昔
|
Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]昔 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿日 (TA), four-corner 44601, composition ⿱龷日)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 492, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13816
- Dae Jaweon: page 855, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1488, character 11
- Unihan data for U+6614
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
昔 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 㫺 ancient form 𣊦 ancient form 𦠡 ancient form |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 昔 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
借 | *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ |
唶 | *ʔsjaːɡs |
藉 | *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ |
躤 | *zjaːɡs |
蜡 | *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs |
齰 | *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ |
醋 | *sʰaːɡs |
錯 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
措 | *sʰaːɡs |
厝 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
逪 | *sʰaːɡ |
剒 | *sʰaːɡ |
鵲 | *sʰaɡ |
碏 | *sʰaɡ |
踖 | *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
趞 | *sʰaɡ |
皵 | *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ |
舄 | *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ |
斮 | *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
簎 | *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
諎 | *ʔsraːɡ |
矠 | *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
庴 | *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
籍 | *zjaːɡ |
耤 | *zjaːɡ |
猎 | *zjaːɡ |
昔 | *sjaːɡ |
惜 | *sjaːɡ |
腊 | *sjaːɡ |
焟 | *sjaːɡ |
棤 | *sjaːɡ |
Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 𡿧 (“disaster; floods”) + 日 (“sun”) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times.
Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh (仌) left to dry in the sun (日). Original form of 腊 (OC *sjaːɡ).
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“night, full 24-hour day, spend the night”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) and 夜 (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): sik1
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): sék
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7shiq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
- Tongyong Pinyin: si
- Wade–Giles: hsi1
- Yale: syī
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sí
- Wade–Giles: hsi2
- Yale: syí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sik1
- Yale: sīk
- Cantonese Pinyin: sik7
- Guangdong Romanization: xig1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɪk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sit
- Hakka Romanization System: xidˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: xid5
- Sinological IPA: /sit̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sék
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɛiʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sek
- Tâi-lô: sik
- Phofsit Daibuun: seg
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siak
- Tâi-lô: siak
- Phofsit Daibuun: siag
- IPA (Quanzhou): /siak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sêg4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sek
- Sinological IPA (key): /sek̚²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: sjek
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]Ak/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sjaːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]昔
- ⁜ former times; the past; long ago; ancient times
- 昔魯公殺一無罪宮女,遂致九年旱澇;景公怒殺宮妃,臺傾三里。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 甄偉, 西漢通俗演義
- Xī Lǔ Gōng shā yī wúzuì gōngnǚ, suì zhì jiǔ nián hànlào; Jǐng Gōng nù shā gōngfēi, tái qīng sān lǐ. [Pinyin]
- In olden times, the Duke of Lu murdered a guiltless palace maid, thus resulting in nine years of drought and flood; the Duke of Jing murdered a palace concubine in anger, causing terraces to collapse by three li.
昔鲁公杀一无罪宫女,遂致九年旱涝;景公怒杀宫妃,台倾三里。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † yesterday
- 疇昔之羊,子為政;今日之事,我為政。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Chóuxī zhī yáng, zǐ wéizhèng; jīnrì zhī shì, wǒ wéi zhèng. [Pinyin]
- With yesterday’s mutton, you were in charge, but in today’s affair, I am in charge.
畴昔之羊,子为政;今日之事,我为政。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 未成乎心而有是非,是今日適越而昔至也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Wèi chéng hū xīn ér yǒu shìfēi, shì jīnrì shì yuè ér xī zhì yě. [Pinyin]
- For one who has not this determined mind, to have his affirmations and negations is like the case described in the saying, 'He went to Yue to-day, and arrived at it yesterday.'
未成乎心而有是非,是今日适越而昔至也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † sunset; dusk
- † Alternative form of 腊 (“dried meat”)
- † Alternative form of 夕 (xī, “evening; night”)
- 為一昔之期,襲梁及霍。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Wèi yīxī zhī qī, xí Liáng jí Huò. [Pinyin]
- They made an overnight pact, and then mounted sneak attacks on Liang and Huo.
为一昔之期,袭梁及霍。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cuò
- Wade–Giles: tsʻo4
- Yale: tswò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuoh
- Palladius: цо (co)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]昔
- † coarse; rough
- † Alternative form of 錯/错 (“to criss-cross”)
- † Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to use; to carry out”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Definitions
[edit]昔
- (Southern Min) Alternative form of 早
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
昔 |
むかし Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. The muka portion derives from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face opposite to something”), implying “that which stands opposite from the present”. The shi portion is suffix し (shi) indicating direction, also found in words 縦し (tatashi, “the standing or vertical direction”), 横し (yokoshi, “the sideways or horizontal direction”). This appears to be a somewhat rare alternative form, more commonly encountered as さ (sa), and may be cognate with the nominalizing adjective ending さ (sa).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]- once (in the indeterminate past)
- 昔見た映画
- mukashi mita eiga
- a movie I once saw
- 昔見た映画
Noun
[edit]- the past, old times
- 昔と今 ― mukashi to ima ― the past and the present
- 昔の自分 ― mukashi no jibun ― my past self
- 昔からの友達 ― mukashi kara no tomodachi ― a longtime friend (literally, “a friend since old times”)
- 昔に戻る ― mukashi ni modoru ― to return to the past
- 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:[3]
- むかし、式部大輔、左大弁かけて清原の王ありけり。
- ancient
- 昔の人 ― mukashi no hito ― ancient people
- もう昔の話だ。 ― mō mukashi no hanashi da. ― That's ancient history.
Derived terms
[edit]- 昔昔 (mukashi mukashi)
References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]昔 • (seok, chak) (hangeul 석, 착, revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]昔: Hán Nôm readings: tích, tếch, thách, tách
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han ideogrammic compounds
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Teochew proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 昔
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Mandarin terms with quotations
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese surnames
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Southern Min Chinese
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese third grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading しゃく
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading せき
- Japanese kanji with kun reading むかし
- Japanese terms spelled with 昔 read as むかし
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 昔
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese nouns
- ja:Time
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Han tu