang-a 'Na farka'
  • ba-la-lang-a 'suna kallo'
  • ndi-la-bon-a 'Zan gani'
  • nda-bon-a 'Na gani'
  • ba-l á -bon-a 'za su gani'

Maɗaukakin sautin kan ma'auni mai ƙarfi la a cikin fi'ili na huɗu yana da daure kai. Idan ya fito daga fi’ili tushen bon, da wuya a ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya bayyana a cikin mutum na farko ndi-la-bon-a .

Wasu malamai, irin su Carter [9] da Goldsmith, [6] sun yi nazarin Tonga a matsayin suna da sautuna biyu da kuma lafuzza (lafukan da ke cikin Tonga sun kasance a kan ƙananan kalmomi). Wasu, irin su Pulleyblank, suna nazarin bayanai iri ɗaya ne kawai cikin sharuddan ƙa'idodin tonal, ba tare da buƙatar gabatar da lafazin ba.

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
  3. Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
  4. Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198
  5. Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
  6. 6.0 6.1 Goldsmith, John (1984) "Tone and Accent in Tonga". In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48.
  7. Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb", Journal of African Linguistics Vol.2, Part I.
  8. Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.
  9. Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System". African Language Studies 12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]