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Stage III - The Eubacterial Biosphere

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Stage III - The Eubacterial Biosphere

Phase I - Negibacteria and the Anaerobic Biosphere (~3.5 bya)

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  • Eobacteria
  • Glycobacteria/Cyanobacteria - [Bioenergetics - Oxygenic Photosynthesis]
  • Rusting of the Ocean (2.5-1.8 bya)

Phase II - The Oxygen Crisis and the Rise of the Aerobic Bioshphere (1.9-0.95 bya)

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  • Posibacteria - Loss of outer plasma membrane/thickening of murein cell wall
  • Rise of the Ozone Layer/Rusting of the terrestrial crust/Canfield Ocean (1.9-0.9 bya)

From LUCA to Neomura

 
 

 Chlorobacteria - (Glidobacteria - Eobacteria)

 
 OM β-barrel insertion (Omp85)[j] 
 

 Hadobacteria   - (Glidobacteria - Eobacteria) 

 
 Lipopolysaccharides[i] 
 

 Cyanobacteria   - (Glidobacteria - Glycobacteria)

 
 Flagella 
 

 Gracilicutes[a]   - (Glycobacteria)

 
 Endospores[h] 
 

 Eurybacteria   - (Glycobacteria)

 
 OM Loss[g] 
 

 Endobacteria[b]  

 
 Exospores[f] 
 

 Actinobacteria  

 
 Cell Wall Loss[e] 
 Isoprenopid Ether Lipids[c] 

 Archaebacteria 

 
 Phagocytosis[d] 

 Eukaryota 

 
 Neomura 
 0.9 GYA 
 
 ~2.0 GYA 
 
 
 2.8 GYA 
 
Negibacteria
Posibacteria
Neomura
LUCA[k]  
3.5 GYA 

The Path to Proteobacteria and Mitochondria

 
 Lipooligosaccharide[m] 

 Spirochaetae  

 
 RNA polβ BBM1 insert
 Shingolipids/Sulfonolipids 

 Sphingobacteria  

 
 Type III Secretion 
 Murein Loss/Reduction 

 Planctobacteria  

 
 
 
 

 Proteobacteria  

 
 
 Endosymbiosis[l] 

Mitochondria  

 0.9 GYA 
 
 
 
 
& alanyl‑tRNA synthase 4‑aa insert 
Endosymbiotic Eukaryotic Organelle
Gracilicutes[n] 


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  1. ↑ Cavalier-Smith 2006.
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