retina
English
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/280px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png)
Etymology
[edit]From Middle English rethina, borrowing from Medieval Latin rētīna (“retina”, feminine noun), ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye. The phrase is attested in the 12th century in Guillelmus the abbot and Gerard of Cremona—the latter may have created this phrase as a translation for Arabic طَبَقَة شَبَكِيَّة (ṭabaqa šabakiyya) "net-like layer", which translates Ancient Greek ἀμφιβληστροειδής χῐτών (amphiblēstroeidḗs khitṓn, “retina”),[1] which is attested in the ancient medical writer Galen.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈɹɛt.ɪ.nə/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/, /ˈɹɛt.nə/
- Rhymes: -ɛtɪnə
Noun
[edit]retina (plural retinas or retinae or (archaic) retinæ)
- (ophthalmology) The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
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References
[edit]- ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “retina”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ “ἀμφιβληστροειδής”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “retina”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- “retina”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
Anagrams
[edit]Catalan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Latin retina.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina f (plural retines)
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “retina” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Medieval Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”), probably from Vulgar Latin tunica retina (literally “net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file) - Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na
Noun
[edit]retina f or m (plural retina's, diminutive retinaatje n)
Anagrams
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Latin retina.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina
- Synonym of verkkokalvo (“retina”)
Declension
[edit]Inflection of retina (Kotus type 13/katiska, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | retina | retinat | |
genitive | retinan | retinoiden retinoitten retinojen | |
partitive | retinaa | retinoita retinoja | |
illative | retinaan | retinoihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | retina | retinat | |
accusative | nom. | retina | retinat |
gen. | retinan | ||
genitive | retinan | retinoiden retinoitten retinojen retinain rare | |
partitive | retinaa | retinoita retinoja | |
inessive | retinassa | retinoissa | |
elative | retinasta | retinoista | |
illative | retinaan | retinoihin | |
adessive | retinalla | retinoilla | |
ablative | retinalta | retinoilta | |
allative | retinalle | retinoille | |
essive | retinana | retinoina | |
translative | retinaksi | retinoiksi | |
abessive | retinatta | retinoitta | |
instructive | — | retinoin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Further reading
[edit]- “retina”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
Anagrams
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Late Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina (plural retinák)
- (anatomy) retina (the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain)
Declension
[edit]Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | retina | retinák |
accusative | retinát | retinákat |
dative | retinának | retináknak |
instrumental | retinával | retinákkal |
causal-final | retináért | retinákért |
translative | retinává | retinákká |
terminative | retináig | retinákig |
essive-formal | retinaként | retinákként |
essive-modal | retinául | — |
inessive | retinában | retinákban |
superessive | retinán | retinákon |
adessive | retinánál | retináknál |
illative | retinába | retinákba |
sublative | retinára | retinákra |
allative | retinához | retinákhoz |
elative | retinából | retinákból |
delative | retináról | retinákról |
ablative | retinától | retináktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
retináé | retináké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
retináéi | retinákéi |
Possessive forms of retina | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | retinám | retináim |
2nd person sing. | retinád | retináid |
3rd person sing. | retinája | retinái |
1st person plural | retinánk | retináink |
2nd person plural | retinátok | retináitok |
3rd person plural | retinájuk | retináik |
References
[edit]- ^ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- retina in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Interlingua
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina (plural retinas)
Related terms
[edit]Italian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]The original sense (Etymology 2) of retina, but given a specific anatomical meaning.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina f (plural retine)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina f (plural retine)
- diminutive of rete
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]retina
- inflection of retinare:
Anagrams
[edit]Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”).[1][2] Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.[3]
Noun
[edit]retina f (genitive retinae); first declension (Early Medieval Latin)
- rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)
- 10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange):
- Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat
- Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.
- Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat
Inflection
[edit]First-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | retina | retinae |
Genitive | retinae | retinārum |
Dative | retinae | retinīs |
Accusative | retinam | retinās |
Ablative | retinā | retinīs |
Vocative | retina | retinae |
Descendants
[edit]- Italo-Romance:
- North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)
- Gallo-Romance:
- Occitano-Romance:
- Ibero-Romance:
References
[edit]- ^ Etymology and history of “rêne”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
- ^ Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1983) “rienda”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), volumes V (Ri–X), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 12
- ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “*rĕtina”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 333
- 2. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
[edit]- rētīna: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
- rētīna: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]
Adjective
[edit]rētīna
- inflection of rētīnus:
rētīnā
Etymology 3
[edit]Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina.[1] The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]
Noun
[edit]rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension
- (Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye
- 13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3:
- Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi
- And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye
- Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi
Inflection
[edit]First-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | rētīna | rētīnae |
Genitive | rētīnae | rētīnārum |
Dative | rētīnae | rētīnīs |
Accusative | rētīnam | rētīnās |
Ablative | rētīnā | rētīnīs |
Vocative | rētīna | rētīnae |
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “retina”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
Etymology 4
[edit]An etymologising spelling, closer to the word’s etymon Ancient Greek ῥητῑ́νη (rhētī́nē, “resin of the pine”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]
Noun
[edit]rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension
- medieval spelling of rēsīna (“resin”)
Inflection
[edit]First-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | rētīna | rētīnae |
Genitive | rētīnae | rētīnārum |
Dative | rētīnae | rētīnīs |
Accusative | rētīnam | rētīnās |
Ablative | rētīnā | rētīnīs |
Vocative | rētīna | rētīnae |
References
[edit]- 1. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Portuguese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
- Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na
Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina f (plural retinas)
- retina (thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball)
Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
[edit]retina
- inflection of retinir:
Romanian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]retina f (plural retinas)
Further reading
[edit]- “retina”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Medieval Latin
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English 2-syllable words
- Rhymes:English/ɛtɪnə
- Rhymes:English/ɛtɪnə/3 syllables
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- en:Ophthalmology
- en:Eye
- Catalan terms borrowed from Latin
- Catalan learned borrowings from Latin
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan nouns
- Catalan countable nouns
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- ca:Eye
- Dutch terms derived from Medieval Latin
- Dutch terms derived from Latin
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- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -s
- Dutch feminine nouns
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- Dutch nouns with multiple genders
- nl:Body parts
- Finnish terms borrowed from Latin
- Finnish learned borrowings from Latin
- Finnish terms derived from Latin
- Finnish 3-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/etinɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/etinɑ/3 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish katiska-type nominals
- Hungarian terms derived from Late Latin
- Hungarian terms derived from Latin
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/nɒ
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- Hungarian lemmas
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- hu:Anatomy
- Interlingua lemmas
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- Italian 3-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Italian/ɛtina
- Rhymes:Italian/ɛtina/3 syllables
- Italian lemmas
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- it:Anatomy
- Italian terms suffixed with -ina
- Rhymes:Italian/ina
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- Medieval Latin
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- la:Anatomy
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- la:Eye
- la:Horse tack
- Portuguese 3-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese nouns
- Portuguese countable nouns
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- Portuguese non-lemma forms
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- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Romanian/ina
- Rhymes:Romanian/ina/3 syllables
- Romanian non-lemma forms
- Romanian noun forms
- Spanish 3-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Spanish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Spanish/ina
- Rhymes:Spanish/ina/3 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish feminine nouns
- es:Anatomy