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Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa

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Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa
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Mafi kyawun sha'awa ko mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro shine ka'ida haƙƙin yara, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin yara, wanda ya ce "a duk ayyukan da suka shafi yara, ko da aka gudanar da su ta hanyar jama'a ko masu zaman kansu, kotuna, hukumomin gudanarwa ko hukumomin majalisa, mafi kyawun sha-zakar yaro zai zama babban la'akari". Binciken mafi kyawun bukatun yaro yana nufin kimantawa da daidaitawa "duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanke shawara a cikin takamaiman yanayi ga takamaiman yaro ko ƙungiyar yara".

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, kimanta mafi kyawun bukatun yaro yana nufin kimantawa da daidaitawa "duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanke shawara a cikin takamaiman yanayi ga takamaiman yaro ko ƙungiyar yara".[1] Saboda bambancin abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su, yawanci fiye da sana'a ɗaya ko ma'aikata suna da hannu a cikin tsarin kimantawa, suna tattara ra'ayoyi da fannoni daban-daban na ƙwarewa daga ƙasar asali da makoma kuma, musamman, hangen nesa na yaro.

Abubuwan da ke biyowa sun dace da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro:

  • Ra'ayoyin yaro da burinsa;
  • Sanarwar yaron, gami da shekaru da jinsi, tarihin mutum da asali;
  • Kulawa, kariya da aminci ga yaro;
  • Rashin lafiyar yaron;
  • Yanayin iyali, dangantakar iyali da hulɗa;
  • Tattaunawar zamantakewar yaro tare da takwarorinsa da manya;
  • Yanayin rauni, watau haɗarin da yaron ke fuskanta da kuma tushen kariya, juriya da karfafawa;
  • Kwarewar yaro da iyawar canzawa;
  • Hakki da buƙatu game da kiwon lafiya da ilimi;
  • Ci gaban yaro da ita ko kuma sannu a hankali zuwa girma da rayuwa mai zaman kanta;
  • Duk wani takamaiman bukatun yaron.[2]

Bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Za'a iya gudanar da kimantawa mafi kyawun sha'awa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma na wucin gadi ko kuma a matsayin tsari. Bincike yana kallon al'amuran yau da kullun da yanke shawara tare da ƙarin tasiri ga yaro. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da yaro na iya canzawa sosai yayin da yara ke girma kuma yanayin su da iyawarsu suna canzawa, don haka abubuwan da suka fi so na iya buƙatar sake tantance su lokaci-lokaci.[3]

Ƙaddamarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shawarwarin mafi kyawun sha'awa shine tsarin da aka gudanar tare da shigar hukumomin gwamnati da masu yanke shawara masu sana'a. Manufar ƙudurin mafi kyawun sha'awa shine cimma matsaya bisa ga dokar ƙasa wanda ke kare haƙƙin yaro da inganta ita ko jin daɗinsa, aminci da ci gaba. Masu yanke shawara suna auna da daidaita duk abubuwan da suka dace na shari'ar, suna la'akari da duk haƙƙin yaro da wajibai na hukumomin gwamnati da masu ba da sabis ga yaro. Manufar tsarin ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa shine gano mafita mai ɗorewa. Ana aiwatar da ƙudurin sha'awa mafi kyau lokacin da ake sa ran batutuwan da ke cikin haɗari su sami muhimmiyar tasiri a rayuwar yaron ta yanzu da ta gaba.[4]

Abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin kimantawa da ƙuduri a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Binciken mafi kyawun sha'awa yana da niyyar tattara duk gaskiyar da ake buƙata don isa ga ƙarshe game da tasirin kowane mataki, ma'auni ko yanke shawara akan yaro da ita ko makomarsa. Babban hangen nesa shine na yarinyar ko yaro da ya shafi. Dangantakar dogara da sadarwa yadda ya kamata a cikin babban yaren yaro yana bawa yaro damar yin amfani da haƙƙinsa na ji. Cikakken kimantawa ya haɗa da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a.[5]

Tsarin kimantawa da ƙuduri na mafi kyawun sha'awa yana magance duk waɗannan:

  • Kafa asalin yaron da kuma asalin mai kula da yaro da ingancin dangantakarsu, da duk wani mutum da ke tare da shi a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa.
  • Binciken shari'a, gami da abubuwan da suka biyo baya:
    • Jin yaron;
    • Binciken halin da yaron yake ciki, asali da bukatun;
    • Yanayin zamantakewa da kimantawa na iyali;
    • Tattara shaidu ciki har da jarrabawar shari'a da hira da yaron;
    • Haɗari da ƙididdigar tsaro;
    • Taswirar tushen tallafi, ƙwarewa, damar da albarkatu don karfafawa;
  • Ci gaba da aikin rayuwa.
  • Cikakken tasirin yara na duk wani yanke shawara mai yuwuwa.
  • Gano mafita mai dorewa a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa.
  • Ci gaba da kimantawa yayin aiwatar da mafita mai ɗorewa tare da bin diddigin da ya dace, bita da saka idanu, da gyare-gyare ga shirye-shiryen mafita mai tsawo, idan kuma kamar yadda ake buƙata, bisa ga mafi kyawun bukatun yaro [6]

Tsaro na tsari a cikin kudurin mafi kyawun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsaro na tsari da takardu a cikin kudurin mafi kyawun sha'awa sun haɗa da:

  • Hakkin yaro ya bayyana ta ko ra'ayoyinsa da kuma la'akari da su: A cikin shari'a ko tsarin gudanarwa, yara suna da damar sauraro da kuma la-akari da ra'ayoyinsu.
    • Tsarin jin yaron yana buƙatar rubutawa, tare da bayyane bayanin yadda ra'ayoyin yaron ke daidaitawa da wasu ra'ayoyi da sauran hanyoyin bayanai. Sadarwa tare da yaro dole ne ya kasance mai tasiri kuma mai kula da yaro kuma yana iya buƙatar fassarar inganci da matsakanci na al'adu. A lokuta na yara marasa raka'a ko rabuwa, rawar mai kula ko wakilin yana da mahimmanci don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin yaro da hukumomi.[7]
    • Yaron yana da damar sauraro lokacin da hukumar yanke shawara kotun ce. Ya kamata a gudanar da sauraron ba tare da bata lokaci ba a hanyar da ta dace da yara kuma ta hana cin zarafin yara da aka azabtar da su da shaidu a cikin shari'ar shari'a.[8]
    • Ya kamata a yi la'akari da shekarun yaro, jinsi da asalinsa, matakin ci gaban yaro da iyawar juyin halitta.
    • Ya kamata a ba da bayani game da yara a cikin yaren da yaron ya fahimta, yana ba da damar yaron ya samar da ra'ayi kuma ya bayyana ta ko ra'ayinsa.[9]
    • A lokuta na kasa da kasa, yara da ba sa magana da harshen ƙasar da aka nufa suna da 'yancin fassara da fassara. Ya kamata a samar da fassarar kyauta kuma tare da tsaka-tsaki lokacin da masu fassara ke da hannu kai tsaye.[10]
  • Kulawa da wakilci: yara suna da 'yancin wakilin mai zaman kansa ko mai kula wanda ya cancanta kuma yana da kayan aiki don wakiltar da inganta mafi kyawun bukatun yaro.[11]
  • Wakilin shari'a: Lokacin da kotun ko wata kungiya mai ƙwarewa ta yanke shawarar mafi kyawun bukatun yaro, yaron yana da damar wakilcin shari'a, bayanan shari'a da kariya, gami da yara da ke neman mafaka ko kariya ta musamman a matsayin wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka.[12][13]
  • Tunanin shari'a: Ana buƙatar rubuce-rubuce na yanke shawara, a motsa su dalla-dalla, a tabbatar da su kuma a bayyana su, gami da yadda ake la'akari da shawarar don alaƙa da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro da kuma yadda aka daidaita mahimman la'akari don isa ga yanke shawara.[14]
  • Hanyoyi don sake dubawa ko sake dubawa yanke shawara: Dole ne a sami hanyoyin da za a sake buɗewa ko sake duban yanke shawara game da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro. Yara suna buƙatar samun tallafi wajen samun dama da amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin. Dole ne a tabbatar da shi a sarari lokacin da za a iya sake buɗe shari'a ko yanke shawara ko sake dubawa, kamar misali lokacin da akwai sabbin shaidu ko lokacin da hukumomi ba su iya aiwatar da yanke shawara ta farko ba.[15][16]
  • Hakkin daukaka kara: Ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa yana ƙarƙashin magungunan shari'a. Yara suna buƙatar samun dama da tallafi, kamar taimakon shari'a da wakilci, don daukaka kara ga yanke shawara. A lokacin da ake kira ana dakatar da aiwatarwa.[17] Don yanke shawara game da canja wurin ko dawo da yaro zuwa wani gundumar, dole ne a sami isasshen lokaci tsakanin yanke shawara da aiwatar da yanke shawara, don ba da damar yaron ya gabatar da roko ko neman sake dubawa game da yanke shawara.[18][19][20]

Daidaita haƙƙoƙi da sha'awa a cikin ƙudurin sha'awa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwa daban-daban da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin kimantawa da ƙuduri na mafi kyawun bukatun yaro na iya bayyana suna gasa ko kuma sun sabawa juna. Ana warware rikice-rikice masu yuwuwa bisa ga shari'a-da-harin. Hakkin yaro na samun ita ko mafi kyawun abubuwan da yake so a matsayin la'akari na farko yana nufin cewa abubuwan da ke cikin yaro suna da fifiko kuma ba kawai ɗaya daga cikin la'akari da yawa ba.[21] Ana haɗa nauyi mafi girma ga abin da ke ba da sabis ga yaro mafi kyau:

  • Halin yiwuwar cutar ya fi wasu dalilai;
  • Hakkin yaro na samun girma daga iyayensa shine ka'ida mai mahimmanci;
  • Za'a iya saduwa da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro tare da ita ko iyalinsa, sai dai inda akwai damuwa game da tsaro.
  • Rayuwa da ci gaban yaro galibi ana tabbatar da su mafi kyau ta hanyar kasancewa a cikin ko kiyaye kusanci da iyali da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da al'adu na yaro.
  • Batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi da rauni sune mahimman dalilai; da
  • Ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali na halin da yaron yake ciki suna da mahimmanci.[22][23][24]

Rashin amincewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'anar Mafi Kyawun Sha'awa na Yaro ba ta da sauƙi a ko dai aikin shari'a ko lokacin da ake tsara dokoki da tarurruka. Aiwatar da shi ya sami zargi mai yawa daga wasu masu ilimin halayyar yara, masu ilimin cututtuka da kuma yunkurin sake fasalin dokar iyali, musamman game da yadda sau da yawa ke ware yara daga ɗayan iyayensu bayan kisan aure ko rabuwa, duk da cewa yaro yana amfana daga kusanci da iyaye biyu. An yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a maye gurbin ma'auni na yanzu da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro daga hangen nesa na tsarin yaro wanda ke ɗaukar binciken cututtukan yara da na tunani game da lafiyar yara ta jiki, tunani da zamantakewa bayan kisan aure ko rabuwa.

Tarayyar Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gabatar da ambaton mafi kyawun bukatun yaro a cikin dokokin EU da manufofi masu dacewa, gami da yanayin ƙaura, mafaka, fataucin mutane da yiwuwar dawowa. Kalmomin da aka haɗa da ka'idar mafi kyawun sha'awa suna tsakanin mahimman "ya kamata" da "za su" zuwa ga waɗanda ba su da umarni. [25] [26] [27][28][29]

Finland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Yara ta Finland ta ba da cewa mafi kyawun bukatun yaro yana buƙatar zama babban la'akari a cikin ƙudurin matakan jin dadin don amsa bukatun yaro. Dokar ta bayyana mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙatar la'akari da su don ƙudurin sha'awa mafi kyau:

  1. Ci gaba mai daidaituwa da jin daɗi, dangantaka ta kusa da ci gaba;
  2. Hanyar da za a ba da fahimta da ƙauna, da kuma kulawa da kulawa daidai da shekarun yaro da matakin ci gaba;
  3. Ilimi da ya dace da iyawar yaro da sha'awa.
  4. Yanayi mai aminci inda za a girma, da kuma 'yanci na jiki da na motsin rai;
  5. Jin alhakin zama mai zaman kansa da girma;
  6. Hanyar shiga cikin al'amuran da suka shafi yaro da kuma rinjayar su; da
  7. Bukatar yin la'akari da asalin yaren, al'adu da addini.[30]

Wannan tanadin yana ba da jagora mai bin doka ga masu sana'a kan yadda ya kamata a fahimci manufar mafi kyawun bukatun yaro. Yana wayar da kan jama'a game da rikitarwa na batutuwan da ake la'akari da su kuma yana nuni da muhimman hakkoki na yaro kamar haƙƙin ilimi da ci gaba, aminci da jin daɗi, girmama ra'ayoyin yaro da al'adun yaro da sauran al'adun.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun da Amurka ba ta riga ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ba, wanda shine babban kayan aiki da ke bayyanawa da samar da haƙƙin mafi kyawun bukatun yaro ga yawancin duniya, dokoki daban-daban, abubuwan da suka gabata, da aikace-aikace suna aiki.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da koyarwar mafi kyawun sha'awa ya wakilci canjin karni na 20 a cikin Manufofin jama'a. Koyarwar mafi kyawun sha'awa wani bangare ne na parens patriae, kuma a Amurka ya maye gurbin Koyarwar Shekaru, wanda ya dogara da cewa yara ba su da juriya, kuma kusan duk wani canji a yanayin rayuwar yaro zai zama da lahani ga lafiyarsu.

Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1900, ana ba wa iyaye ikon kula da yara idan aka saki. Jihohin Amurka da yawa sun sauya daga wannan ma'auni zuwa wanda ya fi son mahaifiyar gaba ɗaya a matsayin mai kula da farko. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an maye gurbin Tender Years Doctrine da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro kamar yadda kotunan iyali suka ƙaddara. Saboda kotunan iyali da yawa sun ci gaba da ba da nauyi sosai ga rawar gargajiya ta uwa a matsayin mai kula da farko, aikace-aikacen wannan ma'auni a cikin kulawa a tarihi ya nuna fifiko ga mahaifiyar yara.

Ana amfani da koyarwar "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro" a wasu lokuta a lokuta inda wadanda ba iyaye ba, kamar kakanni, suka nemi kotu ta ba da umarnin ziyarar wadanda ba iyaye bane tare da yaro. Wasu iyaye, yawanci wadanda ba a ba su kulawa ba, suna cewa yin amfani da koyarwar "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro" a cikin shari'o'in ziyarar da ba iyaye ba ya kasa kare haƙƙin iyaye masu dacewa don tayar da ɗansu yadda suke ganin ya dace. Troxel v Granville, 530 US 57; 120 S Ct 2054; 147 LEd2d 49 (2000) .

Dokokin jin dadin yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana ganin koyarwar "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro" a cikin dokokin jin dadin yara da kuma la'akari da kotun lokacin da ake yanke shawara game da yara da aka yi wa zalunci da watsi da su.[31] Dokar Taimako da Kula da Yara ta 1980 ta buƙaci cewa, "...kowane yaro yana da shirin shari'a da aka tsara don cimma matsaya a cikin mafi ƙuntatawa (mafi yawan iyali kamar) yanayin da ke akwai kuma kusa da gidan iyaye, daidai da mafi kyawun sha'awa da bukatun musamman na yaro. " Kodayake dokar ba ta bayyana "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro ba", mafi kyawun shahara an ambaci mafi kyawun sha-sha'awa a wasu sassan biyu.[32] Bugu da ƙari, jihohi da yawa sun zaɓi su bayyana ko kuma su yi nuni da "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro", kuma suna buƙatar kotuna a cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen suyi la'akari da takamaiman dalilai.[33]

Dokar Iyali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin rukunan da kotuna ke amfani da su don tantance batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi lafiyar yara. A cikin aikace-aikacen dokar iyali, ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da aka fi sani da su ya shafi tambayoyin da suka taso a kan kisan aure ko rabuwa da iyayen yara. Misalan sun hada da:

  • Wanene yara za su zauna?
  • Yaya yawan hulɗa (wanda a baya ake kira "samun dama" ko, a wasu hukunce-hukunce, "Ziyarar") za a ba da izini ga iyaye, mai kula da doka, ko wasu bangarorin (ko ana buƙatar) su kasance?
  • Wanene kuma wanene za a biya tallafin yara kuma a wane adadin?

A cikin saki'o'in da suka shafi kisan aure ko rushewar auren doka ko haɗin kai, ana ba da umarnin kotunan iyali don tantance mafi kyawun bukatun kowane yaro na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Koyaya, ba a amfani da wannan rukunan don warware batutuwan kulawa da suka shafi mazauna birane da 'yan tsiraru a birane kamar Philadelphia, PA misali inda koyarwar shekaru masu tasowa ke aiki.

Ana kuma amfani da ƙuduri a cikin shari'o'in da ke ƙayyade wajibai da haƙƙoƙi na doka, kamar lokacin da aka haifi yaro a waje da aure, lokacin da kakanni ke tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin game da jikokin su, kuma lokacin da iyaye na halitta ke tabbatar da hakkoki game da yaron da aka ba da shi don tallafi.

Ita ce koyarwar da ake amfani da ita a lokuta game da yiwuwar 'yanci na yara. Kotuna za su yi amfani da wannan rukunan lokacin da aka kira su don tantance wanda ya kamata ya yanke shawara na likita ga yaro inda Iyaye ba su yarda da masu ba da kiwon lafiya ko wasu hukumomi ba.

A cikin tantance mafi kyawun bukatun yaro ko yara a cikin mahallin rabuwa da iyaye, kotun na iya ba da umarni ga ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masu ba da shawara kan Kotun Iyali daga CAFCASS, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masana kimiyya, don tantance yanayin rayuwar yaron da iyayensa masu kula da wadanda ba su kula da su ba. Irin waɗannan batutuwan kamar kwanciyar hankali na rayuwar yaro, alaƙa da al'umma, da kwanciyar hankali ga yanayin gida da kowane iyaye ya bayar kotun na iya la'akari da su wajen yanke shawarar zama na yaro a cikin kulawa da kuma ziyarar. A cikin Dokar Ingilishi, sashi na 1 (1) Dokar Yara ta 1989 ta sanya bukatun kowane yaro babbar damuwa ta kotun a duk shari'o'i kuma, bayan da ya nuna a cikin s1 (2) cewa jinkiri na iya nuna bambanci ga bukatun kowane yaro, yana buƙatar kotun ta yi la'akari da "jerin binciken jin daɗi", watau kotun dole ne ta yi laʼakari:

  1. Sha'awar da za a iya tabbatar da ita da kuma jin dadin kowane yaro da ya shafi (an yi la'akari da shi bisa la'akari na shekarunsu da fahimtar su)
  2. Bukatun jiki, motsin rai da / ko ilimi yanzu da kuma nan gaba
  3. Tasirin da zai yiwu a kan duk wani canji a cikin yanayin yanzu da kuma nan gaba
  4. Shekaru, jima'i, asali da duk wani halaye da kotun ta ɗauka ya dace
  5. Duk wani lahani da aka sha ko kuma a cikin haɗarin wahala yanzu da nan gaba
  6. Ta yaya kowane iyaye, da kuma wani mutum dangane da wanda kotun ta dauki batun ya dace, shine na biyan bukatun yaron
  7. Yankin ikon da kotun ke da shi a karkashin Dokar Yara ta 1989 a cikin shari'ar da ake tambaya

Jerin kula da jin dadin yana la'akari da bukatun, sha'awa da jin daɗin yaro da saurayi kuma wannan bincike yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na yara koyaushe yana kan gaba a duk la'akari. Jerin binciken jin dadin yana ba da cikakken jerin batutuwan da ake buƙatar la'akari da su don tabbatar da cewa matasa da suka shiga shari'ar kotu suna da cikakkiyar kariya kuma ana inganta hakkinsu yayin da 'yan ƙasa.

Dokar Shige da Fice

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har zuwa ƙaramin mataki an yi amfani da babban "mafi kyawun sha'awar yaro" a cikin dokar shige da fice kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da yara masu ƙaura.[34]

Dubi kuma

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manazarta

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  1. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47.
  2. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), Chapter V.A.1 and par. 44.
  3. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47.
  4. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47.
  5. ↑ "CBSS Guidelines Promoting the Human Rights and the Best Interests of the Child in Transnational Child Protection Cases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  6. ↑ "CBSS Guidelines Promoting the Human Rights and the Best Interests of the Child in Transnational Child Protection Cases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  7. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 90.
  8. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, The Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration, Background Paper, Day of General Discussion, 2012, pp. 22–23.
  9. ↑ "CBSS Guidelines Promoting the Human Rights and the Best Interests of the Child in Transnational Child Protection Cases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  10. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, The Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration, Background Paper, Day of General Discussion, 2012
  11. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, The Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration, Background Paper, Day of General Discussion, 2012, pp. 22–23.
  12. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 96.
  13. ↑ European Council of Refugees and Exiles, Right to Justice: Quality Legal Assistance for Unaccompanied Children, Annex 1: Guiding principles for quality legal assistance for unaccompanied children, 2014.
  14. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 97
  15. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 98.
  16. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Determining the Best Interests of the Child, 2008, p. 79.
  17. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 98.
  18. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, Safe and Sound, What States can do to ensure respect for the best interests of unaccompanied and separated children in Europe, 2014.
  19. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, 2013.
  20. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006.
  21. ↑ "CBSS Guidelines Promoting the Human Rights and the Best Interests of the Child in Transnational Child Protection Cases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  22. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, Safe and Sound, What States can do to ensure respect for the best interests of unaccompanied and separated children in Europe, 2014.
  23. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, 2013.
  24. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006.
  25. ↑ European Commission, Action Plan on Unaccompanied Minors (2010–2014), COM (2010) 213 final, Brussels, 6 May 2010, p. 3.
  26. ↑ 2011 EU Anti-trafficking Directive, par. (8).
  27. ↑ EU Dublin III Council Regulation, par. (13), Article 6. 2011 Qualifications Directive, par. 18.
  28. ↑ 2008 Return Directive, par. 22, Article 5.
  29. ↑ Brussels II Regulation 2003, pp.1–29.
  30. ↑ Finland, Child Welfare Act (417/2007), Chapter 1, Section 4(2).
  31. ↑ "Determining the Best Interests of the Child - Child Welfare Information Gateway". www.childwelfare.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  32. ↑ "Text of H.R. 3434 (96th): Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (Passed Congress version) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  33. ↑ "Determining the Best Interests of the Child - Child Welfare Information Gateway". www.childwelfare.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  34. ↑ Carr, Bridgette, A. (February 2012). "Incorporating a" Best Interests of the Child" Approach Into Immigration Law and Procedure". Yale Human Rights & Development L.j. 12.

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Samfuri:Transnational child protection

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