Wiktionary:Manchu transliteration

There are several systems for transliteration of the Manchu alphabet. These include the Möllendorff transliteration system invented by German linguist Paul Georg von Möllendorff, Abkai transliteration, the transliteration used in A Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary (CMCD). There is also a system of Cyrillization invented by Russian diplomat Ivan Zakharov, using the pre-reform Russian alphabet. The following table shows the differences between three major transliteration systems for the Manchu alphabet.

Manchu transliterations

Sound (IPA)	Möllendorff	Abkai	CMCD	Manchu and Unicode	Notes
[a]	a	a	a	ᠠ 1820
[ə]	e	e	e	ᡝ 185D
[i]	i^[1]	i	i^[1]	ᡳ 1873
[ɨ]	y^[2]	yʻ	y	ᡟ 185F	only used in loanwords
[ɔ]	o	o	o	ᠣ 1823
[u]	u	u	u	ᡠ 1860
[ʊ]	ū	v	uu	ᡡ 1861
[n]	n	n	n	ᠨ 1828
[ŋ]	ng	ng	ng	ᠩ 1829
[qʰ] & [kʰ]	k	k	k	ᡴ 1874
[q] & [k]	g	g	g	ᡤ 1864
[χ] & [x]	h	h	h	ᡥ 1865
[p]	b	b	b	ᠪ 182A
[pʰ]	p	p	p	ᡦ 1866
[s]; [ɕ] before [i]	s	s	s	ᠰ 1830
[ʃ]; [ɕ] before [i]	š	x	sh^[3]	ᡧ 1867
[tʰ]	t	t	t	ᡨ 1868
[t]	d	d	d	ᡩ 1869
[l]	l	l	l	ᠯ 182F
[m]	m	m	m	ᠮ 182E
[t͡ʃʰ]; [t͡ɕʰ] before [i]	c	q	ch	ᠴ 1834
[t͡ʃ]; [t͡ɕ] before [i]	j	j	zh	ᠵ 1835
[j]	y	y	y	ᠶ 1836
[r]	r	r	r	ᡵ 1875
[f]	f	f	f	ᡶ 1876
[w]	w	w	w	ᠸ 1838
[kʰ]	k῾	kʻ	kk	ᠺ 183A	only used in loanwords
[k]	g῾	gʻ	gg	ᡬ 186C	only used in loanwords
[x]	h῾	hʻ	hh	ᡭ 186D	only used in loanwords
[tsʰ]	ts῾^[2]	c	c	ᡮ 186E	only used in loanwords
[tsʰ]	ts	cyʻ	cy	ᡮᡟ 186E 185F	only used in loanwords
[t͡s]	dz	z	z	ᡯ 186F	only used in loanwords
[ʐ]	ž	rʻ	rr	ᡰ 1870	only used in loanwords
[sɨ]	sy	syʻ	sy	ᠰᡟ 1830 185F	only used in loanwords
[tʂʰ]	c῾	q	ch	ᡱ 1871	only used in loanwords
[tʂʰɨ]	c῾y	qyʻ	chy	ᡱᡳ 1871 1873	only used in loanwords
[tʂ]	j	zh	zh	ᡷ 1877	only used in loanwords
[tʂɨ]	jy	jyʻ	zhy	ᡷᡳ 1877 1873	only used in loanwords

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Excluding ᡱᡳ and ᡷᡳ
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Excluding ᡮᡟ
^ Separate s and h are written as s'h to avoid confusion with sh

Manchu transliterations

Notes

See also