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Gora dialect

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Gora language" redirects here. For the language spoken in Nigeria, see Gora language (Nigeria).
Not to be confused with Gora dialect (Kajkavian).
Not to be confused with the Gorani language of Kurdistan.
Gorani
našinski
Native toKosovo, Albania and North Macedonia
EthnicityGorani
Native speakers
60,000 (2011 census[citation needed])
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Area where Torlakian dialects are spoken. Number 4 (in southern Kosovo) indicates the Gora dialect area.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

The Gorani or Goranski, also Našinski ("Our language") language, is a regiolectal variety of South Slavic spoken by the Gorani people in the border area between Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Albania. It is part of the Torlakian dialect group,[1] which is transitional between Eastern and Western South Slavic languages.[2][3][4][5]

Distribution and classification

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Spoken across the Gora region in 19 villages in Kosovo, 11 in Albania, and 2 in North Macedonia. In Kosovo and North Macedonia, it is sometimes written in either the Serbian or Macedonian Cyrillic Alphabets, whereas in Albania, the Latin Albanian alphabet is used. In the 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora Municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, roughly in proportion to the number who considered themselves ethnic Gorani. In the same census, a little less than half of the inhabitants of Gora considered their language Serbian.[6]

Related to the neighbouring Torlakian dialect varieties spoken in the Prizren–South Morava area to the northeast, also spoken in the southern half of Kosovo and in southeastern Serbia, as well as to the northernmost dialects of North Macedonia. In relation to Macedonian dialectology, it is described as having particular close links to the Tetovo dialect of the Polog and Tetovo regions,[7] which are situated just opposite the Gora area on the other side of the Šar Mountains.

Gorani has also been classified as a part of the Bulgarian dialect area, by Bulgarian[8] as well as some foreign anthropologists.[9] In 2007, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences sponsored and printed the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) by Goranian researcher Nazif Dokle, who considers the language a Bulgarian dialect.[10]

On the other hand, former Yugoslav linguists Vidoeski, Brozović and Ivić identify the Slavic dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian.[11] According to some sources, in 2003, the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books to be taught in Gorani schools.[citation needed]

Phonological characteristics

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Gorani shares with standard Serbian, the northernmost dialects of Macedonian, and western dialects of Bulgarian, the vocalisation of earlier syllabic /l/ in words like vuk ('wolf') (cf. Macedonian volk, standard Bulgarian vǎlk). With Serbian it also shares the reflex of */tj, dj/ as /tɕ, dʑ/, as opposed to standard Macedonian /c, ɟ/ (⟨ќ⟩, ⟨ѓ⟩).[12] With the westernmost Macedonian varieties, as well as most of the Bulgarian varieties, it shares the reflex of "big Yus" (*/ɔ̃/) as /ə/ (ǎ) in words like pǎt ('road') (cf. Macedonian pat, Serbian put). With standard Macedonian and some Bulgarian dialects it shares the reflexes of */ĭ, ŭ/ as /e, o/ in words like den ('day') and son ('dream'). With standard Macedonian, standard Serbian and some Bulgarian dialects it shares the retention of syllabic /r/ in words like krv ('blood').[13]

Grammar

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Morphology

The dialect makes a distinction between three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, instrumental) and two numbers (singular and plural).

Grammar

Nouns have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) that correspond, to a certain extent, with the word ending so most nouns with -a are feminine, -o and -e neuter, and the rest mostly masculine but with some feminine. The grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns, and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, and instrumental.

Nominative: Dōmà ni je ubava. Our house is good. Šo?

Genitive: Dǒmà ni je ubava. Our house is good. Koj?

Dative: Dǒmī´je ubavo. The house is fine. Komu?

Accusative: Nacrtau negua Dōmā. He drew his house. Kogo?

Vocative: Dómā, ni trebe! We need a house!

Instrumental: Ja živuem so dǒmā. I live with a house. So šo?

Locative: Ja som (vo) Dōmá. I am at the house. Če de?

Singular Plural
Nominative dōmà, mask. (home, house) sēlò, neutr. (village) rānā, fem. (wound) dōmē sēlá rāně
Genitive dǒmà sélō ránā dōmě sélā ránē
Dative dǒmī sēlū rānī dōmévém sélātàm rānǐj
Accusative dōmā sēló rǎnā dōmēvé sělā rāném
Vocative dómā sělō, sélōū ránō, ráná dómēvē sélātá rāné
Instrumental dǒmā sēlǒ rǎnǎ dōmēvē sēlà rǎnē
Locative dōmá sēlò rānà dǒmēvē sēlā rāně

References

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  1. ^ Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. [1]. p. 383
  2. ^ Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevier. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  3. ^ Fisiak, Jacek (1985). "Henrik Birnbaum: Divergence and convergence in linguistic evolution". Papers from the 6-th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Current issues in linguistic theory. Benjamins Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 9027235287. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  4. ^ Hickey, Raymond (2010). The handbook of language contact, Blackwell handbooks in Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 620. ISBN 978-1405175807. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  5. ^ Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0080877747. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  6. ^ Goran speech by dr. Radivoje Mladenovic (in Serbian) Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ B. Koneski (1983), A Historical Phonology of the Macedonian Language by Blaže Koneski
  8. ^ Младенов, Стефан. Пътешествие из Македония и Поморавия, в: Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието 1916, София 1993, с. 184. (Mladenov, Stefan. Journey through Macedonia and Pomoraviya, in: Scientific expeditions in Macedonia and Pomoraviya 1916, Sofia 1993, p. 184) Асенова, Петя. Архаизми и балканизми в един изолиран български говор (Кукъска Гора, Албания), Балканистични четения, посветени на десетата годишнина на специалност "Балканистика" в СУ "Св. Климент Охридски", ФСлФ, София, 17-19 май 2004 (Assenova, Petya. Archaisms and Balkanisms in an isolated Bulgarian dialect (Kukas Gora, Albania), Balkan studies readings on the tenth anniversary of the major Balkan studies in Sofia University, May 17–19, 2004)
  9. ^ Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (1997). Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 1-85065-279-1.
  10. ^ Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
  11. ^ http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3 Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 4 (footnote)
  12. ^ B. Videoski (1999), Dijalektite na Makedonskiot jazik, MANU.
  13. ^ Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian" SEELRC, p.7
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