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See also:
U+5E38, 常
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E38

[U+5E37]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5E39]

Translingual

Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 50, +8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition 𫩠 or )

Derived characters

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 333, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
  • Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 744, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5E38

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic (cloth).

The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, again, once more) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • siông/siâng - literary;
  • siûⁿ/siôⁿ - vernacular, limited (variant in 平常, 庸常, obsolete for surname).
Note:
  • sion5/siên5 - vernacular (siên5 - Chaozhou);
  • siang5 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /saŋ³¹/
Guiyang /saŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠³¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zɑ̃²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ʂɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /sɔŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /soŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʃoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /sœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siɔŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /suoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /siaŋ⁵⁵/
/siõ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /tiaŋ³¹/
/saŋ³¹/ 平時

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (25)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter dzyang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/d͡ʑɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/d͡ʑiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/d͡ʑiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/d͡ʑɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/ʑiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/ʑĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʑi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
cháng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
soeng4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cháng
Middle
Chinese
‹ dzyang ›
Old
Chinese
/*[d]aŋ/
English constant

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 11152
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*djaŋ/

Definitions

  1. normal; general; common
      ―  chángrén  ―  common people
    人之  ―  rénzhīchángqíng  ―  human nature
      ―  fēicháng  ―  extraordinary
    習以為习以为  ―  xíyǐwéicháng  ―  to be accustomed to (something)
  2. constant; invariable
      ―  chángzhù  ―  to be stationed in
  3. often; frequently
      ―  jīngcháng  ―  often
  4. (literary) law and order
    三綱五三纲五  ―  sāngāngwǔcháng  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  5. (literary) law; rule; regular pattern
  6. an ancient unit of length equivalent to two xuns ()
  7. 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸)
  8. a surname
      ―  Cháng Yùchūn  ―  Chang Yuchun (Ming dynasty general)

Synonyms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (じょう) ()
  • Korean: 상(常) (sang)
  • Vietnamese: thường ()

Compounds

Pronunciation 2


Definitions

  1. (Southern Min) Only used in 常在.

Pronunciation 3

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Definitions

  1. (Southern Min) indolent; sloppy

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. eternal, unchanging
  2. ordinary, usual
  3. continuation
  4. Hitachi Province

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
じょう
Grade: 5
on'yomi

/d͡ʑau//d͡ʑɔː//d͡ʑoː/

From Middle Chinese (MC dzyang).

Pronunciation

Adverb

(じょう) (じやう (zyau)?

  1. (obsolete) always, constantly, consistently
Derived terms

Noun

(じょう) (じやう (zyau)?

  1. a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one (, roughly three meters) and three (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
きだ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

*⟨ki1da⟩ → */kʲida//kida/

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).

Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch).[1]

Also sometimes read as kita.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

(きだ) or (きた) (kida or kita

  1. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one (, roughly three meters) and three (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
  2. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 (bu)/ (tsubo, almost 992 square meters)
    Synonym: (tan)

Counter

(きだ) (-kida

  1. counter for cuts or strips of something

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
つね
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/tune//t͡sune/

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with (tsuna, thick rope; binding), with underlying ideas of "connection, continuance".

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Adjective

(つね) (tsune-na (adnominal (つね) (tsune na), adverbial (つね) (tsune ni))

  1. (obsolete) eternal, permanent, consistent
  2. (obsolete) normal, everyday, regular, usual, ordinary
    Synonyms: 普段 (fudan), 普通 (futsū), 平素 (heiso)
Usage notes

This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle (no) instead:

  • (つね)(ひと)
    tsune no hito
    everyday people, regular people

Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle (ni):

  • このカメラは(つね)オンになっている。
    Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
    This camera is always on.
  • あの会社(かいしゃ)はサービスが(つね)(わる)い。
    Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
    That company has consistently bad service.
Derived terms

Noun

(つね) (tsune

  1. constancy, continuance
  2. the ordinary, the everyday

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
とこ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

⟨to2ko2 → */təkə//toko/

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with (toki, time).

The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.

Pronunciation

Prefix

(とこ) (toko-

  1. eternal, forever, unchanging, everlasting
Usage notes

Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle (tsu).

Derived terms

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
とことわ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/tokotoba//tokotowa/

From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]

Appears to be originally a compound of (toko, eternal, see above) +‎ とわ (towa, permanence, unchangingness, from earlier とば toba).

This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles (to, adverbial particle) + (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Adjective

(とことわ) (tokotowaとことは (tokotofa)?-na (adnominal (とことわ) (tokotowa na), adverbial (とことわ) (tokotowa ni))

  1. (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
    Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
  2. (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
    Synonym: (tsune)
Usage notes

Listed in dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, -na adjective). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.

Noun

(とことわ) (tokotowaとことは (tokotofa)?

  1. (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
    Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
とわ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
とわ
[adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting
[noun] eternity
[noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness
Alternative spellings
永遠, 永久
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC dzyang).

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 떳떳할 (tteottteothal sang))
(eumhun 항상 (hangsang sang))

  1. hanja form? of (honorable; righteous; upright; dignified)
  2. hanja form? of (eternal; everlasting)
  3. hanja form? of (constant; frequent)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: thường ((thần)(dương)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: thường[1][2][3][4][6], sàn[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of thường (frequent; usual).
  2. chữ Hán form of thường (ordinary; common; average).

Compounds

References