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Hakkin yara a Iran

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Hakkin yara a Iran
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Haƙƙoƙin yara
Ƙasa Iran

Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC) a 1991 kuma ta tabbatar da ita a 1994. Bayan tabbatarwa, Iran ta yi ajiya mai zuwa: "Idan rubutun Yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya zama ba daidai ba da dokokin cikin gida da ka'idodin Islama a kowane lokaci ko a kowane hali, Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Islama ba za ta bi shi ba. "[1]

Kodayake Yarjejeniyar ta ɗaure Iran a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje sun soki ta akai-akai saboda rashin tabbatar da wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar.[2]

Tarihi

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Babban Taron Kungiyar Al'ummai, wanda Iran ta kasance memba mai kafa, ta amince da Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1924. A shekara ta 1959 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar 'Yancin Yara ba tare da kuri'a ba.[3]

Iran ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin 1994. [4] Bugu da kari, Iran ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara kuma ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta tabbatar da) Yarjejeniyar Shaɓuɓɓugar kan Shigawar Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba.[5] Har yanzu Iran ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a kan Hanyar Sadarwa ba.

A cikin 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na uku da na huɗu game da aiwatar da tanadin CRC.[6]

Aiwatarwa

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A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kasa don Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Yara (NBCRC) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a.[7] NBCRC tana da alhakin sa ido, shirya, da daidaita duk batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin kasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kuma a matakin gida ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin gida da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa kungiyoyi hudu na musamman don cika ayyukanta: Kungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Shari'a da Shari'a, Kungiyar Koyarwa da Bayanai, da Kungiyar Kariya da Gudanarwa.[8]

Duk da yake an kafa shi a matsayin mataki mai kyau, tasirin NBCRC ya kasance cikin tambaya daga kungiyoyin waje.[2] Musamman, rashin 'yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikonta na rinjayar manufofin gwamnati a waje da ikon ba da shawara an tashe shi. A halin yanzu babu Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran tare da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafe na mutum da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara.[2]

Matsayi na shari'a na yara a Iran

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Kodayake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta tabbatar da CRC, [9] doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halatta ne kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa duk wata doka dole ne ta dace da wasu "ka'idodin Musulunci". [10] Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yaro ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa don janye ajiyar ta zuwa Yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ba za a ba da izinin ajiyar da ba ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba. " A sakamakon haka, yara suna ƙarƙashin hanyar da ta dace wanda Hukumomin Jiha ke fassara "ka'idar Islama", wato Majalisar Dattijai (Majlis), Shugaba Mai Girma da Majalisar Mai Tsaro.[11][12][13]

Yana yiwuwa ga kowane yaro ya kawo shari'o'in cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a kotu. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi shari'o'in laifi ba. Yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha biyar galibi suna buƙatar gabatar da shari'arsu a kotu ta hanyar mai kula da su.[14] A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, "Kariya ga mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa da wakilcin shari'a a duk batutuwan da suka shafi dukiyarsa da haƙƙin kuɗi, an danƙa wa mai kula. " Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yiwu ba lokacin da mai aikata tashin hankali shine mai kula, yawanci mahaifiyar.[15] Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin ƙungiya tare da hakkinsu da amincewar doka ba, sabili da haka ba ta girmama Janar Comment No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin yaron na jin sa. [16][17]

A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton sace yara sama da 2,400 ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara a Iran. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara, wacce ke kula da layin ba da shawara ta tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin dari na yara an azabtar da su ta hanyar tunani da motsin rai kuma kashi 45 cikin dari suna fuskantar azabtarwa ta jiki. Dangane da kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri, memba na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara, ya ambaci kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA, kashi 93% na waɗanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a cikin 2013, su ne mahaifiyar yara, kuma kashi uku cikin dari yara da kansu. Kashi biyu cikin dari na kiran sun fito ne daga iyayensu.[18]

Yara a cikin tsarin adalci

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Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka

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Game da ma'anar "yaro", yanayin da ke cikin dokar kasa da kasa shine na kafa ƙofar tsakanin ƙuruciya da balaga a shekara goma sha takwas. Misali, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance a kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 [19] kuma bai kamata su shiga cikin rikice-rikice ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 15. [20] Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun mafi girma. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, majalisar dokokin Iran ta canza dokar da ake jayayya da ita ta kashe yara. A cikin sabuwar doka, shekaru 18 (shekara ta rana) za a dauke su mafi ƙarancin shekaru don girma kuma masu laifi a ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin doka daban.[21][22]

Hukuncin jiki

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Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a cibiyoyin kula da yara ba bisa ga Mataki na 8 (23) na Dokokin da aka gyara don Kafawa, Gudanarwa, da Rushe Dukkanin Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Dokar iri ɗaya ta shafi cibiyoyin gyara yara. A zahiri, bisa ga Dokokin Zartarwa na Kungiyar Kurkuku, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro (2005), "An haramta halayyar tashin hankali, cin zarafin da ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakai na horo a kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da kurkuku".[23]

A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "duk nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar cire ikirari ko samun bayanai an haramta su", [24] wanda ya dace da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. [25] Koyaya, akwai rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da azabtarwa da cin zarafin yara masu laifi, waɗanda aka tilasta su furta ta hanyar tilasta wa jiki. Alireza Tajiki ne ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin sabbin shari'o'in, wanda aka kama shi yana da shekaru goma sha biyar kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya furta a karkashin azabtarwa da fyade da kisan aboki, laifukan da ya janye a kotu.[26]

Har yanzu ana amfani da Flogging a matsayin hukunci na laifi a cikin tsarin Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. Dangane da dokar da ta bayyana shekarun aikata laifuka, ana hukunta 'yan mata sama da tara da maza sama da goma sha biyar kuma ana hukunta su bisa ga Dokar Shari'a ta Iran, wanda kuma ya nuna azabtar da jiki don laifuka game da jima'i, zargi na ƙarya, amfani da barasa, da kuma haifar da rauni.[27] Sabili da haka, 'yan mata sama da shekaru tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar na iya fuskantar bulala.[28] Koyaya, idan an gane cewa masu laifi "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ko haramta shi ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da cikakken ci gaban hankalinsu", ba za a iya amfani da horo na jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifi ko kuma a tuhume shi da tarar.[29] Koyaya, don a yi la'akari da Mataki na 91 kuma a yi amfani da shi, ana buƙatar mai laifin matasa da kansu su yi ikirarin haƙƙin sake shari'ar da aka ba da izinin labarin da aka ambata. Masu laifi a ƙasa da goma sha takwas da iyalansu galibi ba su san wannan yiwuwar ba kuma ba za su iya samun lauya wanda zai iya sanar da su game da hakkinsu ba, kaɗan daga cikinsu suna neman sake shari'a.[30]

Hukuncin jiki a gida

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A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya da iyayensa kuma dole ne ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba" [31] kuma idan akwai rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokar Iran ta ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida muddin mai aikata laifin shine mai kula da yaron. A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "iyaye suna da damar azabtar da yaransu, amma dole ne ba su yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin ba ta hanyar azabtar da 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakar gyara".[32] Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta bayyana cewa "ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara da mahaukaci suka aikata don azabtarwa ko kare su idan aka yi irin waɗannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al'ada, da iyakokin addini don azabtar da kariya".[33]

Kashe yara masu laifi

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Ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a halin yanzu a Iran, kuma yawan kashe-kashen ya karu da kashi 300% daga 2008 zuwa 2015.[34] Har ila yau, Iran ta ba da cikakken bayani game da rikodin duniya na kasar da ke aiwatar da mafi yawan masu aikata laifuka.[35] Kashi na kashe kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya sauka a cikin 2015. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 2016, masu laifi 160 suna kan layin mutuwa a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru 18.[36]

A cikin 2016, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen kashe yara da mutanen da suka aikata laifi ba tare da shekaru 18 ba. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, masana da dama na kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bayyana cewa "Iran na ci gaba da kashe masu aikata laifuka. " [37] Masana Majalisar Dinkinobho sun yi nadama game da ci gaba da kisan yara a Iran. Masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba ta soke hukuncin kisa ga yara, kuma ta shiga cikin cikakken tsari na sauya dukkan hukuncin kisa da aka bayar akan yara, daidai da ka'idodin adalci na yara. " An ruwaito cewa Iran ta kashe akalla yara huɗu masu laifi daga Janairu zuwa Oktoba 2017, kuma aƙalla an san wasu 86 a kan layin mutuwa a lokacin, kodayake ainihin adadi na iya zama mafi girma. [38][39]

Dalilan da ya sa masu laifin yara suka kasance ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa galibi kisan kai ne da fyade amma "ƙiyayya da Allah" (Moharebeh), sata da laifuka da suka shafi kwayoyi sun kasance daga cikin dalilan hukuncin kisa na yara.[40] Wani hali na baya-bayan nan game da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shine tsare masu laifi har sai sun cika shekaru goma sha takwas kuma kawai su kashe su a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, babu wani wajibi na doka wanda ya kamata a jinkirta kisa har sai mai laifin ya kai shekaru goma sha takwas.[41]

Sabuntawa na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta 2013 ya haɗa da cewa matasa tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas waɗanda suka aikata laifuka da za a hukunta su da ta'zir [42] za a cire su daga kisa. Za a tsare su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, ko tarar dabi'u daban-daban.[43] Koyaya, lokacin da aka rarraba laifin da aka aikata a ƙarƙashin hudud da qisas, masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas ana ɗaukar su a matsayin doka. Ko da a cikin yanayin hudud da qisas, lokacin da ake zaton masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekara goma sha takwas ba su san tsananin laifin ba, ana iya amfani da Mataki na 91 na Dokar Shari'ar Iran, kuma mai laifi na iya zama ba tare da hukuncin kisa ba.

Ragewa shine mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran, kuma ana gudanar da shi a kurkuku ko a fili a cikin murabba'i.

Ayyukan dutse sun iyakance a cikin sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Iran (2013). Koyaya, sabon sigar Dokar Shari'a ta riƙe amfani da dutse a matsayin azabtarwa ta hadd.[44] Mataki na 225 ya bayyana cewa "hukuncin hadd ga Zina na namiji da mace waɗanda suka cika yanayin ihsan zai zama dutse har zuwa mutuwa".[45]

Duk da gaskiyar cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a Iran kuma ta jaddada tsananin aiwatar da kisa a bainar jama'a, [46] an ba da rahoton aikata wannan aikin a Iran. [47]

A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, wata kungiya ta masana kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da kisan gillar da ke gabatowa na Mohammad Kalhory, wanda ke da shekaru 15 lokacin da ya aikata laifin.[48]

'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa

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Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi

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Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin Iran ya ba da tabbacin daidaitattun kariya ga doka ga maza da mata.[49] Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Dokokin Shari'a da na Jama'a na Iran sun bayyana yaro yana da shekaru 9 ga 'yan mata, da shekaru 15 ga yara maza.[50] Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin shekaru na kariya ga yara mata fiye da yara maza, kuma yana hana su wasu kariya na Yarjejeniyar.[51]

Mataki na 907 na Dokar Jama'a, kan gado, ya kuma nuna bambanci bisa ga jinsi ta hanyar ba da magada maza sau biyu fiye da magada mata a yanayin yara da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, Mataki na 911 na Dokar Jama'a ya bayyana cewa idan marigayi ba shi da yara masu rai, jikoki suna gadon bisa ga yawan abin da iyayensu za su samu. Yaran 'ya'ya maza suna gaji fiye da' ya'yan mata.[52]

'Yan ƙasa da' yancin zama ɗan ƙasa

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Da yake fahimtar wannan, a cikin Rahoton Lokaci na Uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta nuna Dokar Mataki guda ɗaya ta 2006 kan yanke shawara kan Kasar Yara da aka haifa a matsayin Sakamakon Aure na Mata na Iran da Maza na Ƙasashen Waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haife a Iran "a sakamakon auren matan Iran ga maza na ƙasashen waje, na iya, bayan sun kai shekaru 18, su nemi samun 'yancin ƙasar Iran. " [8] Wannan za a ba su ba da labarin cewa ba su da laifi ko rikodin tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wani ɗan ƙasa wanda ba na Iran ba. Majles na Iran sun kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kimanin yara 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "limbo na 'yan ƙasa".[53]

An soki wannan dokar saboda ba ta isa ta kare haƙƙin yara ba. Yawancin iyayen da ba 'yan Iran ba ne 'yan gudun hijira ko 'yan guduniritura marasa takardar shaidar.[54] Dokar Iran ta buƙaci mace ta Iran ta sami izinin auren ɗan ƙasar waje, kuma kamar yadda masu neman mafaka galibi ba a yi rajista da doka ba, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba kuma saboda haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar shaidar haihuwa ba.

Ilimi

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Tsarin mulki na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa gwamnati tana da alhakin samar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa kyauta har zuwa makarantar sakandare [55] Gwamnatin tsakiya, ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, tana da alƙawarin tallafawa da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, saka idanu kan ka'idoji, shirya tsarin karatu da horar da malamai, samar da kayan ilimi, da kuma tallafawa da haɓaka ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin lardin da ofisoshin gundumar a matakin gida.[56]

Kudin da Iran ke kashewa a kan ilimi ya fi matsakaicin duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi 17% na kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%.[57]

Aure na farko yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan barin makaranta, kamar yadda ka'idojin Iran ke iyakance damar zuwa makaranta ga yara masu aure, saboda ana ba su damar shiga jarrabawar ƙarshe, kuma ba su cancanci halartar azuzuwan ko makarantun dare ba.[58]

Aikin Yara

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Dokar Aiki ta Iran ta haramta daukar ma'aikata ga yara a karkashin shekaru 15.[59] Yara masu shekaru 15-18, waɗanda ake kira "ma'aikata matasa", ana buƙatar su yi gwajin likita na yau da kullun ta Ma'aikatar Ayyuka don su cancanci shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "aiki na karin lokaci, aiki, ko aiki mai wahala, mai cutarwa ko aiki mai haɗari".[60] Koyaya, Dokar Aiki ta ba da damar kasuwancin da ke da ƙasa da ma'aikata 10 su keɓe daga wasu tanadi na doka, gami da mafi girman buƙatun sa'a na aiki, biyan kuɗi na ƙarin lokaci, da fa'idodin nakasassu.[61][62] Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Ma'aikata na Duniya (ILO) kan Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Yara.[63]

Duk da wasu kariya na shari'a don hana cin zarafin yara, an soki Iran saboda yawan ma'aikatan yara, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayar da rahoton shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafi.[64] Adadin da suka shafi yawan ma'aikatan yara da matasa sun bambanta. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba su cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka fi dacewa da rashin zuwa makaranta an ruwaito su ne saboda auren da aka yi da wuri da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya haifar da barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayanan hukuma game da yawan ma'aikatan yara, tare da adadi na hukuma na baya-bayan nan daga ƙididdigar ƙasar Iran ta 2011. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2011, akwai yara masu aiki 68,558 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18.[62] A cewar Majalisar Tsayayya ta Kasa ta Iran (NCRI), har zuwa yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabi na cikin ma'aikata.[65]

A cikin ƙididdigar hukuma ta Iran a cikin 1996, fiye da 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin waɗannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kai mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka yawan yara da ke aiki masu shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance 4%, kusan dubu 600 ne. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin yara 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da aiki mai kyau.[66]

Yara da yawa a birane daban-daban suma suna da hannu a cikin masu sayar da titi. Iyayen mafi yawansu suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma waɗannan yara suna fuskantar cin zarafin yara da cin zarafin jima'i.[67]

Cinikin yara

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Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushen, wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a yi amfani da ita don fataucin yara.[68] Matasan 'yan mata na Iran suna da matukar damuwa ga fataucin mutane, wanda aka yi jayayya da wani bangare saboda talauci da dokokin gwamnati waɗanda ke warewa ga mata. Ma'aikata sun fi yawan maza, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata suna da aiki.[69]

Ana ganin 'yan mata masu gudu musamman masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin mutane da karuwanci.[70] A wata hira da BBC ta yi a shekara ta 2005, Dokta Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin zamantakewar al'umma na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan mata masu gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, yawancin wadanda aka yi wa fyade an ƙi su lokacin da suka koma iyalansu.[71] Gidajen da aka kafa don masu gudu sun zama sanannun tushen neman karuwanci da yara don siyarwa. A cewar shugaban shari'a na lardin Tehran, masu fataucin mutane galibi suna da niyya ga 'yan mata tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, kodayake akwai wasu rahotanni game da' yan mata masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10 da ake fataucin su. Har ila yau, an sami rahotanni game da shari'o'in fataucin jarirai da yawa a Iran.[70]

Aure na farko

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A halin yanzu, ƙaramin shekarun aure ga 'yan mata a Iran shine shekaru goma sha uku na wata yayin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar na wata ga yara maza. Koyaya, ga namiji, har yanzu yana yiwuwa a nemi kotu ta auri yaro a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure kamar yadda yanke shawara ko yaron ya kamata ya yi aure har yanzu yana hannun mai kula da su.[72] Dangane da Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, bayan ta cika goma sha uku, budurwa budurwa da ke yin aure a karo na farko suna buƙatar izinin uba ko kakan kawai.[73] A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aure shine shekaru 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru 18 ga yara maza, kuma a yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu,' yan mata masu shekaru 13 da yara maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Saboda haka, an haramta auren a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13.[74]

Dokar Karewa ta Yara ba tare da Guardian ba, wadda Iran ta karɓa a 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, Mataki na 27 ya bayyana cewa "Idan shugaban iyali yana so ya auri yaron da aka karɓa, ya kamata ya aika mata da cikakkun bayanai ga kotu don amincewa. Idan auren ya riga ya faru, Kungiyar Welfare State dole ne ta kai rahoton ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kulawa da iyali ɗaya ko soke shi". [75]

Dangane da kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin 2008 da 2014, kashi 3% na matasa na Iran sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma kashi 17% tun suna da shekara goma sha takwas. [76] Kididdigar 2010 ta nuna cewa an yi rajistar shari'o'i 43, 457 na yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 15 don aure. [77] Kashi 90 cikin dari na kididdigar suna da alaƙa da 'yan mata. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa yawan auren yara ba'a iyakance shi da kididdiga ba, tunda a yankunan karkara yara suna da aure kuma suna rayuwa shekaru da yawa ba tare da aure ba.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Har ila yau, bisa ga kididdigar a cikin 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake aure ko gwauruwa. Kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da' yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 sun sake aure a Iran. Talauci da imani na gargajiya sune dalilin waɗannan auren farko.[77]A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukin suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi matalauta ne don auren 'yarsu mara shekaru. Sakamakon auren farko sun hada da karuwar jahilci da rashin kulawa tsakanin mata, auren mata da yawa, zubar da gida, da abubuwan da suka faru na aure.[74]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara
  • Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara
  • 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran
  • 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
1.    Shekarar wata, wanda shine ma'auni wanda Kalandar wata ta dogara da shi, bambance-bambance a tsawon daga shekara ta rana ta kwana goma sha ɗaya zuwa goma sha biyu.  Sabili da haka, shekaru tara na wata sun dace da kimanin shekaru takwas na rana da watanni takwas kuma shekaru goma sha biyar na wata kusan shekaru goma sha huɗu ne na rana da wata bakwai.
2.   ^ Ihsan shine matsayin mutumin da ya yi aure wanda zai iya yin jima'i da matarsa "duk lokacin da yake so". Ihsan kuma yana nufin matsayin mace wacce za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta. (Kundin Shari'a na Iran, Mataki na 226)
3.   ^ Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana ma'aikacin yaro a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai yana shiga cikin akalla awa 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko akalla awanni 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako ko b) yaro mai shekara 12-14 wanda ke shiga cikin akasin haka awanni 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ko akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan iyali a kowane mako. (UNICEF, A State of the World Children 2016). Wani ma'anar da ILO ta bayar ta hanyar Bayanai da Kula da Ayyukan Yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ma'aikacin yara idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, bai kai shekara 12 ba, kuma yana aiki daya ko fiye da sa'o'i a kowane mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o-i 14 a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan haɗari, ko kuma yana aiki 17 ko ƙasa da aiki a cikin "mafi mafi munin aikin yara" (karuwanci, yara, rikice-rikice-rikici, wallafe-karuwanci ko aiki na tilastawa, wallafe, wallafe.

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Children's Rights: Iran". Library of Congress. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 kmills (2015-03-06). "Rights of the Child in Iran". OutRight Action International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-04. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "outrightinternational.org" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "UNBISnet". Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
  4. ↑ "- OHCHR Dashboard". indicators.ohchr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  5. ↑ "Ratification status of the Optional Protocol | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict". United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  6. ↑ "Committee on the Rights of the Child examines the report of Iran". www.ohchr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  7. ↑ "UNICEF Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Media center - Children's Rights is Everyone's Responsibility, says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary". www.unicef.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | The Third Periodic Report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Islamic Republic of Iran". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-04. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Refugees" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1
  10. ↑ Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4
  11. ↑ "Treaty bodies Download". tbinternet.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  12. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2
  13. ↑ Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18
  14. ↑ Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2
  15. ↑ Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235
  16. ↑ Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20
  17. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  18. ↑ "آمار یکساله "صدای یارا"/ ثبت تنبیه ۲۶۳۴ کودک درسالی که گذشت - ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ - Jebhe Melli Iran – Europe". www.jebhemelli.info (in Persian). Retrieved 8 May 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  19. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a)
  20. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38
  21. ↑ "Iran changes law for execution of juveniles". Iran Independent News Service. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  22. ↑ "Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited". Ghanoon Online (in Persian). 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
  23. ↑ Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3
  24. ↑ Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38
  25. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7
  26. ↑ "Iran: Teenager tortured into 'confessing' days away from execution". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 12 May 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  27. ↑ Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4
  28. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26
  29. ↑ Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91
  30. ↑ Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53
  31. ↑ Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177
  32. ↑ Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179
  33. ↑ Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)
  34. ↑ Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6
  35. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22
  36. ↑ "Iran: Hanging of teenager shows authorities' brazen disregard for international law". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  37. ↑ UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar
  38. ↑ UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar
  39. ↑ "UN RIGHTS EXPERTS URGE IRAN TO HALT IMMINENT EXECUTION OF JUVENILE AMIRHOSSEIN POURJAFAR". Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  40. ↑ Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30
  41. ↑ Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31
  42. ↑ The list of crimes that fall into ta'zir category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code
  43. ↑ Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89
  44. ↑ "Iran: Proposed Penal Code Retains Stoning". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  45. ↑ Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013
  46. ↑ "OHCHR | UN rights experts condemn recent upsurge in executions in Iran, many of them unreported". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  47. ↑ "Iran's children look on and families cry for pardons at daily hangings". The Guardian (in Turanci). 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  48. ↑ Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts
  49. ↑ Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20
  50. ↑ Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146
  51. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 14
  52. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15
  53. ↑ Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2
  54. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21
  55. ↑ Iranian constitution (1979), article 30.
  56. ↑ "Education in Iran - WENR". wenr.wes.org (in Turanci). 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  57. ↑ "Expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure (%) | Data". data.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  58. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.
  59. ↑ Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79.
  60. ↑ Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84.
  61. ↑ Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.
  63. ↑ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Iran (Islamic Republic of)". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  64. ↑ Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47.
  65. ↑ National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at: http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor
  66. ↑ "کودکان کار". www.beytoote.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  67. ↑ آفتاب. "فروش و استفاده جنسی از كودكان كار دروازه ‌غار!". آفتاب (in Persian). Retrieved 8 May 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  68. ↑ Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016, The United States State Department.
  69. ↑ A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011.
  71. ↑ “Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm
  72. ↑ Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041.
  73. ↑ Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "سن قانونی ازدواج و ثبت نکاح در قوانین ایران". parstoday.com (in Persian). 25 November 1395. Retrieved 8 May 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "parstoday.com" defined multiple times with different content
  75. ↑ Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45
  76. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2017-03-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "افزایش نگران‌کننده ازدواج و طلاق کودکان در ایران - DW - 22.08.2012". DW.COM (in Persian). Retrieved 8 May 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

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