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Syrian transitional government

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Not to be confused with Syrian Interim Government or Syrian Salvation Government.

Syrian transitional government
Date formed8 December 2024
People and organisations
De facto LeaderAhmed al-Sharaa
Prime MinisterMohammed al-Bashir
No. of ministers24
Member parties  HTS
Status in legislatureProvisional
History
PredecessorBa'athist Syria Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali government
Syrian Salvation Government
Politics of Syria

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Human rights
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Subdivisions
Elections
Foreign relations

The Syrian transitional government (الحكومة الانتقالية السورية, romanized: al-Ḥukūmah al-Intiqāliyah as-Sūriyyah) is the incumbent provisional government of Syria. It was established in December 2024 by the Syrian opposition after Ahmed al-Sharaa, Emir of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and now the de facto Syrian head of state, appointed Mohammed al-Bashir as Prime Minister, replacing Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali on 10 December. This came after the fall of the Assad regime and the exile of former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

On 8 December 2024, hours after the fall of Damascus, Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali, the outgoing prime minister and last head of government of the Ba'athist regime, agreed to lead the transitional government in a caretaking capacity.[1] He then transferred power to Mohammed al-Bashir, prime minister of the Syrian Salvation Government, two days later.[2] On 10 December, the transitional administration announced that it would remain in place until 1 March 2025, with all ministers from the Syrian Salvation Government taking up their same posts in the new transitional government.[3]

Background

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See also: Syrian civil war, Arab Spring, Arab Winter, and Fall of the Assad regime

Formation

[edit]
Flags used by the Syrian Transitional Government[a]
Top: Flag of Syria
Bottom: Tawhid flag

Ahmed al-Sharaa, leader of the Syrian Salvation Government, stated on Telegram that Syrian public institutions would not immediately be taken over by force and would instead temporarily be held by Syrian Prime Minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali until the full political transition was completed. Al-Jalali announced in a social media video that he planned to stay in Damascus and cooperate with the Syrian people while expressing hope that Syria could become "a normal country" and begin to engage in diplomacy with other nations.[8][9] Jalali also expressed his readiness to "extend its hand" to the opposition.[10]

Hadi al-Bahra, president of the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, said that an 18-month transitional period was needed to establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections. This period includes six months to draft a new constitution. This transition, according to al-Bahra, should be in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254.[11]

The Prime Minister of the Syrian Salvation Government, Mohammed Al-Bashir, was tasked on 9 December with forming the new Syrian government during the transitional period.[2] He was expected to hold the position until 1 March 2025.[12] The ministers of the Salvation Government were expected to shift to their corresponding roles in the transitional government.[13]

Women in government

[edit]
See also: Women in government

The initial prime minister and cabinet, together consisted of twelve men and no women.[14][15][16] As of 21 December 2024, it had extended to sixteen men and no women.[17][18][19][20] On 22 December, Aisha al-Dibs, a human rights activist, was appointed as the first woman minister in the cabinet, as Minister for Women's Affairs.[21] On 30 December, Maysaa Sabreen was appointed as Syria's first female head of the Central Bank of Syria. Sabreen had been the first deputy director of the bank during the final stages of Assad's rule.[22][23] On 31 December 2024, Syrian transitional government appointed Muhsina al-Mahithawi, a Druze female activist who participated in the anti-Assad Southern Syrian protests, as the governor of Suwayda Governorate.[24]

For comparison, the previous Ba'athist cabinet[25] had three female ministers, Lubanah Mshaweh, Diala Barakat, and Lamia Chakkour, out of 29 ministers.

On 18 December, HTS spokesperson Obaida Arnaout gave an interview in which he stated that "the essence of women and their biological and psychological nature do not fit all positions, such as the Ministry of Defense,"[26] and, "As for women's representation in ministerial and parliamentary roles, we believe that this matter is premature and should be left to legal and constitutional experts who will work on rethinking the structure of the new Syrian state."[27] There was widespread criticism online in reaction to Arnaout's statement.[27][28] Researcher Milena Zain al-Din from Damascus University disagreed with the spokesperson's statement, stating, "We, the young women and women of Syria, are activists, politicians, human rights advocates, journalists, economists, academics, workers, and homemakers. ... Obeida Arnaout's rhetoric is unacceptable. The Syrian woman, who has struggled and endured alongside millions of Syrian women, is not waiting for you to choose a place or role for her that aligns with your mindset for building our nation."[26]

Following the controversy of Arnaout's comments,[29] the transitional government announced the establishment of the Women's Affairs Office four days later and Aisha al-Dibs' appointment as a minister of the Offices.[21] A week later, on 29 December, al-Dibs' statements on women's rights, in which she stated that she would "not accept any opinion of feminist organizations or others that contradict the government's ideological orientation, or are incompatible with the government model" were widely criticized by Syrians.[30]

In early 2025, Arnaout made another statement in an interview with a Lebanese TV channel, where he stated that, according to him, though women "certainly have the right to learn and receive education in any field", that "for women to assume judicial authority" would be placed under "closer examination and study by specialists". Having doubled down on his stance on women having "obstacles" in the form of 'emotional and physiological limitations', this raised concerns that female court judges could be dismissed from their positions and forced to end their legal careers due to the fundamental restructuring of the country's legal system along HTS lines, which could forbid women from employment in the judiciary.[31]

When asked about the situation, Aisha al-Dibs stated that she refuses to comment on the future role of women in the judiciary, which would be determined by a new constitution, except that Syria's future judicial system be based on Islamic law. Al-Dibs specifically rejected the notion of a secular or "civilian" judicial system, saying that she would "not open the way for those that disagree with [her]", when asked if women's rights organizations in the country would be allowed autonomy, accepting only those organizations, whose support aligns with the HTS vision for Syria.[32]

Policies

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Economic reforms

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Minister for the Economy Basil Abdul Aziz stated that there were plans to shift from a rather state-controlled economic model towards a stronger free-market model and liberalization of import-export controls. Registration with the Damascus Chambers of Commerce would be considered sufficient authorization to import goods, and the previously required approvals and permissions from the Central Bank of Syria (CBS) would no longer be needed. Business leaders interviewed by Reuters described the promised changes as encouraging. The government stated that reconstruction investment was a priority, with civil war damage estimated in the tens of billions of dollars.[33] A source from the central bank and two commercial bank sources, speaking with Reuters, said that on 10 December, banks would reopen and that staff had been asked to return. The Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources told employees to return to work the same day, with Deutsche Welle stating that the ministry had added "protection would be provided to ensure their safety".[34]

The transitional ministry of transport said that Syrian airspace would be reopened to air traffic and added that it would announce the resumption of Damascus and Aleppo international airports.[35] On 16 December the Central Bank abolished the pre-existing import financing platform and announced that importers could finance the import of materials through their own sources if they did not conflict with domestic and international money-laundering laws. The CBS said importers no longer needed to visit the bank or obtain approval for importing goods and notified that exports no longer required obtaining a prior "export pledge" (تعهد تصدير).[36] That week it was reported that the Syrian pound had appreciated against foreign currencies; reaching 10,000 SYP to USD in some areas due to the return of displaced people in northern regions and diaspora, leading to increased amounts of foreign currency inflows. This resulted in the prices of commodities, including foodstuffs, decreasing. The Central Bank of Syria raised the buying exchange rate to 15,000 SYP to USD, 15,760.50 to EUR, and 428.97 TYR.[37] On 18 December the CBS said that ATM and electronic payment services were resumed, and directed banks to monitor withdrawal operations for what it said were temporary measures.[38]

Administrative reforms

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The transitional government began implementing administrative reforms immediately after taking control of Damascus. Mohammad Yasser Ghazal, a technocrat from the Syrian Salvation Government, was appointed to oversee the restructuring of the Damascus governorate, with plans to serve as city council president. The new administration began reviewing departmental functions and addressing issues of bureaucratic inefficiency inherited from the previous government.[39]

Initial reforms focused on streamlining government services and addressing corruption. The transitional authorities found numerous inefficient departments and positions, including redundant administrative divisions. The new government emphasized the digitization of services, citing the example of ID processing, which they had already implemented in Idlib. They also began addressing issues of phantom jobs and systemic corruption that had developed under the previous administration, where government employees had been receiving approximately $25 per month in salary;[39] which are to be increased to SSG government minimum wages of $100.[40]

The administrative transition included meetings between outgoing department heads and new officials to understand and reform existing bureaucratic structures. Prime Minister Mohammed al-Bashir convened meetings between SSG ministers and former regime officials to facilitate the transfer of power to the new caretaker government.[39] The transitional government includes numerous senior officials from Idlib governorate, which Reuters said raised concerns about inclusiveness from among opposition sources. Policemen from Idlib were brought to Damascus to direct traffic,[40] while on 13 December the transitional government's Military Operations Command declared a curfew in Homs Governorate.[41]

Constitutional changes and political transition

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A spokesman of the transitional government speaking to Agence France-Presse said that during the government's three-month term, the constitution and parliament would remain suspended. Also, a "judicial and human rights committee" would be established to review the constitution before making amendments.[42] Al-Sharaa stated to Al Jazeera Arabic that the choices of governance will be discussed among a group of experts; then, public elections would be held to make the final choice.[43]

On 29 December, Syria TV reported that preparations were underway for a National Conference of 1,200 representatives for between 4–5 January. Syria TV said that during the National Conference the constitutional drafting committee would be announced, and that during the conference the People's Assembly of Syria and all armed factions including Hay'at Tahir al-Sham (HTS) would be dissolved, leading to the restructuring of a new national army.[44]

Later that day, Ahmad al-Sharaa stated that elections wouldn't take place at least for up to four years.[45]

Foreign affairs

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After the fall of Bashar al-Assad, the governments of Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman, Turkey, Italy and France resumed diplomatic missions in Syria.[46] The new government met diplomats from France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the European Union in the days immediately following the fall of the al-Assad regime.[47] They met with diplomats from the United States on 20 December 2024.[48]

Additionally, Israel has occupied the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War in 1967. There has been various settlement schemes in the region and it is not clear if the new Syrian government is planning to join the Abraham Accords in the near future.[49][50][51]

While Belarus, North Korea and the partially recognized state of Abkhazia evacuated its embassy personnel on 15 December 2024, its unknown if the new Syrian government plans to restore diplomatic relations with Georgia, which were severed in 2018 under the Assad regime.[52] Ukraine also plans to restore relations with Syria under the new regime, which were cut in 2022 after the previous regime recognized the quasi-states of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, which were annexed into Russia later that year.[53]

The first official foreign visit of a delegation of the Interim Government was to Saudi Arabia in the first days of 2025. The Syrian interim delegation was headed by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defense, as well as the head of the General Intelligence Directorate, Anas Khattab.[54] The visit came after al-Sharaa stated in an interview for the Saudi-owned Al Arabiya that Saudi Arabia is to have a "large role in Syria's future".[55]

The French and German foreign ministers visited Syria in early January 2025, where they met with al-Sharaa and expressed a will to "support Syria", but also stated that they would refuse to become "a financier of Islamist structures". They also stated that they wanted to see the Syrian Kurds, whose forces acted as French allies during the war, to be included in the political process, as well as cautioned the interim government against "acts of vengeance against groups within the population", unnecessarily delaying elections or attempts to enforce religious law within the judicial or education system.[56] During the visit, al-Sharaa shook hands with the French Jean-Noël Barrot, but avoided shaking the female German Foreign Minister, Annalena Baerbock's hand, instead offering a small gesture on his chest.[57] This caused a small scandal, as the two ministers stood side by side as he did so. This was criticized by the former head German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Volker Perthes, according to whom the refusal of handshakes with women is not a part of Syria's tradition and is typically only seen by very conservative Islamist figures, such as those in Iran and, until recently, Saudi Arabia.[58]

Defense

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Prime Minister Mohammed Al-Bashir has said the defense ministry would be restructured using former rebel factions and officers who defected from Assad’s army.[47] Murhaf Abu Qasra (nom de guerre; Abu Hassan al-Hamawi),[59] the military commander of Tahrir al-Sham said to The Economist, "All military units will naturally transition to the ministry of defense, forming a unified army tasked with protecting the nation on behalf of all Syrians." The Economist added that "[h]e insists that there will be no place in the new Syria for jihadists eager to launch attacks".[60] Abu Qasra, speaking with AFP, said that HTS would be "among the first to take the initiative" to dissolve its armed wing for a national army;[59] on 21 December it was reported that Abu Qasra was appointed transitional Minister of Defense.[61] Three days later the transitional government announced that a meeting between opposition groups and Ahmed al-Sharaa "ended in an agreement on the dissolution of all the groups and their integration under the supervision of the ministry of defense”. The exact composition of groups to be dissolved is unclear, as groups such as the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) were not part of the agreement.[62] Previously, the interim authority under HTS was reported by the Institute for the Study of War in mid December to have joined Turkey in attempting to coerce the SDF to disarm and abandon their autonomy.[63]

On 29 December 2024, Ahmed al-Sharaa announced the promotion of 42 individuals to the rank of Colonel, 5 to the rank of Brigadier General, and 2 to the rank of Major-General in the Syrian Army. This number included Defense Minister Abu Qasra and new Chief of the General Staff of the Syrian Armed Forces and Army Ali Noureddine Al-Naasan, who were both elevated to the rank of Major-General.[64][65] Several foreign fighters were appointed to senior military roles. According to Reuters, the fighters were generally of Islamist Jihadist leanings, including a member of the Turkistan Islamic Party, an group listed by the UN as a terrorist organization. Reuters quoted an HTS source, according to which the promotions were a "small token of recognition for the sacrifices Islamic jihadists gave to our struggle for freedom".[66]

Media

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Mohammad al-Omar, Syria's new Information and Culture Minister, was quoted on the first day of 2025 by AFP saying: "We are working to consolidate freedoms of the press and expression that were severely restricted".[67]

Education

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On 1 January 2025, the Ministry of Education announced changes to the national curriculum via their official Facebook page, including the removal of all references to the Assad era from all subjects, and censorship of other subjects under religious lines. Under the new curriculum, evolution and the big bang theory are slated for removal from science classes.

Mentions of the pre-Islamic inhabitants of Syria, such as the Arameans and Canaanites, as well as the history of the ancient gods they worshipped (via the Canaanite religion and the ancient Mesopotamian religion) have also been removed. Texts relating to the role of Syrian women in the country's history and gender equality have been deleted, while the historic Palmyrene Queen Zenobia has been declared a "fictional character".

The new curriculum includes changes to the way that Islam is presented, as according the new education minister, the previous revision presented Quranic verses in a 'wrong' way. Among other changes, the phrase "Defending the nation" is to be replaced with "Defending Allah".

The changes were downplayed by education minister Nazir al-Qadri, who had announced that the only instructions given were for changes that included the removal of content "glorifying the defunct Assad regime" and changing the Ba'athist-era flag with the 'revolutionary' flag. The changes were met with mixed reactions, as they indicated a shift to a more conservative Islamist-style education system.[68][69][70]

Members

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See also: Cabinet of Syria and Syrian Salvation Government § Seventh cabinet (2024)

Caretaker Prime Minister Mohammad al-Bashir told Al Jazeera on 16 December 2024 that "for the time being" ministers from the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) would head national ministries.[71]

Portfolio Incumbent Faction Since
Prime Minister Mohammed al-Bashir[2] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Administrative Development
Minister for Social and Labour Affairs 		Fadi al-Qassem[15] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Mohammad al-Ahmad[14] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Communications and Information Technology Hussein al-Masri[72] Independent December 2024
Minister for Defense Murhaf Abu Qasra[20] HTS 21 December 2024
Minister for Economy and Foreign Trade
Minister for Industry 		Basel Abdul Aziz[33][14] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Education Nazir al-Qadri[15] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Endowments Hussam Haj Hussein[15] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Electricity Omar Shaqrouq[18] HTS December 2024
Minister for Finance Riad Abdul Ra'ouf
Mohammad Abazaid[73] 		Independent 23 September 2024 – ?? [b]
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Asaad Hassan al-Shaybani[19] HTS 21 December 2024
Director of the General Intelligence Service Anas Khattab[74][75] HTS 26 December 2024
Director of the General Directorate of Customs Qutaiba Ahmed Badawi[76] HTS December 2024
Minister for Higher Education and Scientific Research Abdel Moneim Abdel Hafez[14] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Information
Minister for Culture 		Mohammad al-Omar[14] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Health Maher al-Sharaa[17] (acting) HTS 16 December 2024
Minister for Interior Mohammad Abdul Rahman[14] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Internal Trade and Consumer Protection Maher Khalil al-Hasan[77] (acting) Independent December 2024
Minister for Justice Shadi al-Waisi[15] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister for Local Administration and Environment
Minister for Public Works and Housing 		Mohamed Muslim[15] HTS 10 December 2024
Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources Ghaiath Diab[78] Independent December 2024
Minister for Tourism
Minister for Transport 		Bahaa Aldeen Sharm[79] Independent December 2024
Minister for Water Resources Osama Abu Zaid[80] Independent December 2024
Minister for Women's Affairs Aisha al-Dibs[21] Independent 22 December 2024

Cooperation with other Syrian authorities

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As of 11 December 2024, leaders of the Syrian Democratic Forces, the military forces of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, were preparing for "negotiations that would create a broader-based Syrian government that is not under al-Julani's control". Leaders of the Southern Operations Room met with al-Julani on 11 December and expressed interest in "coordination", a "unified effort" and "cooperation", without stating that they would support the HTS transitional government.[81]

On 18 December, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (SNC), which operates the Syrian Interim Government in Turkish-occupied zones expressed its support for al-Bashir's government. The SNC called for a national conference and for the formation of a government that would be "inclusive of all groups" and "represent all Syrian components".[82]

On 29 December 2024, it was reported that Ahmed al-Sharaa, Commander-in-Chief of Syria's new administration, stated in a televised interview that SDF forces would be integrated into Syria's Ministry of Defense, with negotiations currently underway.[83] SDF said it is ready to cooperate with Sharaa to be the "nucleus of the Syrian army."[84][better source needed]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ [4][5][6][7]
  2. ^ Abdul Ra'ouf has been appointed in the Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali government; initially remained in a caretaker capacity

References

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