Alexandre Baralis
Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités Grecques, Etrusques et Romaines, Archaeologist/Lab Researcher
Directeur de la mission archéologique française à Apollonia du Pont, Sozopol, Bulgarie (Louvre-MAEE)
Directeur de la mission archéologique française à Orgamè/Argamum, Jurilovca, Roumanie (Louvre)
Directeur du programme de recherche sur la mer Noire (Musée du Louvre)
Address: Musée du Louvre
Département des Antiquités Grecques, Etrusques et Romaines
75058 Paris Cedex 01, France
Directeur de la mission archéologique française à Orgamè/Argamum, Jurilovca, Roumanie (Louvre)
Directeur du programme de recherche sur la mer Noire (Musée du Louvre)
Address: Musée du Louvre
Département des Antiquités Grecques, Etrusques et Romaines
75058 Paris Cedex 01, France
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Papers by Alexandre Baralis
Apollonia du Pont doit sa prospérité aux riches gisements polymétalliques régionaux. Les lingots de cuivre, découverts au large, témoignent de la forte vocation exportatrice de ses ateliers. Depuis, les fouilles de sauvetage menées par le musée archéologique de Sozopol ont confirmé l’importance des activités métallurgiques dans l’espace urbain. Outre les imposantes concentrations de scories qui tapissent la plupart des niveaux archaïques, ces travaux ont mis au jour trois ateliers métallurgiques, ainsi qu’une vaste zone artisanale, située à la périphérie de la ville. Pour autant, les zones d’extraction sont restées longtemps méconnues. La fouille en 2023 d’un atelier dans la chaîne du Medni Rid offre désormais un aperçu sur les installations métallurgiques situées au plus près des mines. Ces recherches permettent de reconstituer l’ensemble de la chaîne opératoire du traitement du cuivre et du fer, tout en restituant la spécialisation de chacun des types d’ateliers mis au jour à Apollonia.
The contrast with the situation observed in the Lower Danube region or in northern Black Sea littoral therefore seems obvious. Questioning a standardised understanding of the Ionian expansion, Apollonia underlines the complexity of the installation of Greek communities in the Black Sea area, as well as the importance of regional patterns.
A new pile-dwelling settlement has been discovered during coring investigations on the shores of the Alepu lagoon (municipality of Sozopol, department of Burgas), on the western Black Sea coast, in Bulgaria. A multidisciplinary methodology was applied to analyze the archaeological dataset, composed of wood piles, abundant charcoals and wood fragments, seeds, fish and shell remains, a few small bone fragments, some lithic fragments and potsherds. The piles were trimmed from oak trees and sunk into lagoonal muds, and currently lie 5.8 to 6.8 m below mean sea level. It highlights a wooden building at the edge of Alepu palaeo-lagoon. Charcoal remains confirm the use of oak tree as a dominant timber resource, consistent with pollen data for this period. Palaeo-botanic remains highlight gathering activities and the consumption of wild grapes, raspberries and figs. The herbaceous assemblage evokes deforestation activities. Exploitation of coastal resources is well attested by the great density of fish remains, dominated by anchovy (61%), highlighting possible preservation of fish products. Five radiocarbon dates constrain the age of the site to between 3350 and 3000 cal. BC. The Alepu piles-dwelling settlement sheds new light on the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age in coastal Bulgaria. Adding fresh information to the local archaeological record, it completes the well-discussed issue of the protohistoric submerged settlements, revealing in turn the economic strategies of the societies at the end of the transitional period. Considerations about geomorphological settings of these sites underline the evolution of the regional settlement patterns, as well as the importance of lagoonal locations. Lagoon contexts not only offer abundant fish resources, as attested by our data from Alepu, but also good conditions for anchorage. These sites were later drowned, preserved and buried following the relative rise of the Black Sea level.
Частина 1.
Частина 2.
Apollonia du Pont doit sa prospérité aux riches gisements polymétalliques régionaux. Les lingots de cuivre, découverts au large, témoignent de la forte vocation exportatrice de ses ateliers. Depuis, les fouilles de sauvetage menées par le musée archéologique de Sozopol ont confirmé l’importance des activités métallurgiques dans l’espace urbain. Outre les imposantes concentrations de scories qui tapissent la plupart des niveaux archaïques, ces travaux ont mis au jour trois ateliers métallurgiques, ainsi qu’une vaste zone artisanale, située à la périphérie de la ville. Pour autant, les zones d’extraction sont restées longtemps méconnues. La fouille en 2023 d’un atelier dans la chaîne du Medni Rid offre désormais un aperçu sur les installations métallurgiques situées au plus près des mines. Ces recherches permettent de reconstituer l’ensemble de la chaîne opératoire du traitement du cuivre et du fer, tout en restituant la spécialisation de chacun des types d’ateliers mis au jour à Apollonia.
The contrast with the situation observed in the Lower Danube region or in northern Black Sea littoral therefore seems obvious. Questioning a standardised understanding of the Ionian expansion, Apollonia underlines the complexity of the installation of Greek communities in the Black Sea area, as well as the importance of regional patterns.
A new pile-dwelling settlement has been discovered during coring investigations on the shores of the Alepu lagoon (municipality of Sozopol, department of Burgas), on the western Black Sea coast, in Bulgaria. A multidisciplinary methodology was applied to analyze the archaeological dataset, composed of wood piles, abundant charcoals and wood fragments, seeds, fish and shell remains, a few small bone fragments, some lithic fragments and potsherds. The piles were trimmed from oak trees and sunk into lagoonal muds, and currently lie 5.8 to 6.8 m below mean sea level. It highlights a wooden building at the edge of Alepu palaeo-lagoon. Charcoal remains confirm the use of oak tree as a dominant timber resource, consistent with pollen data for this period. Palaeo-botanic remains highlight gathering activities and the consumption of wild grapes, raspberries and figs. The herbaceous assemblage evokes deforestation activities. Exploitation of coastal resources is well attested by the great density of fish remains, dominated by anchovy (61%), highlighting possible preservation of fish products. Five radiocarbon dates constrain the age of the site to between 3350 and 3000 cal. BC. The Alepu piles-dwelling settlement sheds new light on the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age in coastal Bulgaria. Adding fresh information to the local archaeological record, it completes the well-discussed issue of the protohistoric submerged settlements, revealing in turn the economic strategies of the societies at the end of the transitional period. Considerations about geomorphological settings of these sites underline the evolution of the regional settlement patterns, as well as the importance of lagoonal locations. Lagoon contexts not only offer abundant fish resources, as attested by our data from Alepu, but also good conditions for anchorage. These sites were later drowned, preserved and buried following the relative rise of the Black Sea level.
Частина 1.
Частина 2.
Henceforth, an original aristocratic identity spread within this new kingdom, which played a unifying role for the local elites. The emergence of insignia in grave-goods bears witness to the social representation of an aristocratic class whose members shared a luxurious way of life based on original tastes and choices, reflected in particular in the practice of the symposium. This demand in turn gave rise to an unprecedented circulation of forms and uses, now possible through the gradual opening of this area to the mobility of Greek and Thracian craftsmen.
This volume constitutes the proceedings of the conference organised in Paris, at the Louvre Museum and the Institut de France on 12th and 13th June 2015 in the framework of the exhibition The Epic of the Thracian Kings. Exchange networks, commercial and production settlements, craft activities and techniques are studied in the light of the latest archaeological discoveries carried out in Bulgaria, European Turkey and the northern Aegean.
Превърнал се в родина на философа Анаксимандър, градът е известен в древния свят с прочутата статуя на Аполон Лечител, считан за негов покровител. Създадена през V в. пр. Хр. от известния скулптор Каламис, тя се намирала в светилището на бога на остров Св. Кирик, където мореплаватели и търговци спирали, за да получат защита и благоволение преди винаги несигурното пътуване. Скоро след създаването си, завладявайки обширна територия и благодарение на развитието на занаятчийството, Аполония разширява влиянието си навътре в Тракия, където, от класическия период, властва Одриското царство.
Старините на Аполония Понтийска от дълго време са обект на интерес, но Александър Дегранд има честта пръв да извърши научни разкопки в Созопол. Проучванията на Дегранд, който е ученик на Шарл-Франсоа Ноел Шампоазо, откривателят на Нике от Самотраки, бележат началото на една плодотворна археологическа практика, в която участват едни от най-добрите български археолози. От 2002 г. насам градът отново е в основата на научно сътрудничеството между Франция и България чрез френско-българската археологическа мисия.
За да отпразнуват тази споделена история, Министерството на културата на България и Музеят Лувър решиха да съберат за първи път произведения от Аполония, открити при археологическите разкопки. Проследявайки изледванията и основните личности, които участват в проучванията, тази изложба разкрива контурите на древния град : от светилището на Аполон, преминавайки през градското пространство, с неговото богатството и изисканост, до обширните некрополи и многобройните аристократични могили, разположени на територията където днес работят български и френски археолози.
Si son patrimoine a longtemps nourri de nombreux fantasmes, c’est à Alexandre Degrand que revient l’honneur d’ouvrir les premières fouilles scientifiques à Sozopol. Elève de Charles-François-Noël Champoiseau, découvreur de la Victoire de Samothrace, ses travaux marquent le début d‘une formidable aventure que vont porter les archéologues bulgares parmi les plus brillants de leur génération. Depuis 2002, la cité est de nouveau au cœur de la coopération menée par la France et la Bulgarie grâce à la Mission archéologique franco-bulgare à Apollonia du Pont.
Pour célébrer cette histoire commune, le Ministère bulgare de la culture et le Musée du Louvre ont décidé de réunir pour la première fois les œuvres provenant d’Apollonia. Au rythme des explorations et des principales figures qui animé la recherche, cette exposition permet de découvrir les contours de la cité antique depuis le sanctuaire d’Apollon jusqu’à l’espace urbain, dont elle présente la richesse et le raffinement, avant de traverser les vastes nécropoles et les nombreux tumuli aristocratiques qui ponctuent un territoire où désormais œuvrent les archéologues.
Carried out with the Institute of South-Eastern European Studies (Romanian Academy), their aim is the study of the Greek settlements of the Lower Danube, as well as a major Getic settlement located nearby"
This programme is financed by the French National Research Agency (574 000 €).
Since the 1st December 2009, this project involves for four years 21 universities and research centres belonging to 9 countries (France, Canada, United Kingdom, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey) until the 30th November 2013. Its aim is the comparative study of the organization of the Greek colonies along the Western Black Sea coast (Danubian delta in Romania and the ancient Greek city of Apollonia pontica in Bulgaria). Working in several scientific disciplines (archaeometry, ceramology, palynology, geomorphology), 8 PhD students (4 French, 3 Romanian, 1 Bulgarian) carry out their studies in the framework of this program.
Carried out with the Archaeological Institute and Museum of Sofia and the Archaeological Museum of Sozopol around three themes : study of the organisation of the city’s territory, archaeometrical study of the pottery’s productions, joint publication of the former Bulgarian excavations made in the ancient city and the necropolis
"
Journal of Mediterranean geography
MEDITERRANEE
n° 126 (2016)
The aim of this congress is to provide a synthesis of all historical, archaeological, epigraphic, numismatic and multidisciplinary studies carried out on the city of Apollonia, since its foundation until the late Roman Period.
This event would like to provide an overview over the current stage of research on the historical path of the ancient city of Apollonia by offering to researchers the opportunity of valorising their work in a larger format than that permitted by excavation reports.
Nonetheless, careful analysis of ancient sources reveals the full range of complex factors involved in fishing in a region where species were zoned and subject to seasonal migration. A dichotomy between northern and southern Black Sea coasts, in addition to the distinctive characteristics of the deltas punctuating the north and northwest shores, may have had an impact on the resources produced, as enlightened by the Franco-Romanian archaeological mission around Orgame at the settlements of the Golovita lagoon (Baralis et al. 2017). Varied local resources, such as highly migratory species, may indeed explain different fishing management strategies, which in turn would have shaped local and regional exchange networks, including those stretching over greater distances to connect Pontic colonies with the Aegean world.
Some fifteen years after the very promising symposium held at the University of Aarhus (2003), it is time to re-examine this key issue for the understanding of the colonial process in the Pontic region, particularly in light of the recent synthesis by T. Bekker-Nielsen (2016) and the latest studies carried out in the northern Black Sea region and Danube delta. The goal of this symposium is to shed light on the latest data, with a special focus on regional specificities resulting from the characteristics of species exploited within the perimeters of each site, in accordance with the aims of ichthyofaunal studies. Such research does sometimes produce results that contradict textual and epigraphic data, opening up new avenues for the analysis of local networks, where the participation of local populations has not always been taken into account (Gavriljuk 2005). In the framework of the research programme on the Greek colonisation in the Black Sea area (Musée du Louvre -Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS-Aix-Marseille University), we would like to bring together ichthyofaunal analyses, studies or reinterpretation of production structures and publication of archaeological material linked to fish exploitation and trade, all too often neglected and more often than not left unpublished. Through these various contributions, we wish to enrich the debate around fish-related trade and its potential role in Greek colonial process in the Black Sea and the Straights.