User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Midterm quiz

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the mid-term quiz. It covers the first twenty-four lectures, the first eight mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories, except where noted in the course syllabus.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.

To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.

The quiz is timed at 3 hours.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz

Point added for a correct answer:
Points for an incorrect answer:
Ignore the questions' coefficients:

	Yes
	No

Bombardment by protostellar

may make the rock

of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions

and chondrules radioactive, producing

found in meteorites that are difficult to obtain with other mechanisms.

At the high end of the proton energy spectrum (above ≈ 10¹⁸ eV) the

radius deflection becomes

enough that proton astronomy becomes

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below:

visible tracks - A

diffusion cloud chamber - B

bubbles - C

a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D

similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E

fluorescence detectors - F

spark chamber

.

continuously sensitized to radiation

.

Pierre Auger Observatory

.

bubble chamber

.

Cherenkov detector

expansion cloud chamber

.

An X-ray binary star exhibiting periodic and rapid increases in luminosity (typically a factor of 10 or greater) peaked in the X-ray regime is called an

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

A non-SI unit of spectral X-ray flux density is called the

.

14 True or False, The flux density or monochromatic flux, $S$ , of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, $B$ , over the source solid angle:

$S=\iint _{\mathrm {source} }B(\Omega )\mathrm {d} \Omega =\iint _{\mathrm {source} }B(\theta ,\phi )\sin \theta \,d\theta \,d\varphi$ .

	TRUE
	FALSE

	catching a beam
	one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled
	it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation
	the ionosphere seems to reach the surface
	life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness
	asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not
	the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt
	poles of ice completely melt

	it's subject to solar eclipses
	it increases underwater
	cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere
	is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top
	is obscured by hot-air balloons
	the ionization rate rises at rising elevation

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a galaxy may have an axis of rotation that is one-fold
	a galaxy may appear as a left-handed or right-handed helix even though mostly planar rather than helical
	a galaxy may appear to have a two-fold axis of rotation
	a galaxy may appear to have a five-fold axis of rotation with two arms on one side and three on the other
	a galaxy may appear to have a three-fold axis of rotation
	a galaxy may appear to have a four-fold axis of rotation with a different number of arms in each quadrant
	a galaxy may appear to have a six-fold axis of rotation

The three key parameters of a

waveform are its

,

and its

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the

reactions occurring in and above the

. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the

of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.

Distance moduli have been estimated for NGC 6946 using its brightest

stars and its

ring.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

sources - A

339 - B

satellite - C

earlier designation - D

actual observation dates - E

4U - F

The catalog contains how many?

Prefix for sources detected during the final observation period

. The fourth is a catalog of X-ray

. Uhuru was a

. The catalog does not necessarily contain the

. It does not contain

.

publication in print contains the identification of all of the first X-ray sources discovered for each of the 88 (or 89) constellations.

	surface regions reflecting or emitting violet or purple
	an excess brightness at or near the edge
	red regions that may be phosphorus
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	rotation

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Intracluster medium - A

Mayall's object - B

M82 PAHs - C

Milky Way bubbles - D

Local Hot Bubble - E

Stephan's Quintet - F

UGC 8335 - G

Arp 272 - H

File:Outflow from M82 galaxy.jpg

.

File:Stephan's Quintet with annotation.jpg

.

.

File:A2199 Xray Optical2.jpg

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a theory for any natural X-ray source
	X-ray generation
	theoretical X-ray emission
	analytical models
	computational numerical simulations

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Comets - E

Mars - F

Jupiter - G

Saturn - H

Auroral currents on the order of 10⁶ Amps

Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface

.

Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km

.

Solar wind lighting up with X-rays

.

Bright X-ray arcs at low energy

.

Major source of hard X-rays

.

X-ray emission concentrated near the equator

.

Low surface iron content in minerals

.

What "mystery object" made a sudden appearance on February 21, 2006, and was observed to have an X-ray glow around it by the X-ray observatory satellite XMM Newton in early August 2006?

	TRUE
	FALSE

An astronomical X-ray source may have one or more

locations, plus associated

circles or

, from which

X-radiation has been

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	susceptibility
	a material inert to change
	physical changes from radiation
	chemical changes by radiation
	radiation induced change to a material

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sa - A

Sb - B

Sc - C

SBa - D

SBb - E

SBc - F

Irr - G

S0 - H

.

.

.

.

.

.

File:NGC 2859.jpg

.

	a launch location
	relic neutrinos
	of order of the photon density
	the thermal energy at which neutrinos decouple
	neutrinos dynamically dominate baryons
	a contracting universe

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the color of the upper rim as seen from Earth
	an excess brightness at or near the edge of the Sun
	the iron XIV green line
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	changes in the line-blanketing

	TRUE
	FALSE

	lofting an X-ray detector with a V-2 rocket from White Sands Proving Grounds on August 5, 1948
	in the late 1930s, "the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun ... was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species"
	early theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona
	“extensive 1/4 keV emission in the Galactic halo”
	its overall redness has decreased
	ionizing radiation that may originate deep within the Sun does not reach the bottom of a sunspot

While exceptions may occur, match up the star class letter with each of the X-ray possibilities below:

star class - O

star class - B

star class - A

star class - F

star class - G

star class - K

star class - M

L_X >> L_v

.

constant X-ray luminosity across the class

independent of visual luminosity

.

L_X ~ 10^-3L_bol

.

abrupt onset of X-ray emission across the class

.

L_X ~ 10^-7L_bol

.

L_X << 10^-3L_bol

.

	hard X-ray detectors
	CdZnTe pixel detectors
	CsI anti-coincidence shield
	windowless < 3 keV soft X-ray detectors
	1.5" strong source positioning
	2 µs X-ray temporal resolution
	900 eV at 68 keV spectral resolution
	FOV at 68 keV of 6'

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

X-ray astronomy consists of three fundamental parts: 1.

with respect to incoming X-rays, or X-radiation, 2.

, and 3. the

and associated

with respect to X-rays.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	an outflowing wind
	particles into the pulsar
	particles from the pulsar
	electrons and positrons in the wind
	particles coming out of the pulsar very close to light speed

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Skylark - A

V-2 - B

Nike-Asp - C

Aerobee 150 - D

Black Brant XII - E

Vertikal - F

Terrier Sandhawk - G

Wallops Flight Facility

Woomera, Australia

.

Natal, Brazil

.

Kapustin Yar

.

White Sands Missile Range

.

Point Defiance

.

Barking Sands

.

White Sands Proving Grounds

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind
	a bubble in space
	virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself
	Voyager 2
	Voyager 1
	the termination shock

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

The standard solar models have enjoyed tremendous success recently in terms of agreement between the predicted

and the results from

but some

of the Sun still defy explanation, such as the degree of

depletion.

	if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and a_x equals a_y, then RA equals 6^h
	if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and a_x equals a_y, then RA equals 3^h
	the value of a is given by $a={\sqrt {a_{x}^{2}+a_{y}^{2}+a_{z}^{2}}}$
	if a_x equals a_y equals a_z, then the declination is -45°
	if a_x equals a_y equals a_z, then the declination is +45°

The ratio of neutrons to 2.2-MeV

depends significantly on the direction of motion of the flare-accelerated particles with respect to the solar

.

	a launch location
	a rate of change of the impetus with time
	photon density
	an acceleration of the impetus
	neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons
	a rate of change of mass

Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below:

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A

XMM-Newton - B

Chandra X-ray Observatory - C

Swift - D

Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E

Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F

Suzaku - G

Koronas-Foton - H

2"

3"

.

~2'

.

1"

.

5.9'

.

7'

.

1"

.

0.5"

.

For the direction of motion of flare-accelerated particles, consider three cases:

motion, upward-directed

towards the corona, and

-directed motion towards the photosphere.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Scorpius X-1 - A

Serpens X-1 - B

Circinus X-1 - C

Virgo X-1 - D

Taurus X-1 - E

Cygnus X-1 - F

Cepheus X-1 - G

Sagittarius X-1 - H

Crab Nebula

Messier 87

.

2U 1744-26

.

Tychos's Nova SN 1572

.

Carina X-1 misprint

.

the first X-ray source widely accepted to be a black hole candidate

.

discovered in 1962 by a team under Riccardo Giacconi

.

not Caput

.

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes
	gravity
	near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system
	the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water
	coronal clouds
	chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Chemistry - A

Geography - B

History - C

Mathematics - D

Physics - E

Science - F

Technology - G

Geology - H

solar eclipses

a spatial frequency of occurrence or extent

.

radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun

.

elemental abundances

.

microcalorimeter arrays

.

The Ariel V /3 A/ catalogue of X-ray sources. II - Sources at high galactic latitude |b| > 10°

.

Carancas meteorite

.

a thermal bremsstrahlung source may fit

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of 5577 K yet its corona has an average temperature of

. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than

from the photosphere.

	TRUE
	FALSE

The

effects of the grid

or external metal

determine the envelope for the

transmission peaks.

	electromagnetic radiation
	ionizing radiation
	emitted by a few atomic nuclei
	occurs when a positron and an electron annihilate each other
	only penetrates so far into a gaseous-objects atmosphere

	TRUE
	FALSE

	electromagnetic radiation
	ionizing radiation
	usually hidden by interstellar absorption in the galactic disk
	readily evident in external galaxies
	have energies in the 0.09 to 2.5 keV range

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of Sun system astrogony with each of the possibilities below:

Babylonian epic story of creation - A

a primordial or first Greek god - B

the primeval chaos - C

creation of heaven and earth - D

Greek god personifying the sky - E

Cronus (Saturn) castrating his father - F

separation of the waters by a firmament

.

Chaos magno

.

Uranus

.

watery abyss

.

Ouranos

Enuma Elish

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

A composite

spectrum is approximately a

law over at least the ≈ 5 decade wavenumber range 10^-13 m^-1 < wavenumber < 10^-8 m^-1 and that may extend to

wavenumbers.

The X-ray luminosity of the

group is an order of

fainter than that of the X-ray

.

Regarding a blue haze layer near the south polar region of Titan, the difference in color

above and

nearer the

could be due to

of the haze.

	a star may emit predominantly green rays
	an astronomical yellow source is spherical
	a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source
	a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not
	a yellow source may be cloud like
	an astronomical yellow source my be a rocky object

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	throwing a beam
	a stream of charged or neutral rays
	calculating the energy of a beam
	sending out a traveling ray
	a secondary-object hazard

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun
	a unit of energy
	a quantity that denotes the ability to do work
	1.2 PeV
	a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time
	a unit not based on the Coulomb

Match up the radiation type with the satellite:

meteor - A

cosmic ray - B

neutral atoms - C

neutron - D

proton - E

electron - F

positron - G

neutrino - H

gamma ray - I

X-ray - J

ultraviolet - K

optical - L

visual - M

violet - N

blue - O

cyan - P

green - Q

yellow - R

orange - S

red - T

infrared - U

submillimeter - V

microwave - W

radio - X

radar - Y

superluminal - Z

.

.

.

.

.

.

File:Nasasupports.jpg

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

File:INTEGRAL-spacecraft410.jpg

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	luminosities below ~3 x 10³⁸ erg/s
	a few SSS with luminosities ≥10³⁹ erg/s
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	under ice
	the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
	Digital Optical Modules
	the counting house is on the surface above the array
	the baryon neutrino
	the electron neutrino

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Optical bench - A

Focal length - B

CCD - C

Coded aperture - D

Grazing incidence - E

Modulator - F

Collimator - G

Normal incidence - H

a device for the movement of electrical charge

gold mirrors

.

narrows a beam

.

a measure of how strongly a system converges or diverges

.

reflective multilayer optics

.

varying amplitude, phase, or frequency

.

a flat grille

.

a platform used to support systems

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the planet Mercury
	traces of the element gold in the Sun’s photosphere
	the solar wind
	Cepheus X-1
	nucleosynthesis near the surface of the Sun
	lightning on Jupiter

	TRUE
	FALSE

The multigrid collimator has the additional

inserted at a specified

position between the two grids,

approximately

to them, and

and rotated so that each third

lies in a plane defined by a wire in the outer grid and a wire in the

grid.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the Sun
	rather consistently observed over a wide range of energies
	an Aitoff-Hammer equal-area map in galactic coordinates
	an isotropic X-ray background flux was obtained in 1956
	an early high-energy end was obtained by instruments on board Ranger 3
	super soft X-rays are absorbed by galactic neutral hydrogen

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line
	gravity
	near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system
	swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water
	electric arcs
	chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below:

Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A

Multi Mirror Telescope - B

MAGIC telescope - C

Explorer 11 - D

HEAO 3 - E

Helios - F

Pioneer 10 - G

Voyager 1 - H

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	X-rays come from the IGM
	an X-ray background
	shock heating
	secondary ionizations and excitations
	far more likely to be absorbed by He I rather than H I

?

Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Neutrinos - G

Muons - H

Gamma rays - I

X-rays - J

Ultraviolet rays - K

Optical rays - L

Visual rays - M

Violet rays - N

Blue rays - O

Cyan rays - P

Green rays - Q

Yellow rays - R

Orange rays - S

Red rays - T

Infrared rays - U

Submillimeter rays - V

Radio rays - W

Superluminal rays - X

multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials

.

F547M

.

511 keV gamma-ray peak

.

F675W

.

broad-band filter centered at 404 nm

.

a cloud chamber

.

ring-imaging Cherenkov

.

coherers

.

effective area is larger by 10⁴

.

F588N

.

pyroelectrics

.

a blemish about 8,000 km long

.

a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate

.

coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum

.

thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals

.

F606W

.

aluminum nitride

.

heavy water

.

18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm

.

wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO)

.

a recoiling nucleus

high-purity germanium

.

magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions

.

2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	may have been consumed by nucleosynthesis
	star formation in a cloud deficient in hydrogen
	may point away from a stellar association
	may have been formed by white dwarf mergers
	may have had transfer of helium from the secondary to the primary
	a possible massive convective event

	more truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies
	contributed to by the new stellar population
	less truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies
	due to the quenching
	disks building up from the outside in

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

X-ray jets

the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency

.

iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium

.

Sagittarius X-1

.

escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary

.

collisions with argon atoms

.

X-rays are emitted as they slow down

.

Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra

.

Cosmic rays with energies over the

energy of 5 x 10¹⁹

interact with

photons to produce

via the

\Delta

resonance.

	a concentration vs. depth distribution
	charged particles in large clouds
	target elements may undergo a nuclear reaction
	projectile stopping power is unknown
	proton elastic scattering
	a nuclear method in materials science

	catching a beam
	one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled
	it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation:

- L

- M

- N

- O

- P

- Q

- R

- S

- T

Volans

.

Cassiopeia

.

Pegasus

.

Orion

.

Crux

.

Ursa Major

.

Phoenix

.

Draco

.

Eridanus

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a core which emits neutrinos
	Fermi's β-decay theory
	²⁶Al
	undetectable with balloon-borne detectors
	Gamow-Teller interactions
	steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission
	observed with delta-rays in 1731
	M. Fierz

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Balloons - A

Sounding rockets - B

Aircraft assisted launches - C

Orbital rocketry - D

Shuttle payload - E

Heliocentric rocketry - F

Exploratory rocketry - G

Lunar rover - H

Ranger 5

microcalorimeter arrays

.

MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy

.

Lunokhod 2

.

ALEXIS

.

Ulysses

.

Broad Band X-Ray Telescope

.

Solar Heliospheric Observatory

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	earthshine
	glow of the bright part of the lunar disk
	light from different parts of Earth are mixed together
	mimics the Earth as a single dot
	neutron astronomy
	X-ray astronomy

Whether the thermal IGM is

or collisionless at scales smaller than the

scale depends on the effect of reduced

that is mediated by the plasma

.

Match up the star with the constellation:

Capella - A

Sirius - B

Deneb - C

Anser - D

Altair - E

Vega - F

Vulpecula

.

Canis Major

.

Lyra

.

Cygnus

.

Aquila

Auriga

.

	a thermal plasma mechanism
	idea of a close binary
	synchrotron radiation
	high-density wind extinction
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

	a dense, opaque atmosphere
	lightning
	extensive meteorite cratering
	a flattening out
	liquid hydrocarbon lakes
	the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur

	stochastic acceleration
	hottest clusters
	scaling of the acceleration efficiency with IGM temperature
	collisionless IGM
	placid magnetic compressions
	the smaller the mean free path
	cold regions
	least effective for inducing the instability

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

superluminals - A

radios - B

radars - C

microwaves - D

submillimeters - E

infrareds - F

reds - G

oranges - H

deuterium enrichment of cometary water

interstellar-comet connection

.

a macroscopic superstring

.

force of life

.

rings of Saturn

.

volcanic activity throughout Vesta

.

a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone

.

present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the observatory facility with the observatory:

Ondrejov Observatory - A

Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C

Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D

Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E

Pierre Auger Observatory - F

.

.

Detector components.

.

.

File:Tortugas Planetary Observatory.jpg

The 0.6 m monitors cloud decks and equatorial activity.

.

To "narrow" can mean to

the spatial

of the beam to become

limit.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	Enrico Fermi coined the term "neutrino"
	Wolfgang Pauli postulated the muon neutrino
	in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos are created
	a hydrogen bubble chamber was used to detect neutrinos
	Niels Bohr was opposed to the neutrino interpretation of beta decay
	a neutrino hitting a proton is detectable

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are

, nonnuclear X-ray sources with

above the

limit.

	separate stars, Phosphorus, the morning star, and Hesperus, the evening star
	locally available carving tools
	the ionosphere was observed to become elongated downstream, rather like a long-tailed comet, during a rare period of very low density solar outflow
	Lucifer, literally "Light-Bringer", and Vesper
	currently dormant volcanoes only on the Sun-facing side
	a breathable atmosphere

Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image:

line of sight - A

an origin - B

a displacement - C

one billion light years - D

measuring - E

acceleration - F

.

.

.

Closer than a route.

.

.

	catching a beam
	one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled
	it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

Match up the celestial octant with the constellation:

NQ1 - A

NQ2 - B

NQ3 - C

NQ4 - D

SQ1 - E

SQ2 - F

SQ3 - G

SQ4 - H

Musca

.

Sagitta

.

Lynx

.

Pyxis

.

Piscis Austrinus

.

Corona Borealis

.

Pictor

.

Taurus

.

	Bragg peaks
	may arise from an X-ray jet
	may arise from the coronal cloud of an accretion disc
	a power-law spectrum
	a thermal emission at the lowest energies

	a strong 2.223 MeV emission line
	flashes of gamma rays
	associated with extremely energetic explosions
	most luminous events known
	can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes
	followed by a longer-lived "afterglow"

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Hydrogen - H, or D

Helium - He

Lithium - Li

Beryllium - Be

Boron - B

Carbon - C

Nitrogen - N

Oxygen - O

Fluorine - F

Neon - Ne

consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos

.

isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos

fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos

.

a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere

.

detected with X-rays on the Moon

.

an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars

.

detected marginally on Venus with Chandra

.

found in the X-ray spectra of comets

.

consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos

.

a surface impurity on meteorites

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

X-ray emission dividing lines may be explained by changes in a

field

to that of an

topology, leading to a decrease of magnetically confined

.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

X-ray burster - A

gamma-ray burster - B

X-ray pulsar - C

SFXT - D

soft X-ray transient - E

diffuse X-ray background - F

power law afterglow

magnetized neutron star

.

absorbed by neutral hydrogen

.

Aquila X-1

.

Factor of 10 or greater luminosity increase

.

thermal bremsstrahlung

.

A well-known black hole (or black hole candidate) and galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus is

.

Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below:

interior models of the giant planets - A

high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B

hierarchical accumulation - C

clouds and globular clusters - D

cosmic helium abundance - E

deuterium fusion - F

a large deficiency of light elements - G

after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H

the motions of hydrogen

fornation of luminous quasars

.

stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass

.

rotating liquid drops

.

primordial is less than 26 per cent

.

a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas

.

around 13 Jupiter masses

.

smaller rocky objects

.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Moon - A

Eros - B

Io - C

Ganymede - D

Europa - E

Titan - F

X-ray producing electric arc, current spots

reflecting solar X-rays

.

soft X-ray emission

.

possible soft X-ray emission

.

synchrotron X-ray diffraction of methane hydrate up to 10GPa

.

ordinary chondrite composition

.

Both

and

powered cataclysmic

have been observed to be X-ray sources.

	loops and rings in the X-ray emitting gas
	an X-ray source
	synchrotron radiation
	Cherenkov radiation
	signals with a velocity above c
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	starspots

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the coordinate system letter with each of the possibilities below:

triclinic coordinate system - A

monoclinic coordinate system - B

orthorhombic coordinate system - C

tetragonal coordinate system - D

rhombohedral coordinate system - E

hexagonal coordinate system - F

.

.

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a thermal plasma mechanism
	a close binary
	synchrotron radiation
	high-density wind extinction
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below:

a source - A

a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B

a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C

a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D

the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E

a natural source in the sky especially at night - F

a tertiary source

.

a primary source

.

an astronomical source

.

a secondary source

.

a radiation source

an entity from which something comes or is acquired

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the radiation object with the likely source:

- L

- M

- N

File:Neusun1 superk1.jpg

- O

- P

- Q

- R

File:NGC 7048.jpg

- S

File:HST NGC 5728 -O III- emission-line image.jpg

- T

a Craters of the Moon volcano

.

violet image of Venus

.

active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728

.

cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface

.

blue lights from Io

.

neutrino profile of the solar octant

.

planetary nebula NGC 7048

.

ultraviolet image of the Earth

.

a neutron star in a binary system

.

	expected signal comparable to background
	annihilation radiation
	a pronounced cosmic-ray halo
	difficult to separate from a dark halo
	dwarf spheroidals
	weakly interacting massless particles

A neutron star is a type of

that can result from the

of a

during a

supernova event.

	catching a beam
	a stream of charged or neutral particles
	it may appear as a dome over the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

synchrotron X-rays - A

power law - B

inverse Compton - C

thermal Bremsstrahlung - D

black body - E

cyclotron - F

Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients

Galactic diffuse emission

.

Crab nebula

.

continuum

.

accretion disk

.

strongly magnetized neutron stars

.

Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright

at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the

defect centers created by proton-beam

and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and

nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm.

An average neutron

is in neutrons cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1.

	a distant region of the solar system
	the dwarf planet Eris
	orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8
	inclinations as high as 50°
	perihelia greater than 30 AU
	Dysnomia

Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below:

astronomical object - A

astronomical source - B

astronomical entity - C

star - D

interstellar medium - E

material - F

natural luminous body visible in the sky

.

naturally from which something comes

.

matter which may be shaped or manipulated

.

an independent, separate, or self-contained existence

.

the matter that exists in the space between the star systems

naturally in the sky especially at night

.

An electric dipole

may be in units of Coulomb meters.

	a measure of neutron half-life suggested by Enrico Fermi
	a particle flux
	a unit per steradian (sr)
	the number of bubbles generated in a hydrogen bubble chamber used to detect neutrinos
	Niels Bohr was opposed to the pfu interpretation of beta decay
	a measure of the scatter energy of a neutrino hitting a proton

Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

cosmic rays

galactic nuclei

.

comets

.

electron-positron annihilation

.

weak force nuclear decay

.

AGNs

.

511 keV photon pair production

.

solar wind

.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

E0 - A

E1 - B

E2 - C

E3 - D

E4 - E

E5 - F

E6 - G

E7 - H

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

With the modulation collimator, the amplitude (

) of the incoming

is reduced by the presence of

diffraction gratings of

that block or greatly reduce that portion of the

incident upon the wires.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the letter of the spherical object with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Moon - E

Mars - F

Ceres - G

Jupiter - H

Callisto - I

Europa - J

Ganymede - K

Io - L

Enceladus - M

Titan - N

Uranus - O

Titania - P

Neptune - Q

Triton - R

Pluto - S

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a core which emits neutrinos
	low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory
	²⁶Al
	undetectable with balloon-borne detectors
	hard X-rays
	steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission
	observed with X-rays in 1731
	Taurus X-1

The

tracks in emulsion chambers have been used for

measurements of

nuclei above

in a series of balloon-borne experiments.

Match up the imaging system letter with the image possibilities below:

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (EGRET) - A

XMM Newton - B

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope - C

Lunar Orbiter Gamma-Ray Spectrometer - D

BATSE - E

Mars Odyssey GRS - F

GLAST - G

Swift (X-ray/Gamma-ray mission) - H

File:Geminga-1.jpg

.

.

.

.

	a theory for any natural X-ray source
	produces refereed journal articles on the CGB
	X-ray generation
	X-ray reflection
	a common or ancient name

Ordinary glass is partially

to UVA but is

to shorter wavelengths, whereas silica or

glass, depending on quality, can be

even to vacuum UV wavelengths.

	the blue object represents a plano-convex lens
	the blue object represents a plano-concave lens
	a simple optical system
	a focal length D
	an objective lens
	an aperture

In most photography and all

, where the subject is essentially

far away, longer focal length (

optical power) leads to higher

and a narrower angle of view.

	TRUE
	FALSE

The spectral region bounded on the long wavelength side by the atmospheric

absorption and on the short wavelength side by the photoionization of interstellar

is the ultraviolet.

Match up the object viewed in the ultraviolet with its image:

Sun's chromosphere- L

calcite - M

Venus - N

Jupiter's aurora - O

Jupiter - P

Io - Q

Saturn - R

Betelgeuse - S

Mira - T

LAB-1 - U

Messier 101 - V

.

.

.

.

File:Betelgeuse star hubble-580x580.jpg

.

.

.

.

Match up the description with each of the optical astronomy possibilities below:

Palomar's 5 m - L

adaptive optics poc - M

AO actuators - N

Mars Global Surveyor - O

star-forming regio - P

Warner & Swasey - Q

protoplanetary nebula - R

SkyMapper - S

Mauna Kea - T

full-color of Mercury - U

Hubble Space Telescope of carbon star - V

supernova remnant - W

HESS - X

line of sight - Y

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

File:AO proof of concept.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

The interstellar medium is the gas and

dust that pervade

space and is the matter that exists between the

within a

. It blends smoothly into the surrounding

medium.

	TRUE
	FALSE

An aerometeor is a

unit of air traveling or

through an atmosphere.

	the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun
	the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus
	any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky
	the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy
	the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars
	lightning always precedes rain

	TRUE
	FALSE

Lens-shaped

have long been known from

Age contexts.

	the pair of galaxies appear to be interacting rather than a mere galaxy double
	a lack of luminous sources at any wavelength in the interaction volume
	asymmetry is approximately centered on the interaction volume
	a common origin originally between them
	the large X-ray output surrounding primarily the more central portion of the edge-on galaxy suggests a very high temperature galactic coronal cloud
	the infrared portion of the composite image with ultraviolet strongly suggests that the edge-on galaxy is much cooler in general than the face-on galaxy
	orange and yellow astronomy reveal that the edge-on galaxy may be composed of older or cooler stars
	VV340A appears to be more than 33 % involved in the interaction

An astronomical X-ray source catalog is a list or

of astronomical

that are X-ray

, typically grouped together because they share a common

, morphology,

, means of detection, or method of

.

	hard X-ray detectors
	CsI(Tl) scintillators
	soft X-ray detectors
	windowless soft X-ray detectors
	detected soft X-ray emission inside two solar radii over the poles
	higher energy X-rays detected with a maximum at about five solar radii over the poles
	observed X-rays in the 1980s
	discovered Circinus X-1

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	neutrinos are affected by the weak nuclear force
	produced by a positron annihilating an electron
	a decay product of a neutron
	produced by the near surface fusion on the Sun
	may have a mass
	comes in mutable varieties

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Einstein ring - A

stellar nebula - B

Andromeda galaxy - C

Triplet galaxies interacting - D

Hubble galaxies - E

Dark matter halo simulation - F

Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G

Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

	hard spectrum
	Jovian electrons near Earth are on their way to the Sun
	an energy power law
	flux increases with 27 day periodicities
	at 1 AU, flux decreases exhibit a short-term modulation of 13 minutes
	come in mutable varieties

Any of many

in which something is related to something else by an equation of the form f(x) = a·x^k is called a

.

	galactic cosmic radiation
	charged particles in large clouds
	solar particle radiation
	interaction with the geo-electric field
	protons and electrons
	geomagnetically trapped particle radiation

	a higher intensity than the CMB
	isotropic X-ray flux
	a wide range of energies
	a general increase in intensity from the Galactic plane to the poles
	a thermal emission at the lowest energies

Hypotheses

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	driven by current gradients
	neutral atoms
	closed tube loops
	twisted flux
	open field lines
	synchrotron radiation

	a dwarf planet
	a member of the Oort belt
	a soft X-ray transient
	the polar regions (North and South) of Jupiter
	an X-ray burster
	Hercules X-1
	an X-ray emitting Be star

	one-fold - ⊙
	two-fold - ⊖
	three-fold - ▲
	four-fold - ◈
	five-fold - ✪
	six-fold - ✱

	an origin
	singularity
	chaos
	aether
	local steady-state
	uncountability
	irrational numbers

	20 MeV electromagnetic radiation
	the Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2)
	micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles
	neutron irradiation
	GRBs
	meteor orbits
	thorium on the Moon

User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Midterm quiz

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Hypotheses

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	X-ray jets
	X-ray binary
	emission peaks indicative of neutron decay
	X-ray burster
	a low-mass X-ray binary

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes
	gravity
	the barycenter for the solar system
	polar coronal holes
	coronal clouds
	its position
	temperatures at or above 1 MK

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a face-on galaxy
	a spiral galaxy
	two-fold rotational symmetry
	three spiral arms on each side
	galaxy type Sab
	no HII rings
	approximately 23 million light years away

	spiral arms
	a spheroidal shape
	may appear lenticular
	is irregular
	arms of younger stars
	may contain star clusters
	dust lanes

	limb faculae
	polar coronal holes
	black body temperature of the photosphere
	the electron neutrino
	iron (Fe XIV) green line
	neutrons

	gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure
	similar to a laboratory vacuum
	free space
	imperfect vacuum
	partial vacuum

	fluctuations
	no photons
	no matter particles
	relative permittivity
	relative permeability

	a strong 2.223 MeV emission line
	a solar flare
	the formation of deuterium
	the electron neutrino
	OSO-3
	neutrons

	an exotic atom
	a nucleus of neutronium
	a decay product of a neutron
	a weak interaction
	an eletromagnetic interaction
	a center of mass

	the Sun
	the Small Magellanic Cloud
	Scorpius X-1
	the Large Magellanic Cloud
	the Crab Nebula

	heliocentric orbit
	short-lived (0.5 h) soft X-ray events
	longer-lived X-ray events (3 h on average)
	any steady X-ray source
	XREs

	lightning
	Van Allen radiation belts
	electrons striking the ionosphere
	the geocorona
	ice cores
	meteorites
	diffuse X-ray background
	hurricanes

	the solar wind
	polar coronal holes
	protons originating from the photosphere
	the electron neutrino
	GOES 11
	neutrons

	lightning
	aurora
	a geocorona
	minerals high in magnesium
	solar X-rays
	diffuse X-ray background
	a sunward region
	low-oxygen conditions

	internal structure
	element composition
	distributions of plasma, gases, liquids, or solids
	landscape
	spheres
	approximate concentricity

	ultraviolet emission
	X-ray emission
	gamma-ray emission
	neutron emission
	⁷Be emission
	meteor emission

	the Sun
	the ionosphere
	the diffuse X-ray background
	Serpens X-1
	the Moon
	lightning

	grazing incidence mirrors
	tungsten-silicon multilayer coatings
	nested mirrors
	an angular resolution
	X-ray lens

	a chargon
	a spinon
	taking place inside solids
	extremely tight confinement
	neutron affinity
	X-ray absorption

	moving faster than 65 km/s
	closer stars more affected
	may point away from a stellar association
	comet-like appearance
	red shift
	blue shift

User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Midterm quiz

Quiz

Hypotheses

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External links

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	origin of the magnetic field
	the convection zone
	the tachocline
	Solar neutrinos
	radiative zone
	gamma-rays

	Voyager 2
	blue rays
	clouds
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	rotation

	August 22, 1997
	February 28, 1997
	September 7, 2002.28
	1982 the 20th between July and September
	2009 July 22nd and 8 hours
	February 14, 2014

	X-radiation concentrated near equator
	reflection of solar X-rays
	aurora
	stronger than expected reflected solar X-rays
	X-rays from rings
	diffuse X-ray background
	soft X-ray emission
	fluorescence of solar X-rays

	apparent impact craters
	an excess brightness at or near the edge
	the iron XIV line
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	changes in the line-blanketing

	s-waves
	the sum of the spins
	neutrinos
	Pauli's exclusion principle
	deuterium
	radio waves

	discovers an X-ray source in Scorpius
	a control group
	synchrotron radiation
	intergalactic medium
	a polar diameter
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

	Sagittarius
	Ophiuchus
	Aries
	Ursa Minor
	Scorpius or Scorpio
	Draco
	Taurus

	a mu neutrino
	a positron emission
	a decay product of a neutron
	weak interaction
	an electron neutrino
	comes in mutable varieties

	Cancer is along the zodiac so the Sun is a candidate
	Jupiter
	Uranus under special viewing conditions
	intergalactic medium
	Titan
	beta Cancri
	delta Cancri
	60 Cancri