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List of battles of the Eighty Years' War

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This is a list of battles of the Eighty Years' War.

Introduction

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Royalist forces

[edit]

Until August 1567, the government of the Habsburg Netherlands, in the hands of Governor-General Margaret of Parma and her Stadtholders, was using local Netherlandish troops, such as schutterijen as city guards. Military law enforcement included the Bandes d'ordonnance (Dutch: Benden van ordonnantie), elite heavy cavalry formations drawn mostly from the Flemish (Dutch-speaking) and Walloon (French-speaking) aristocracy. The newly created Army of Flanders arrived in the Low Countries in August 1567 under the command of the Duke of Alba, who immediately carried out substantial military reforms. Alba reduced the prominence of the Bandes d'ordonnance (in part because he distrusted the local nobility) in favour of the well-known Habsburg multi-ethnic infantry regiments, the tercios, alongside Spanish light cavalry (the latter comprised just 8% of the army by 1573).[1]

Alba introduced Spanish (Castilian) as the language of communication in the Army of Flanders, and Spaniards received higher pay and most of the key positions in his high command. Alba had a low opinion of soldiers from other ethnicities (called "nations") in the tercios, such as Italians, Flemish and Walloons (flamencos or nativos, as the Spaniards called them), and Germans, and preferred relying on Spanish infantrymen, but the actual share of Spanish soldiers in the Army of Flanders – which was at one of the highest totals of the war during Alba's tenure – was a little over 15%. There were also Burgundian, Scottish, Irish, English and Portuguese "nations" at various stages of the war, and intermittently units from other ethnic backgrounds.[2]

Mutiny due to lack of troop payment was a common problem in the 1570s, which could result in increasing civilian sympathies for the rebel cause (notably the 1576 Sack of Antwerp leading to the Pacification of Ghent), while in the late 1580s and especially 1590s, ethnic tensions between the commanders of the "nations" (such as the Italian Parma, the German Mansfeld and the Spanish Fuentes) led to power struggles that left the Army of Flanders divided and largely paralysed.[2]

Rebel forces

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The rebels, who initiated their first actions of physical force during the Beeldenstorm (August–October 1566, initially mostly directed at Catholic Church property rather than governmental forces) started out as disparate riotous mobs of poorly armed and poorly trained but well-organised Calvinists, originally predominantly from industrial centres in western Flanders.[3] On 14 December 1566, the Habsburg Netherlandish government declared the city of Valenciennes – where Calvinists had seized power – to be "in state of rebellion", and in late December 1566, the first encounter battles occurred between the Habsburg Netherlandish governmental troops and Calvinist rebels.[4] Apart from managing to extend the Siege of Valenciennes (1567) for several months, the Calvinist rebels proved no match for the troops of Margaret of Parma (delegated to stadtholders such as Philip of Noircarmes), who crushed the disturbances in March 1567, before king Philip II sent Alba with the newly formed Army of Flanders from Spain to the Netherlands in April 1567.[5][6]

During 1568 and 1572, William "the Silent" of Orange, the wealthiest and most powerful nobleman of the Netherlands, attempted two invasions from his Nassau-Dillenburg stronghold as a 'warlord' with mercenary soldiers organised in typical German fashion (here referred to as "Orangist troops") in opposition to Alba, though both met with little success.[7] Meanwhile in 1572, a mixture of groups of noblemen and common people sympathetic to his cause, or to Calvinism, known as Geuzen, formed paramilitary units that seized control of most of Holland and Zeeland, where Calvinists soon came to dominate politics. Orange functioned as minister of war and commander-in-chief of the Hollandic and Zeelandic troops from 1572 on.[8] It was not until 1575 that these units were merged into the Dutch States Army, organised and directed by the States of Holland and West Friesland and the States of Zeeland (which was illegal; only the king had the right to raise armies). Around the same time, starting in 1574 with the Admiralty of Rotterdam, five Dutch admiralties emerged to organise rebel fleets.

When faced with large-scale mutinies in the Army of Flanders in 1576 known as the Spanish Fury, Catholic-dominated provinces of the Netherlands such as Brabant and Flanders (authorised by the Council of State in March 1576[9]) also began raising their own armies in self-defence against mutineers, but were unable to prevent the Sack of Antwerp. With the Pacification of Ghent (8 November 1576) all Seventeen Provinces except Luxemburg would agree to expel all foreign troops from the Habsburg Netherlands (essentially restoring the pre-1567 situation) while establishing a temporary general peace of religion. Although this resulted in much ad hoc cooperation between the rebel provinces and the inclusion of units from all of them into the States Army, organisation initially remained mostly provincial and decentralised, and the rebels suffered a catastrophe at the Battle of Gembloux (1578). Most of the rebel territories would go on to create a closer military alliance with the 1579 Union of Utrecht, proclaim independence by the 1581 Act of Abjuration, obtain English support in 1585 and establish the Dutch Republic in 1588, but the 1579–1588 period was marked by a long series of rebel defeats at the hands of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Effective military reforms of the Dutch States Army were only introduced by Maurice of Nassau in the subsequent Ten Years (1588–1598). By the 1620s, the annual costs of the Dutch States Army were 11,177,087 guilders, 58% of which were paid by Holland as most populous and wealthy province.[10] By the 1630s, Holland increasingly refused to fund land war operations, pleading for greater maritime expenses against the Dunkirker Privateers instead.[11] This led to tensions with stadtholder Frederick Henry, who unsuccessfully sought to merge the five admiralties into one in 1639, and then resumed his focus on financing the land war.[12]

List

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Date Battle Region Rebel forces Royalist forces Notes
10 August – October 1566 Beeldenstorm multiple Calvinist mobs Spanish Empire Government troops Inconclusive
14 December 1566 – 23 March 1567 Siege of Valenciennes (1567) Hainaut Calvinist rebels Spanish Empire Government troops Royalist key victory
27 December 1566 Battle of Wattrelos Flanders Calvinist rebels Spanish Empire Government troops Royalist victory
29 December 1566 Battle of Lannoy Flanders Calvinist rebels Spanish Empire Government troops Royalist victory
13 March 1567 Battle of Oosterweel Brabant Calvinist rebels Spanish Empire Government troops Royalist victory
23 April 1568 Battle of Rheindalen Jülich Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
23 May 1568 Battle of Heiligerlee Groningen Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
May–July 1568 Siege of Groningen (1568) [nl] Groningen Orangist troops Spanish Empire Government troops Royalist victory
10–11 July 1568 Battle on the Ems [nl] Groningen Geuzen Spanish Empire Government troops Rebel victory
21 July 1568 Battle of Jemmingen East Frisia Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
20 October 1568 Battle of Jodoigne Brabant Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12 November 1568 Battle of Le Quesnoy Hainaut Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
9–19 December 1570 Battle of Loevestein [nl] Guelders Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
1 April 1572 Capture of Brielle Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
6 April 1572[13] Flushing rebellion [nl][13] Zeeland Civic militia[13] Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
23 June – 19 September 1572 Siege of Mons (1572) Hainaut Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 July 1572 Battle of Saint-Ghislain [nl] Hainaut Huguenot troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12–15 September 1572 Walloon Fury in Dokkum [nl] Friesland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
2 October 1572 Spanish Fury at Mechelen Mechelen Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
? 1572 The Battle of Ijsselmeer Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
20 October 1572 Relief of Goes Zeeland Geuzen
England English navy
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
22 October 1572 Massacre of Naarden Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
4 November 1572 – 18 February 1574 Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574) Zeeland Geuzen
England English navy
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
12 Augustus 1572 – 8 February 1578 Blockades of Amsterdam [nl] Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
16 November 1572 Massacre of Zutphen [fr; nl] Guelders Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11 December 1572 – 13 July 1573 Siege of Haarlem Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 April 1573 Battle of Flushing Zeeland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
11 October 1573 Battle of Borsele Zeeland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
22 April 1573 Battle on the Zuiderzee Zuiderzee Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
21 August – 8 October 1573 Siege of Alkmaar Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
28 August 1573 Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573) Holland Geuzen
Huguenot troops
England English navy
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
October 1573 Battle of Delft (1573) Holland Geuzen
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
October 1573 – 3 October 1574 Siege of Leiden Holland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
27/29 January 1574 Battle of the Scheldt (1574)
(Battle of Reimerswaal)
Zeeland Geuzen
England English navy
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
Early February 1574 Capture of Valkenburg (1574) Holland Geuzen
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
14 April 1574 Battle of Mookerheyde Cleves Orangist troops Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
30 May 1574 Battle of Lillo Brabant Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 July – 7 August 1575 Siege of Oudewater (1575) Utrecht Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11–24 August 1575 Siege of Schoonhoven (1575) Holland Geuzen
England English troops
Huguenot troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
October 1575 – 29 June 1576[14] Siege of Zierikzee Zeeland Geuzen Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
25 July 1576 Sack of Aalst [nl] Flanders City guard Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
14 September 1576 Battle of Vissenaken [nl] Brabant Brabantian troops Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
15 September – 11 November 1576 Siege of the Spanjaardenkasteel [nl] Flanders Brabantian troops
Flemish troops
Hollandic troops
Spanish mutineers Rebel victory
4–7 November 1576 Sack of Antwerp Brabant Brabantian troops
German/Walloon troops
Armed citizens
Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
December 1576 – February 1577 Siege of Vredenburg [nl] Utrecht City guard
German troops
Spanish mutineers Rebel victory
24 July 1577 Capture of the Namur citadel [nl; fr] Namur Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
(Coup d'état)
1–2 August 1577 Capture of the Antwerp citadel [nl] Brabant Dutch States Army German mutineers Rebel victory
4 August – 4 October 1577 Siege of Breda (1577) [nl; es; fr; it] Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire German mercenaries Rebel victory
28 October 1577 Ghent Calvinist coup Flanders Dutch States Army

Ghent Calvinists

Calvinist victory
(Coup d'état)
31 January 1578 Battle of Gembloux Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
20–24 February 1578 Siege of Zichem Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8–12 March 1578 Siege of Nivelles (Dutch) (French) Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
26 May 1578 Alteratie of Amsterdam Holland Catholic city council

Calvinist radicals
Former Geuzen

Calvinist victory
(Coup d'état)
25 June – 20 July 1578 Siege of Kampen (1578) [nl] Overijssel Dutch States Army Spanish Empire German mercenaries Rebel victory
31 July 1578 Battle of Rijmenam Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
3 August – 19 November 1578 Siege of Deventer (1578) Overijssel Dutch States Army Spanish Empire German mercenaries Rebel victory
22 September – 7 October 1578 Siege of Binche [fr; nl] Hainaut Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
2 March 1579 Battle of Borgerhout Flanders England English troops
Scotland Scottish troops
Huguenot troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8/12 March – 29 June/1 July 1579 Siege of Maastricht Limburg Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
29 March 1579 Street battle in Mechelen[15] Mechelen Dutch States Army

Calvinist armed citizens

Catholic armed citizens Royalist victory
1 July 1579 Schermersoproer [nl] in Den Bosch Brabant Calvinist city guard Catholic guilds Royalist victory
3 March – 18 June 1580 Siege of Groningen (1580) [nl] Groningen Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Rennenberg troops Royalist victory
(Coup d'état)
9 April 1580[15] English Fury at Mechelen Mechelen Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
City guard
Rebel victory
9 June 1580 Taking of Diest (1580) Brabant Dutch States Army
Huguenot troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
15–16 June 1580 Zwolle riot [nl] Overijssel Calvinist city guard
Kampen Calvinists
Catholic armed citizens
Catholic farmers
Calvinist victory
17 June 1580 Battle of Hardenberg [nl] Overijssel Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
18 October 1580 – 23 February 1581 Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581) Overijssel Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
September 1580 – 17 Augustus 1581 Siege of Cambrai (1581) [nl] Cambrésis Anjou troops
Dutch States Army
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 July 1581 Battle of Kollum Friesland Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26–27 July 1581 Capture of Breda (1581) Brabant Dutch States Army
City guard
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
30 September 1581 Battle of Noordhorn Groningen Dutch States Army
England English troops
Scotland Scottish troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
3–24 October 1581 Siege of Niezijl Groningen Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
10 October – 30 November 1581 Siege of Tournai (1581) [nl; fr] Tournaisis Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
22 July – 15 September 1582 Siege of Lochem (1582) Guelders Dutch States Army
England English troops
Huguenot troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26 July 1582 Battle of Ponta Delgada
(also part of the War of the
Portuguese Succession
)
Azores Portugal Pro-Crato Portugal
Dutch States Fleet
 France
 England
Portugal Pro-Philip Portugal
Spain Spanish Empire
Royalist victory
(Pro-Philip victory)
1–2 August 1582 Siege of Lier (1582) Brabant Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 January 1583 French Fury Brabant Dutch States Army

Anjou troops

States victory
(Failed coup)
7 February – 23 April 1583 Siege of Eindhoven (1583) Brabant Dutch States Army
Anjou troops
Kingdom of Scotland Scottish troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 June 1583 Battle of Steenbergen (1583) Brabant Dutch States Army
Anjou troops
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
October 1583 – 17 September 1584 Siege of Ghent (1583–1584) Flanders Calvinist Republic
of Ghent
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Malcontents
Royalist victory
Early February 1584 Capture of Aalst (1584) Flanders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
May–July 1584 Siege of Zutphen (1584) [nl] Guelders Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
July 1584 – 17 August 1585 Siege of Antwerp Brabant Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
6–15 October 1585 Siege of IJsseloord Guelders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
4–8 December 1585 Battle of Empel Brabant Dutch fleet Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 January 1586 Battle of Boksum Friesland Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Early April – 7 June 1586 Siege of Grave (1586) Brabant Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
June 1586 Siege of Venlo (1586) Guelders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 July 1586 Capture of Axel Flanders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English soldiers
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26 July 1586 Destruction of Neuss Cologne Electorate of Cologne Truchsess Cologne
Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Electorate of Cologne Ernest Cologne
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Royalist victory
(Ernest-Spanish victory)
13 August 1586 – 3 February 1590[16] Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590) Cologne Electorate of Cologne Truchsess Cologne
Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Electorate of Cologne Ernest Cologne
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Royalist victory
(Ernest-Spanish victory)
22 September 1586 Battle of Zutphen
(Battle of Warnsveld)
Guelders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English soldiers
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12 June – 4 August 1587 Siege of Sluis (1587) Flanders Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
27 February – 29 April 1588 Siege of Medemblik (1588) [nl] Holland Dutch Republic States Army

England Leicester troops

States victory
(Failed coup)
29 July 1588 Battle of Gravelines Channel Kingdom of England English Royal Navy
Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet
Spanish Empire Spanish Armada
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Rebel key victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
23 September – 13 November 1588 Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
10 April 1589 Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589) Holland Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Early 1590 Battle of Bayona Islands (1590) Spain  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Royalist victory
4 March 1590 Capture of Breda (1590) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19–30 May 1591 Siege of Zutphen (1591) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
1–10 June 1591 Siege of Deventer (1591) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
30 June – 15 July 1596 Capture of Cádiz Spain  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
2 July 1591 Capture of Delfzijl Groningen Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
15–25 July 1591 Siege of Knodsenburg Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
Late August 1591 Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591) Spain  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20–24 September 1591 Siege of Hulst (1591) Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
17–21 October 1591 Siege of Nijmegen (1591) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
December 1591 – May 1592 Siege of Rouen (1591–1592) France Henry of Navarre
Kingdom of England English troops
 Dutch Republic
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Catholic League
Royalist victory
(Spanish-Catholic victory)
24 April – 21 May 1592 Siege of Caudebec France Henry of Navarre
Kingdom of England English troops
Dutch Republic Dutch fleet
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Catholic League
Rebel victory
(Navarre-Anglo-Dutch
or 'Protestant' victory)
30 May – 5 July 1592 Siege of Steenwijk (1592) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
26 July – 2 September 1592 Siege of Coevorden (1592) Drenthe Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
14 January – 10 February 1593 1593 Luxemburg campaign
Siege of Sankt Vith
Luxemburg Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Duchy of Bouillon
Kingdom of France
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist tactical victory
Rebel strategic victory
27 March – 24 June 1593 Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593) Holland Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
28 October 1593 – 6 May 1594 Siege of Coevorden (1593) Drenthe Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
19 May – 22 July 1594 Siege of Groningen (1594) Groningen Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
January–June 1595 1595 Luxemburg campaign
Siege of Huy (1595)
Luxemburg
Liège
Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Duchy of Bouillon
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
Bishopric of Liège
Royalist victory
2 September 1595 Battle of the Lippe Cologne Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11–28 September 1595 Siege of Groenlo (1595) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
14 October 1595 Sack of Lier Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8–24 April 1596 Siege of Calais (1596) France Kingdom of France Henry of Navarre
Kingdom of England English troops
Dutch Republic Dutch troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Mid-July – 18 August 1596 Siege of Hulst (1596) Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
24 January 1597 Battle of Turnhout Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
June – August 1597 Islands Voyage Azores  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Royalist victory
9–19 August 1597 Siege of Rheinberg (1597) Cologne Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
29 August – 3 September 1597 Siege of Meurs (1597) Moers Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
11–28 September 1597 Siege of Groenlo (1597) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
1–9 October 1597 Siege of Bredevoort (1597) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
1–10 October 1597 Siege of Bredevoort (1597) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
18–19 October 1597 Capture of Enschede (1597) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
19–21 October 1597 Capture of Ootmarsum Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
20–23 October 1597 Siege of Oldenzaal (1597) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
25 October – 12 November 1597 Siege of Lingen (1597) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
28 April – 2 May 1599 Siege of Schenckenschans (1599) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
15 May – 22 July 1599 Siege of Zaltbommel Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Kingdom of England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
10–12 September 1599 Siege of Rees (1599) Cleves Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
Holy Roman Empire Lower Saxon Circle
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
28 January – 6 March 1600 Siege of San Andreas (1600) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
5 February 1600 Battle of Lekkerbeetje Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
2 July 1600 Battle of Nieuwpoort Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel tactical victory
12 June – 2 August 1601 Siege of Rheinberg (1601) Cologne Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
5 July 1601 – 20 September 1604 Siege of Ostend Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
1–27 November 1601 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
18 July – 20 September 1602 Siege of Grave (1602) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
1 September 1602 – 18 May 1604 Mutiny of Hoogstraten Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops

Spanish Empire Spanish mutineers

Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Mutineer–allied victory)
3–4 October 1602 Battle of the Narrow Seas
(Battle of the Dover Straits)
Channel  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
26 May 1603 Battle of Sluis Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 May – 19 August 1604 Siege of Sluis (1604) Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
10–19 August 1605 Siege of Lingen (1605) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
16 June or 6 October 1606 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606) Portugal  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
3–14 August 1606 (royalists)
30 Oct. – 9 Nov. 1606 (rebels)
Siege of Groenlo (1606) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
25 April 1607 Battle of Gibraltar (1607) Spain Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
28 July – 2 September 1610 Siege of Jülich (1610) Jülich  Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of France
Palatinate-Neuburg
Brandenburg
Holy Roman Empire Imperial Army Rebel victory
(Franco-Dutch victory)
Late August 1614 Siege of Aachen (1614) Aachen Free City of Aachen
Brandenburg
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
15 April 1617 Battle of Playa Honda Philippines Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
21 August 1621 Battle of Gibraltar (1621) Spain Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet
 Denmark–Norway
 Spanish Empire Royalist victory
5 September 1621 – 3 February 1622 Siege of Jülich (1621–1622) Jülich Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8 July – 2 October 1622 Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
29 August 1622 Battle of Fleurus (1622) Hainaut Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
German soldiers
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
28 August 1624 – 5 June 1625 Siege of Breda (1624) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
1 April – 1 May 1625 Recapture of Salvador Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire
 Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
24 September – 2 November 1625 Battle of San Juan (1625) Antilles  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
1–7 November 1625 Cádiz expedition (1625) Spain  Dutch Republic
England Royal Navy
 Spanish Empire Royalist victory
25 July – 1 August 1626 Siege of Oldenzaal (1626) Overijssel Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
England English troops
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
20 July – 19 August 1627 Siege of Groenlo (1627) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
7–8 September 1628 Battle in the Bay of Matanzas Cuba Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet Spanish Empire Treasure fleet Rebel key victory
30 April – 14 September 1629 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
12 September 1631 Battle of Abrolhos Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire
 Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
12–13 September 1631 Battle of the Slaak Holland  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
9 June – 22 August 1632 Capture of Maastricht Limburg Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
25 June – 1 July 1633 Capture of Saint Martin (1633) Antilles  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
11 June – 2 July 1633 Siege of Rheinberg (1633) Cologne Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
8–20 May 1635 Siege of Philippine [nl] Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
20 May 1635 Battle of Les Avins Liège  Kingdom of France Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(French victory)
8–10 June 1635 Sack of Tienen [nl] Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
 Kingdom of France
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Franco-Dutch victory)
24 June – 4 July 1635 Siege of Leuven Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army
 Kingdom of France
Spanish Empire Army of Flanders
 Holy Roman Empire
Royalist victory
30 July 1635 – 30 April 1636 Siege of Schenkenschans Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
18 February 1637 Battle off Lizard Point England  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20–25 August 1637 Siege of Venlo (1637) Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
21 July – 11 October 1637 Siege of Breda (1637) Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
April – May 1638 Siege of Salvador (1638) Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire
 Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
20–22 June 1638 Battle of Kallo Brabant Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
18 February 1639 Action of 18 February 1639 North Sea  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
18 September 1639 Action of 18 September 1639 Channel  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Inconclusive
21 October 1639 N.S. Battle of the Downs Channel Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet Spanish Empire "Second Armada" Rebel key victory
12–17 January 1640 Action of 12–17 January 1640 Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire
 Portuguese Empire
Rebel victory
August 1641 Battle of San Salvador (1641) Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Rebel strategic victory
4 November 1641 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641) Portugal  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Inconclusive
August 1642 Battle of San Salvador (1642) Brazil  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
6 November 1642 – 28 December 1643 Dutch expedition to Valdivia Chile  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20 March – 17 April 1644 Attack on Saint Martin Antilles  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
7 October – 4 November 1645 Siege of Hulst (1645) Flanders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Rebel victory
15 March – 4 October 1646 Battles of La Naval de Manila Philippines  Dutch Republic  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
October 1646 Siege of Venlo (1646) [nl] Guelders Dutch Republic Dutch States Army Spanish Empire Army of Flanders Royalist victory
10 June 1647 Battle of Puerto de Cavite Philippines Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Fleet  Spanish Empire Royalist victory

See also

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References

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  1. ^ de León 2009, p. 89–95.
  2. ^ a b de León 2009, p. 95–98.
  3. ^ Van der Wee 1969, p. 15.
  4. ^ Anton van der Lem. "Noircarmes, Filips van Sint-Aldegonde, heer van". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu (in Dutch). Leiden University. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Margaretha [Nederlanden] § Margaretha van Parma". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  6. ^ van der Lem 1995, Chapter II.
  7. ^ Swart 2006, p. 31–32.
  8. ^ Swart 2006, p. 34.
  9. ^ Swart 2006, p. 41.
  10. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 423–424.
  11. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 424–425.
  12. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 425–426.
  13. ^ a b c Tracy 2008, p. 82.
  14. ^ van der Lem 1995, Jaartallen.
  15. ^ a b Tracy 2008, p. 157.
  16. ^ Peter Hamish Wilson, The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy (Penguin Group, 2010) p.210

Bibliography

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