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Jacques Lebaudy

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Jacques Lebaudy
Commander of the Faithful, King of Tarfaia, Duke of Arleuf and Prince of Chal-Huin
A 1904 photograph of Lebaudy
A 1904 photograph of Lebaudy
Emperor of the Sahara

self-proclaimed
ReignJune 1903 – c. 1904
Enthronement1 January 1904
(planned)[1]
PredecessorEmpire established
SuccessorEmpire dissolved
Governor-GeneralGeorge Edward Gouraud
BornJacques Lebaudy
1868
France
Died11 January 1919
Westbury, Long Island, New York
Burial17 January 1919
Cemetery of the Holy Rood
SpouseMarguerite Augustine Doliere
IssueJaqueline Lebaudy
Regnal name
Jacques I
HouseLebaudy
FatherJules Lebaudy
MotherAmicie
ReligionRoman Catholic

Jacques Lebaudy (1868 – January 11, 1919) was a Frenchman from an extremely wealthy family of sugar refiners, known for his eccentricity and his attempt to establish a new nation, the Empire of the Sahara. The circumstances of his death in 1919 in Westbury, Long Island resulted in a sensational grand jury proceeding.

Family and early life

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Born in 1868, Jacques Lebaudy was the oldest son of Jules Lebaudy (1828–1892), who with his brother Gustave (1827–1889) owned the family sugar refining business, Lebaudy Frères. Jules also owned property in Paris, including the Théâtre du Vaudeville. Jacques' mother Amicie (1847–1917) founded a charity to provide low-cost housing to the working poor which is still in existence.[2] Lebaudy and his three siblings were reported as inheriting 227 million francs each on the death of their father.[3] The death of Jacques' younger brother Max, aged 21, in a military hospital in 1895 after being conscripted for military service despite a serious illness caused a scandal in France. His brother had allegedly attempted to bribe his way out of the service.[3]

Jacques' cousins Paul and Pierre Lebaudy were notable builders of airships, such as La République.

By the late 1890s Lebaudy had involved himself in breeding race horses.[4][5]

The Empire of the Sahara

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The Emperor of the Sahara's Stampage,Throne, Coinage and Flag

In June 1903, Lebaudy sailed with his yacht Frasquita and two other boats to an area near Cape Juby on the Moroccan coast and proclaimed the "Empire of the Sahara". Backed by as many as 400 hired soldiers and sixteen Hotchkiss guns,[6] Lebaudy established a camp and set up a throne for himself in a large tent, and stated he was now to be known as "Jacques I, Najin-al-Den, Emperor of the Sahara, Commander of the Faithful, King of Tarfaia, Duke of Arleuf and Prince of Chal-Huin".[1] He had various projects for ruling and improving his new domain, but European governments disapproved of his venture, and some of his mercenaries were captured by local Moorish bandits. (They later sued Lebaudy for damages for abandoning them, after being rescued by a French warship).[7] As Spain also had an interest in the area, his attempts at kingdom founding proved politically sensitive to the French government, and in an attempt to put a stop to his ambitions, they issued warrants for his conscription into the French army. He retreated to the Hague to bring his case before an international court.[1] By October 1903 Lebaudy had taken up residence at the Savoy Hotel in London, setting up an imperial court complete with throne and installing his government there, appointing American adventurer George Edward Gouraud as his "Governor-General".[8][9] Reportedly the orchestra in the Savoy restaurant would play his national anthem whenever he entered to dine under his imperial purple canopy.[1] He also found himself an Empress, former actress Marguerite Augustine Doliere and they produced a daughter, known as "the Princess Jaqueline" [10] After announcing "the throne will remain in the Sahara, with nobody on it; but his Imperial Majesty wishes it to be known that usurpers will be severely dealt with" he left Europe.[1]

United States

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Jacqueline Lebaudy, age 16 (1921)

About 1908, Lebaudy moved to the United States with his wife Augustine and daughter Jacqueline, residing mostly in expensive New York City hotels, and his behavior became more erratic. In 1915 he was placed in an asylum at the request of his wife; he at first fled the local sheriff on horseback, before surrendering[11] but soon escaped,[12] only to be recaptured after a few days.[13] Lebaudy reportedly tried several times to have his wife and daughter killed, and was finally shot and killed by his wife on January 11, 1919 at her home in Westbury on Long Island.[14] A grand jury refused to indict.[15] He left a large estate, having inherited additional portions of the family money from his brother Max and his mother. He also had the reputation, despite his mental problems, of being at times a shrewd investor in stocks and property; he reportedly made a profit of over $1,000,000 in the stock of the Erie Railroad in 1907 when it became the subject of a takeover.[16]

Lebaudy was buried on 17 January 1919, in the Catholic parish cemetery of St. Brigid's, Westbury,[17] now part of the Catholic Cemetery of the Holy Rood.

In 1922, his wife remarried a French detective in a double wedding with her daughter, who married his son.[18]

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Lebaudy among a group of world leaders; he is the one peering at the area of the Sahara on the globe. Eugène Ogé, 1904
Banner of Arms of the Empire of the Sahara
Banner of Arms of the Empire of the Sahara

Lebaudy was the subject of wide public interest, first in France and then worldwide.[19] Caricatures of him include that by Sem and a 1904 poster of world political figures by Eugène Ogé. He was the subject of several lampoons in London publications by the young P. G. Wodehouse.[20][21] The Romance of Terence O’Rourke, Gentleman Adventurer by Louis Joseph Vance, a pulp novel from 1907 probably based on magazine stories published in 1904, is a romanticized version of the "Empire of the Sahara", with Terence O'Rourke being an American adventurer who is recruited to help a cowardly French millionaire become the "Emperor of the Sahara".[22] Another work on Lebaudy was English artist John Copley's 1909 collection of lithographs "The Fall and Rise of His Imperial Majesty Jacques Démodé".[23] The adventures of Lebaudy even inspired a French game-maker to produce a wire puzzle in his honor.[24]

References

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  • Philippe Di Folco, L'Empereur du Sahara, illustrated biography, Galaade éditions, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-35176-251-6

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e Maxwell, Bennet (15 September 1998). "The Emperor of the Sahara". The Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Accueil - Fondation de Madame Jules Lebaudy". Fondation de Madame Jules Lebaudy (in French). Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Blackmailing in France". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954). 13 March 1896. p. 5. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  4. ^ "Sporting". Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899). 29 May 1897. p. 10. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  5. ^ "English Sporting Notes". Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871 - 1912). 2 July 1898. p. 48. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  6. ^ Current Literature, October 1903, p. 412-3
  7. ^ Joyce, James (2000). Occasional, Critical, and Political Writing. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–101, 311. ISBN 9780192833532.
  8. ^ "Reclaiming the Sahara". Taranaki Daily News. 16 March 1904. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  9. ^ Note: George Gouraud was not closely related to Henri Gouraud, a French officer active at that time in West Africa.
  10. ^ Bovsun, Mara (6 February 2011). "24-karat crazy Sugar scion met bitter end at hands of wife". NY Daily News. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Emperor of the Sahara surrenders to U.S." (PDF). The New York Times. 19 August 1915. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  12. ^ "Sahara's 'Emperor' Flees Sanitarium" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 August 1915. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  13. ^ "Emperor goes cattle shopping". The Washington Post (1877-1922). 24 August 1915. ProQuest 145414535.
  14. ^ "Jaques Lebaudy "Emperor of the Sahara" shot dead by his wife"". Evening Post. 22 March 1919. Retrieved 16 October 2018 – via Papers Past.
  15. ^ "Clear Mrs.Lebaudy of killing husband" (PDF). The New York Times. 22 January 1919. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  16. ^ "Jaques Lebaudy shot dead by his wife in her home" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 January 1919. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  17. ^ "Jacques Lebaudy Buried" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 January 1919. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  18. ^ "Widow of Jacques Lebaudy and Daughter Have Double Wedding". Sacramento Union. Vol. 228, no. 26134. 5 October 1922. p. 2. Retrieved 16 October 2018 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  19. ^ "M. JACQUES LEBAUDY". Daily News (Perth, WA). 12 September 1905. p. 5. Retrieved 16 October 2018 – via Trove.
  20. ^ "The Parrot - Poem 15". madameulalie. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Madame Eulalie - The Daily Chronicle (UK)". www.madameulalie.org. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  22. ^ Vineyard, David L. "LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE – Terence O'Rourke, Gentleman Adventurer". mysteryfile. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  23. ^ Copley, John (1909). The fall and rise of His Imperial Majesty Jacques Démodé, Emperor of the Sahara. England. OCLC 859659635.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ Koli, Alain. "L' Empereur du SAHARA, ou sacré JACQUES". Collection de Jeux Anciens (in French). Retrieved 16 October 2018.
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